Chapters 13-15

To withstand the stresses induced by loads, then, structural materials must possess ____________ and/or __________

tensile strength & compressive strength

fabric structures are also known as

tensile structures or tensile membrane structures.

The key to fabric architecture is

tension

Steel-Frame construction

the builders first erect a steel "cage" that is capable of sustaining the entire weight of the building; then they apply a skin of some other material.

Push loads

"compression"

Pulling loads

"tensions"

Advantages of pointed arch and vault

- Arch can be taller - exerts far less outward thrust at its base than does a round arch.

The 3 Greek Order architectural styles

- Doric - Ionic - Corinthian

Gothic Architecture

- Should appear to reach up to heaven - Should have harmonious proportions - Should be filled with light

Domes are different from arches in these ways...

-A dome can be much thinner in relation to its span than an arch can -A dome exerts far less outward thrust at its base, bc the circles, called parallels act like restraining hoops, preventing the dome from opening.

Mycenaean

-Flourished around the city of Mycenaean -Master gold smithers -Burial places in and around Mycenae have yielded large quantities of exquisite gold objects, such as the rhyton, or drinking cup, in the shape of a lion's head

Krater

-One of many standard Greek pottery shapes, a krater is a vessel used for wine. -The krater not only depicts a funeral but also served as a grave marker itself.

Hellenistic Sculpture Styles (2)

-One was a continuing Classical style that emphasized balance and restraint -A second hellenistic style overthrew Classical values in favor of dynamic poses and extreme emotions.

Load-Bearing Construction "Stacking & Piling"

-Simplest method of making a building, and it is suitable for brick, stone, adobe, ice blocks, and certain modern materials. -The builder constructs the walls by piling layer upon layer, starting thick at the bottom, getting thinner as the structure rises, and usually tapering inward near the highest point. The whole may then be topped by a lightweight roof, perhaps of thatch or wood. This construction is stable, because its greatest weight is concentrated at the bottom and weight diminishes gradually as the walls grow higher.

Downsides to rounded arch and vault

-a round arch, to be stable, must be a semicircle; there- fore, the height of the arch is limited by its width. -weight and darkness. Barrel vaults are both literally and visually heavy, calling for huge masses of stone to maintain their structural stability. They exert an outward thrust all along their base, which builders countered by setting them in massive walls that they dared not weaken with light-admitting openings.

Conditions that pereserved art

1- The artist worked in durable materials such as stone, metal, and fired clay. 2- the local environment is not destructive to artworks; for instance, the hot, dry climate of Egypt provides an excellent milieu for preservation. 3- the culture was highly organized, with stable population centers. 4- the culture had a tradition of caching its artworks in places of limited or no accessibility. A huge portion of the ancient art that has survived comes from tombs or underground caves.

What is CATIA?

A 3-D modeling program

Arch

A compressive structure. Its components push against each other to achieve stability. This makes it particularly suited to stone, which has high compressive strength.

How did the Gothic period come about?

A powerful French abbot named Suger wanted to enlarge and remodel his church, the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, near Paris.

Rural Studio

A satellite school for architecture students at Auburn University -he students practice "an architecture of decency", designing and building houses for poor individuals and families, and civic structures such as community centers, chapels, sports facilities, learning centers, fire stations, and animal shelters for local communities in dire need.

When did iron become highly produced?

After the Industrial Revolution

The church Hagia Sophia was designed by two mathematicians, Anthemius and Isidorus.

Anthemius and Isidorus.

Kouroi and korai were created largely during the _______ period of Greek art.

Archaic

Who created the true arch before the Romans did?

Babylonians

The Romans referred to the Germanic people as

Barbarians

Tells the story of the conquest of England by William of Normandy

Bayeux Tapestry

_____ was the favored material for freestanding sculpture in ancient Greece,

Bronze

Stepped Truss System

By varying the height of each level of the truss, builders could control the pitch and curve of the roof.

How was the Roman and Byzantium Empire different?

Byzantium was Christian

Renzo Piano

California Academy of Sciences -The green roof provides natural insulation -Natural light

In France, a different style of art was taking root, called

Carolingian

Until the discovery of the ________ in 1994, the images at Lascaux were the oldest known paintings in Europe.

Chauvet cave

Among the most important artistic products of the early Middle Ages were copies of _________.

Christian scriptures

What religion quickly became one of the most popular and organized religions in the Roman Empire

Christianity

Cast-Iron Construction

Crystal Palace & Eiffel Tower

Dome

Curved vault built to cover interior space

The 3 major Aegean cultures

Cycladic, Minoan, Mycenaean

was an artist of Siena, in Italy. His masterpiece was the Maestà Altar, a multisection panel meant to be displayed on the altar of a church, of which we illustrate the part showing Christ Entering Jerusalem

Duccio

One of the first architects to take advantage of digital design and fabrication

Frank Gehry

Who is associated with CATIA?

Frank Gehry

Geodesic Domes

Fuller

He soon embarked on a massive construction program, meant not only to restore the past glory of Athens but also to raise it to a previously undreamed-of splendor.

General Perikles

is essentially a bubble, formed by a network of metal rods arranged in triangles and further organized into tetrahedrons.

Geodesic Domes

In his most famous work, the cycle of frescoes on the walls of the Scrovegni Chapel, in Padua, ______ used a grid of decorative bands to create three registers of rectangular picture spaces.

Giotto

Period for pointed arch and vault

Gothic

Whose political ideals serve as a model for contemporary democracy.

Greece

kouroi

Greek word for youths or boys

What is the first project Gehry created with CATIA?

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

The great masterpiece of early Byzantine architecture is the ________

Hagia Sophia

The last phase of Greek art is known as

Hellenistic

Who discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun

Howard Carter

What did the arch Pont Du Gard at Nîmes, France do?

It functioned as an aqueduct, a structure meant to trans- port water, and its lower level served as a footbridge across the river.

Hammurabi's Code

It is the only complete legal code to survive from the ancient world, and it has provided historians with valuable insights into the structure and concerns of Mesopotamian society.

Who created inflatable architecture in a German museum?

Kengo Kuma's Teahouse

The topmost block in an arch

Keystone

Architects speak of these forces as _________.

Loads

There are ________ that stay the same such as the buildings own weight and _____ that come and go such as people moving through the building.

Loads

Anna Heringer

METI handmade school

Jurgen Mayer H

Metropol Parasol- Cathedral without walls

The key to endowing wood with enough strength to replace steel and concrete is lamination, the gluing together of multiple thin layers to form one thick one.

Micheal Green

Cycladic

Nearly all consists of nude female figures like the one illustrated here—simplified, abstract, composed of geometric lines and shapes and projections.

Paleolithic Period, or Old Stone Age, gradually gave way to the ______

Neolithic, or New Stone Age.

Edict of Tolerance for all religions (Rome)

Not only were all faiths now free to practice openly, but Constantine himself patronized Christianity, for he attributed his success in a key battle to the Christian God.

The two ways a building handles loads

Pushing and pulling

The most famous architectural creation of Egypt?

Pyramid

The high middle ages are divided into...

Romanesque & Gothic

For all their production in sculpture and painting, the _________ are best known for their architecture and engineering.

Romans

Most common form of dome

Shell of rotation

The distinctive curving profile of East Asian roofs is made possible by a _________

Stepped truss system

Most common materials used in Post-and-Lintel

Stone and Wood

What are domes usually built of?

Stone, brick, concrete

1st city in Mesopotamia

Sumner

Adobe

Sun-dried brick

the symbol of this most important characteristic of Egyptian art, is the essence of stability, order, and endurance.

The Sphinx

Air was used as a structural support in the 19th century for what?

The rubber tire

New window effect in painting (giotto)

The scene has been composed as though it were on a stage and we the viewers are an audience participating in the drama.

2 basic families of structural systems

The shell system & The skeleton-and-skin system

Romanesque Period

Their great variety they shared certain features reminiscent of ancient Roman architecture, including an overall massiveness, thick stone walls, round arches, and barrel-vaulted stone ceilings.

Bracket sets

They distribute weight of the roof and its large overhanging eaves evenly onto wooden columns

One reason that Christians were persecuted

They refused to worship the gods and goddesses

Minoan

We take the name from a legendary king called Minos, who supposedly ruled at Knossos and whose queen gave birth to the dreaded creature, half-human, half-bull, known as the Minotaur.

Who became known as a paper architect?

Zaha Hadid

Shell of rotation (Dome)

a form generated by rotating an arch about a vertical central axis.

continuity

a seamless span of time reaching back into history and forward into the future.

Green Architecture

addresses the materials buildings are made of, the construction methods used to make them, and the technologies used to heat and cool them, to light their interior spaces, and to supply them with electricity and water.

When the arch is extended in depth—when it is, in reality, many arches placed flush one behind the other—the result is called a ________

barrel vault

Post-and-Lintel

based on two uprights (the posts) supporting a horizontal crosspiece

compressive strength

be able to withstand compression.

Tensile Strength

be able to withstand tension

Romanesque

builders set a stone barrel vault as a ceiling over the nave, hiding the roof structure from view. The barrel vault unified the interior visually, providing a soaring, majestic climax to the rhythms announced by the arches below. Nave: the long central area

The Romanesque period came about due to a

building boom

If you stand next to a wall and press the entire length of your body against it, you are a _____

buttress

During construction, the arch must be supported from below by a temporary wooden framework called a ______

centering

supposed to embody the highest possible standard of quality, to be the very best of its kind

classic

International style architecture emphasized

clean lines, geometric (usually rectilinear) form, and an avoidance of superficial decoration. The "bones" of a building were supposed to show and to be the only ornament necessary.

Ionic Greek Order Style

column has a stepped base and a carved capital in the form of two graceful spirals known as volutes.

Doric Greek Order Style

column has no base, nothing separating it from the floor below; its capital, the topmost part between the shaft of the column and the roof or lintel, is a plain stone slab above a rounded stone.

The upper portion of a dome is in ______. In the lower portion, however, the parallels are in ______, which increases as they near the base.

compression, tension

The principal message of Egyptian art is _____

continuity

Corbelled arch

each course (row) of stones extends slightly beyond the one below, until eventually the opening is bridged.

The plain, horizontal stone lintels of Egypt are here elaborated into a compound structure called an ________

entablature

Subjects of Byzantine art?

eternal and sacred world of the spirit

Byzantine artists had moved away from the naturalism and realism of Greece and Rome toward a __________

flattened, abstracted style

Reinforced Concrete

forms by embedding mesh or rods made of iron or steel inside the concrete before it hardened.

Monks not only copied texts but also illuminated them—

furnished them with illustrations and decorations.

What does paper architect mean?

her designs were too avant-garde to move beyond the sketch phase and actually be built.

A large hall erected in post-and-lintel construction was thus a virtual forest of columns inside. We call such spaces _________

hypostyle halls

Balloon-frame construction developed from two innovations:

improved methods for milling lumber and mass-produced nails.

Embroidery

is a technique in which colored yarns are sewn to an existing woven background

The most important legacy of the Babylonian empire

legal: a set of edicts and laws compiled under the ruler hammurabi.

Frank Lloyd Wright

liked whenever possible to build with materials native to the immediate surroundings, so that the houses blend with their environments.

It is the function of the pendentives to

make a smooth transition between rectangle and dome.

The Skeleton-and-Skin System

might be compared to the human body, which has a rigid bony skeleton to support its basic frame and a more fragile skin for sheathing.

Corinthian Greek Order Style

more elaborate column, having a more detailed base and a capital carved as a stylized bouquet of acanthus leaves.

The Shell System

one building material provides both structural support and sheathing (outside covering)

Coffered Ceiling

ornamented with recessed rectangles, coffers, which lessen its weight

between the arches of the church Hagia Sophia designed where the dome are curved triangular sections known as _______

pendentives

If you stand away from the wall and press against it with outstretched arms, your body is a _____, and your arms are ______.

pier, flying buttresses

the ground is painted black, while figures are left unpainted.

red-figure style

Groin Vaults

results when two barrel vaults are crossed at right angles to each other, thus directing the weights and stresses down into the four corners. By dividing up a space into rectangular segments known as bays, each of which contains one groin vault, the architects could cover a long span safely and economically.

Architects of the Gothic period found they did not need heavy masses of material throughout the curve of the vault, as long as the major points of intersection were reinforced. These reinforcements, called _____

ribs

The post-and-lintel system, then, offers potential for both structural soundness and grandeur. When applied to wood or stone, however, it leaves one problem unsolved, and that is the spanning of relatively large open spaces. The first attempt at solving this was the invention of the __________

round arch

What does rotunda mean?

round building

Arcades

rows of arches set on columns or massive piers

Cuneiform

served as the writing system of Mesopotamia

The sculptural tradition of Greece begins with

small bronze figures of horses and men

One way to tense fabric is to

stretch it over a framework

The task of any _________________ is to channel the forces that act upon a building safely to the ground.

structural system

suspension and cable-stayed structures

such expanses are supported primarily from above, hung from a higher point by means of cables.

The most treasured medieval possessions, more valuable then the paintings

tapestries

Cable-Stayed Bridge

the suspender cables rise on an incline and attach to the towers themselves. The towers are thus the primary load-bearing structure.

Suspension Bridge

the suspender cables rise vertically to the main cables, which sag in a parabolic curve between the towers. These main cables are the primary load-bearing structure.

Hy-Fi

was built with organic bricks made from chopped corn husks and mycelium, a living mushroom-root material. Packed into a mold, the mixture self-assembles in a few days into a lightweight object. When it is completely dry, it is ready to use. (1st structure whose construction involved almost 0 carbon emissions)

Another way to tense fabric is

with air pressure

the largest structure in the Sumerian city?

ziggurat, a temple or shrine raised on a monumental stepped base.