Chapters 8-12 Child development

Obesity

A body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age

handedness

A clear preference for the use of one hand over the other

Gender schema

A cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender

Asthma

A condition characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A learning disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate activity

Chronological age

A person's age according to the calendar

self-concept

A person's identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual

Auditory Impairment

A special need that involved the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing

Weshler Intelligence Scale for Children

A test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and nonverbal skills and a total score

Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale

A test that consists of a series of items that cary according to the age of a person being tested

Nightmare

A vivid bad dream, usually occurring towards morning

Symbolic functions

According to Piaget, the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to represent something that is not physically present

Pre-operational Stage

According to Piaget, the stage that lasts from ages 2-7 during which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task without assistance

Parallel Play

Action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other

Onlooker Play

Action in which children simply watch other children, but do not participate themselves

Instrumental Aggression

Aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal

Mainstreaming

An educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated as much as possible into the traditional educational system ad are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

An intelligence test that measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and step by step thinking

Night Terror

An intense physiological arousal that causes a child to awaken in a state of panic

Metalinguistic awareness

An understanding of one's own use of language

Scripts

Broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur

Subculture

Culture within a larger culture

Psychosocial development

Development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior

Visual Impairment

Difficulties in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness

Specific learning disorder

Difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities

Developmentally appropriate educational practice

Education based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child

Multicultural education

Education where the goal is to help minority students to develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures

Mnemonics

Formal techniques used for organized information for retrieval

Psychological maltreatment

Harm to children's behavioral, cognitive, psychological, or physical functioning caused by parents or other caregivers verbally, through their actions, or through neglect

Prosocial behavior

Helping behavior that benefits others

Componential element

How good someone is at processing information

Profound Intellectual disability

IQ below 20

Severe Intellectual Disability

IQ of 20-40

Moderate intellectual disability

IQ of 35-55

Mild intellectual disability

IQ of 50-70

Child neglect

Ignoring one's children or being emotionally unresponsive to them

Public Charter Schools

Independently run public schools

Sensory Memory

Initial momentary storage of information that lasts only a second

Fluid Intelligence

Intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory

Aggression

Intentional injury or harm to another person

Enrichment

Keeping the student in the same grade, but providing work that has challenges

Illogical thought

Meaning that has no rational explanation behind it

Autobiographical memory

Memory of particular events from one own's life

Relational Aggression

Non physical aggression that is intended to hurt another person's psychological well-being

Keyword strategy

One word is paired with another it sounds like

Operations

Organized, formal, logical mental processes

Authoritarian Parents

Parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold and whose word is law; they value strict unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement

Authoritative Parents

Parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but try to reason with their children, explaining why they should behave in a particular way

Permissive Parents

Parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children

Cooperative Play

Play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests

Constructive play

Play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something

Associative Play

Play in which two or more children interact by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing

Functional Play

Play that involves simple, repetitive activities, typical of 3 year olds

Contextual element

Practical intelligence or was of dealing with the everyday environment

Myelin

Protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons

code-based approach

Reading should be taught by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading

Culture

Set of behaviors and beliefs

gifted or talented

Showing evidence of high performance capability in intellectual, creative, or artistic areas, in leadership capacity, or in specific academic fields

Acceleration

Skipping the gifted student to the next grade

Social Speech

Speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person

Speech Impairment

Speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker

Private Speech

Spoken language that is not intended for others and commonly used by children during the preschool years

Intellectual disability

Subaverage level of intellectual functioning that occurs with related limitations in two or more skill areas

Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)

Substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment

Reciprocal Teaching

Technique to teach reading strategies where the teacher teaches the child how to teach themselves

Resilience

The ability overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage

Bilinguism

The ability to speak two languages

Decentering

The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

Crystallized intelligence

The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies, that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations

Pragmatics

The aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

The belief that intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing; the componential element, the experiential element, and the contextual element

Emotional Self-Regulation

The capability to adjust one's emotions to a desired state and level of intensity

Intelligence

The capacity to understand the of the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

Syntax

The combining of words and phrases to form meaningful sentences

Pluralistic Society Model

The concept that American society is made up of diverse coequal cultures that should preserve their individuals features

Gender constancy

The fact that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors

Functionality

The idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns

Identity

The idea that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance

Reversibility

The idea that things can be changed then changed back

Full inclusion

The integration o all students, even those with the most severe disabilities, into regular classes and all other aspects of school and community life.

Conservation

The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects

Bicultural identity

The maintenance of one's original cultural identity while becoming integrated into the majority culture

Gender identity

The perception of oneself as a male or female

initiative-versus-guilt stage

The period during which children aged 3-6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action

Concrete Operational Stage

The period of cognitive development between 7 to 12 years old, characterized by active and appropriate use of logic

Teacher expectancy effect

The phenomenon whereby an educator's expectations for a given child actually bring about the expected behavior

Child abuse

The physical or psychological maltreatment or neglect of children

Lateralization

The process by which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than the other

Memory

The process by which information is recorded, stored, and retrieved

Identification

The process in which children attempt to be similar to their parent of the same sex, incorporating the paren't attitudes and values

Abstract modeling

The process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles

Fast mapping

The process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter

Centration

The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring all other aspects

Transformation

The process whereby one state is changed into another

Emotional intelligence

The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, and regulation of emotions

Least restrictive environment

The setting most similar to that of children without special needs

Scaffolding

The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

Grammar

The system of rules that determine how thoughts can be expressed

Cycle-of-violence hypothesis

The theory that abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglects their own children

Mental Age

The typical intelligence level found for people of a given chronological age

Empathy

The understanding of what another individual feels

Cultural assimilation

The view of American society as a melting-pot in which all cultures are amalgamated into a unique American culture

Three-system approach

There are three different memory storage systems or stages that describe how information is processed

Egocentric thought

Thinking that does not take the viewpoints of others into account

Intuitive thought

Thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world

Metamemory

Understanding the processes that underlie memory that emerges and improves during middle childhood

Experiential Element

Ways a person compares new information to old information

Cooperative learning

children work together in groups to achieve a common goal

Rehearsal

constant repetition of information

Long term memory

information is stored relatively permanently

Short-term memory

information that is stored for 15-25 seconds

Uninvolved Parents

parents who show virtually no interest in their children, displaying indifferent, rejecting behavior

Organization

placing materials into categories

whole-language approach

reading is viewed as a natural process, similar to the acquisition of oral language