Chapters 8-12 Child development
Obesity
A body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age
handedness
A clear preference for the use of one hand over the other
Gender schema
A cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender
Asthma
A condition characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
A learning disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate activity
Chronological age
A person's age according to the calendar
self-concept
A person's identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
Auditory Impairment
A special need that involved the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing
Weshler Intelligence Scale for Children
A test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and nonverbal skills and a total score
Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale
A test that consists of a series of items that cary according to the age of a person being tested
Nightmare
A vivid bad dream, usually occurring towards morning
Symbolic functions
According to Piaget, the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to represent something that is not physically present
Pre-operational Stage
According to Piaget, the stage that lasts from ages 2-7 during which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task without assistance
Parallel Play
Action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other
Onlooker Play
Action in which children simply watch other children, but do not participate themselves
Instrumental Aggression
Aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal
Mainstreaming
An educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated as much as possible into the traditional educational system ad are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
An intelligence test that measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and step by step thinking
Night Terror
An intense physiological arousal that causes a child to awaken in a state of panic
Metalinguistic awareness
An understanding of one's own use of language
Scripts
Broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur
Subculture
Culture within a larger culture
Psychosocial development
Development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior
Visual Impairment
Difficulties in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness
Specific learning disorder
Difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities
Developmentally appropriate educational practice
Education based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child
Multicultural education
Education where the goal is to help minority students to develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures
Mnemonics
Formal techniques used for organized information for retrieval
Psychological maltreatment
Harm to children's behavioral, cognitive, psychological, or physical functioning caused by parents or other caregivers verbally, through their actions, or through neglect
Prosocial behavior
Helping behavior that benefits others
Componential element
How good someone is at processing information
Profound Intellectual disability
IQ below 20
Severe Intellectual Disability
IQ of 20-40
Moderate intellectual disability
IQ of 35-55
Mild intellectual disability
IQ of 50-70
Child neglect
Ignoring one's children or being emotionally unresponsive to them
Public Charter Schools
Independently run public schools
Sensory Memory
Initial momentary storage of information that lasts only a second
Fluid Intelligence
Intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
Aggression
Intentional injury or harm to another person
Enrichment
Keeping the student in the same grade, but providing work that has challenges
Illogical thought
Meaning that has no rational explanation behind it
Autobiographical memory
Memory of particular events from one own's life
Relational Aggression
Non physical aggression that is intended to hurt another person's psychological well-being
Keyword strategy
One word is paired with another it sounds like
Operations
Organized, formal, logical mental processes
Authoritarian Parents
Parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold and whose word is law; they value strict unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement
Authoritative Parents
Parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but try to reason with their children, explaining why they should behave in a particular way
Permissive Parents
Parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children
Cooperative Play
Play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests
Constructive play
Play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something
Associative Play
Play in which two or more children interact by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing
Functional Play
Play that involves simple, repetitive activities, typical of 3 year olds
Contextual element
Practical intelligence or was of dealing with the everyday environment
Myelin
Protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons
code-based approach
Reading should be taught by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading
Culture
Set of behaviors and beliefs
gifted or talented
Showing evidence of high performance capability in intellectual, creative, or artistic areas, in leadership capacity, or in specific academic fields
Acceleration
Skipping the gifted student to the next grade
Social Speech
Speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person
Speech Impairment
Speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker
Private Speech
Spoken language that is not intended for others and commonly used by children during the preschool years
Intellectual disability
Subaverage level of intellectual functioning that occurs with related limitations in two or more skill areas
Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
Substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment
Reciprocal Teaching
Technique to teach reading strategies where the teacher teaches the child how to teach themselves
Resilience
The ability overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage
Bilinguism
The ability to speak two languages
Decentering
The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account
Crystallized intelligence
The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies, that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations
Pragmatics
The aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
The belief that intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing; the componential element, the experiential element, and the contextual element
Emotional Self-Regulation
The capability to adjust one's emotions to a desired state and level of intensity
Intelligence
The capacity to understand the of the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
Syntax
The combining of words and phrases to form meaningful sentences
Pluralistic Society Model
The concept that American society is made up of diverse coequal cultures that should preserve their individuals features
Gender constancy
The fact that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors
Functionality
The idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns
Identity
The idea that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance
Reversibility
The idea that things can be changed then changed back
Full inclusion
The integration o all students, even those with the most severe disabilities, into regular classes and all other aspects of school and community life.
Conservation
The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
Bicultural identity
The maintenance of one's original cultural identity while becoming integrated into the majority culture
Gender identity
The perception of oneself as a male or female
initiative-versus-guilt stage
The period during which children aged 3-6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action
Concrete Operational Stage
The period of cognitive development between 7 to 12 years old, characterized by active and appropriate use of logic
Teacher expectancy effect
The phenomenon whereby an educator's expectations for a given child actually bring about the expected behavior
Child abuse
The physical or psychological maltreatment or neglect of children
Lateralization
The process by which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than the other
Memory
The process by which information is recorded, stored, and retrieved
Identification
The process in which children attempt to be similar to their parent of the same sex, incorporating the paren't attitudes and values
Abstract modeling
The process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles
Fast mapping
The process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
Centration
The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring all other aspects
Transformation
The process whereby one state is changed into another
Emotional intelligence
The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, and regulation of emotions
Least restrictive environment
The setting most similar to that of children without special needs
Scaffolding
The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth
Grammar
The system of rules that determine how thoughts can be expressed
Cycle-of-violence hypothesis
The theory that abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglects their own children
Mental Age
The typical intelligence level found for people of a given chronological age
Empathy
The understanding of what another individual feels
Cultural assimilation
The view of American society as a melting-pot in which all cultures are amalgamated into a unique American culture
Three-system approach
There are three different memory storage systems or stages that describe how information is processed
Egocentric thought
Thinking that does not take the viewpoints of others into account
Intuitive thought
Thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world
Metamemory
Understanding the processes that underlie memory that emerges and improves during middle childhood
Experiential Element
Ways a person compares new information to old information
Cooperative learning
children work together in groups to achieve a common goal
Rehearsal
constant repetition of information
Long term memory
information is stored relatively permanently
Short-term memory
information that is stored for 15-25 seconds
Uninvolved Parents
parents who show virtually no interest in their children, displaying indifferent, rejecting behavior
Organization
placing materials into categories
whole-language approach
reading is viewed as a natural process, similar to the acquisition of oral language