Chapters 9-12

10.1: According to Phinney, Stage 3 of ethnic minority identity formation is characterized by: a. resolution of one's identity after consideration of one's ethnicity. b. making a choice to delay the search for ethnic identity. c. an openness to ongoing consideration of options. d. making the choice to honor the choice of one's parents.

a

10.1: Identity ________ refers to a state of exploration of one's identity without commitment. a. moratorium b. achievement c. diffusion d. foreclosure

a

10.1: James Marcia proposed that there are ________ identity statuses rather than the two proposed by Erikson. a. four b. five c. three d. six

a

10.2: Adolescents shape their own experiences through choosing to be members of a(n) ________, a group of friends who share similar values and behaviors. a. clique b. crowd c. none of the choices d. ethnic group

a

12.2: On average, emerging adults' relationships with their parents ________ after adolescence. a. improve b. stay the same c. deteriorate d. become more distant

a

12.2: Over the past 30 years, society has become ________ of cohabitation in emerging and young adulthood. a. more morally accepting b. more politically supportive c. less politically supportive d. less morally accepting

a

12.2: Since the 1960s, the proportion of emerging and young adults who marry has: a. decreased. b. increased. c. fluctuated significantly. d. stayed the same.

a

12.2: The rate of "hooking up" is ________ in emerging adulthood. a. equivalent for males and females b. higher for males c. unknown with respect to males versus females d. higher for females

a

12.2: Which of the following describes "true intimacy" according to Erikson? a. emotional intimacy b. all of the choices c. intellectual intimacy d. physical intimacy

a

12.3: In emerging adulthood, there is a decrease in ________ behavior. a. reactive b. prosocial c. constrained d. controlled

a

9.1: Adolescents gain approximately ________ inches of height per year at the peak of the growth spurt. a. 5 to 6 b. 3 to 4 c. 1 to 2 d. 7 to 8

b

9.1: Adolescents will again establish ________ after the changes of puberty slow down. a. all of the choices b. equilibrium c. ego integrity d. industry

b

9.1: During adolescence, muscles generally become: a. more flexible. b. all of the choices c. longer. d. stronger.

b

9.1: In adolescence, developmental maturation of gray matter is associated with: a. enhanced visual acuity. b. development of executive functions. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

b

9.1: Puberty is a hormonal process that results in: a. reproductive capability. b. all of the choices. c. general physical development. d. maturation of the reproductive system.

b

10.2: Securely attached adolescents are likely to __________________ their early attachments. a. spend a great deal of time focused on b. freely describe and evaluate without judgment c. none of the choices d. avoid talking about

b

10.2: Since the 1960s, high school dropout rates have: a. increased. b. decreased. c. fluctuated significantly. d. remained steady.

b

10.2: To reduce risk for school drop-out, researchers have focused their attention on the transition to junior high and specifically the: a. heightened opportunity to prevent stress. b. confluence of puberty, changing schools, and increased academic demands. c. need for art and music training. d. benefit of sex education.

b

10.3: A longer-lasting depression that appears to be part of a teen's personality is cause for concern, requiring a professional to assess the teen for: a. antisocial personality. b. dysthymia. c. bipolar disorder. d. cyclothymia.

b

10.3: The cascade effect, when used to explain the pathway to juvenile delinquency, recognizes that there is a link between ________ that increases the risk for problem behaviors in adolescence. a. all of the choices b. parent maltreatment and academic problems c. autonomy and shame and doubt d. identify formation and emotional regulation

b

10.3: Treating adolescents with antidepressants: a. is unlikely to be effective. b. carries both risks and benefits. c. is not a legal option. d. can be very effective.

b

10.3: ________ is an emotion-regulation strategy that allows a teen to interpret his or her emotional response and choose how to make meaning of his or her experience. a. Cognitive distortion b. Cognitive reappraisal c. Cognitive dissonance d. Expressive suppression

b

12.1: A personality inventory can be useful to emerging adults with respect to career development because they provide information about ________ that can be strengths in some jobs and weaknesses in others. a. scores b. traits c. types d. styles

b

12.1: Personality change in emerging and young adulthood is described best as: a. stabilizing through the 20s and 30s. b. changing through the 20s, stabilizing in the 30s. c. changing through the 20s and 30s. d. stabilizing prior to the 20s, changing after the 20s.

b

12.2: At the transition to parenthood, heterosexual couples are more likely than same-sex couples to organize household and childcare responsibilities: a. depending on who has more family leave time. b. along traditional gender lines. c. depending on who wants to do the tasks. d. against traditional gender lines.

b

12.2: Despite media hype, not all emerging adult relationships are "hook-ups." In fact, researchers found five different types of romantic relationships that vary as a function of: a. warmth and control. b. timing, frequency, and duration. c. intimacy, passion, and commitment. d. liking, infatuation, and empty love.

b

12.2: Parents provide support to emerging and young adult children in the following way: a. help with bills or rent. b. all of the choices. c. payment of tuition and related fees. d. loans and gifts of money.

b

12.2: Passion, defined as ________, is one element of consummate love. a. sharing values, feelings, and beliefs b. lust, physical attraction, and sexual desire c. none of the choices d. investment in exclusivity and a shared future

b

12.2: Since the 1990s, social opinions in the United States concerning the right for same-sex couples to get married have become: a. less polarized b. more accepting. c. more conflicted d. less accepting.

b

12.2: The majority of emerging and young adults are likely to belong to at least one social network site (SNS) which has, in general, had a positive effect on the way emerging and young adults: a. count friendships. b. add to their social support networks. c. spend holidays. d. spend time off from work.

b

12.3: Among college students, ________ is the primary impediment to academic performance. a. eating disorders b. sleep problems c. drinking too much d. relationship problems

b

12.3: The ability of an emerging or young adult to reevaluate the cause of an emotional state and mediate a behavioral response is an indicator of his or her ability to use cognitive: a. dissonance. b. reappraisal. c. defenses. d. avoidance.

b

12.3: Which of the following circumstances is most likely associated with a severe episode of psychiatric disorder in emerging adulthood? a. no genetic risk for psychopathology; moderate stress in college b. genetic predisposition for psychopathology; severe stress in college c. genetic predisposition for psychopathology; mild stress in college d. no genetic risk for psychopathology; severe stress in college

b

(?).(?): From the psychosocial perspective, a young adult who successfully achieved a sense of identity in adolescence and emerging adulthood is more likely to achieve ________ in young adulthood. a. integrity b. inferiority c. intimacy d. industry

c

(?).(?): In emerging adulthood, bone growth ceases as a function of the reduction in ________, a primary catalyst in bone production. a. enzymes, primarily protease b. enzymes, primarily lactase c. hormones, primarily estrogen d. hormones, primarily testosterone

c

11.4: In emerging adulthood, two "modifiable health risk behaviors" that need to be decreased to improve health involve the reduction of: a. suicide and homicide. b. unintentional and intentional injury. c. tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption. d. psychiatric disorder and emotional problems.

c

11.4: Most emerging adults who use substances: a. develop mood disorders. b. develop substance use disorders. c. do not go on to develop substance use disorders. d. develop anxiety disorders.

c

9.1: One of the five key changes of puberty is the development of specific organs in the body involved in reproduction, which are called: a. physical sex characteristics. b. secondary sex characteristics. c. primary sex characteristics. d. none of the choices.

c

9.1: Onset of puberty is initiated by: a. an increase in height. b. changes in sleep patterns. c. hormones. d. a more diverse diet.

c

9.1: Spermarche describes the: a. increase during puberty in the number of sperm contained in ejaculate. b. maturation of sperm into viable sperm cells capable of fertilizing an egg. c. first ejaculation of sperm by an adolescent male. d. first orgasm of an adolescent male.

c

9.1: While puberty marks the biological transition from adolescence into adulthood, the bridge to adulthood is also marked by social customs or ________ in some cultures. a. "cultural events" b. "cultural passages" c. "rites of passage" d. "sociocultural rituals"

c

12.1: A good piece of friendship advice for emerging adults is: a. "Intervene (seek help) if your friend's personality is changing more than yours." b. "It's not normal for your friend's personality to change." c. "It's normal for your friend's personality to change." d. "Intervene (seek help) if your friend's personality is changing less than yours."

c

12.1: An emerging adult who is trusting, lenient, soft-hearted, and good-natured scores high on the ________ dimension of the Big Five. a. openness b. extroversion c. agreeableness d. conscientiousness

c

12.1: Average trends in personality traits through emerging adulthood provide ________ information about individual personality development. a. the same b. different c. very little d. a great deal of

c

12.1: If a young adult is grappling with the questions, "Who am I?" and "What can I become?" we can assume that difficulty achieving intimacy can at least partially be attributed to: a. isolation. b. stagnation. c. role confusion. d. inferiority.

c

12.1: Personality inventories can help describe personality, but also some can be used to determine if an individual's personality is: a. immature. b. pseudomature. c. pathological. d. in crisis.

c

12.2: In emerging adulthood, relationship ________ is a signal that a relationship is unhealthy and that one or both partners is ambivalent about terminating the relationship. a. longation b. stagnation c. churning d. integrity

c

12.2: In general, emerging and young adult children ________ from their parents. a. want less emotional support b. report a lack of support c. report receiving high levels of support d. prefer financial over emotional support

c

12.2: Intimate partner violence involves ________ against a victim by a current or former partner or spouse. a. physical harm b. sexual harm c. any of the choices d. psychological harm

c

12.2: Key factors in the development of long-term friendships in adulthood include selecting others for friends who: a. are geographically close. b. share a similar level of attractiveness. c. all of the choices d. share similar political values and lifestyle values.

c

12.2: Online social relationships increase the amount of ________ emerging and young adults feel with respect to their interactions with others. a. connection b. comfort c. control d. commitment

c

12.2: Within families, adult children who are making less progress becoming self-sufficient are ________ likely to receive support. a. not at all b. less c. more d. equally

c

12.2: ________ disorders are particularly insidious in relationships; they cause problems in romantic relationships and bring indirect stress to relationships due to the problems the disorder leads to with friends, family, and coworkers. a. Eating b. Physical c. Personality d. Anxiety

c

12.3: In the general population, on average, mental health in emerging adulthood: a. decreases. b. fluctuates. c. increases. d. stays the same.

c

12.3: Most college students report feeling emotional stress, including feelings of being overwhelmed, depressed, lonely, and hopeless: a. once a semester. b. during midterms and final exams. c. once or more each month. d. after returning from holiday break.

c

12.3: Under which conditions are we most likely to see a healthy functioning emerging adult make a smooth transition to adulthood? a. all of the choices b. no genetic risk for psychopathology and moderate stress completing college c. no genetic risk for psychopathology and low stress completing college d. genetic risk for psychopathology and low stress completing college

c

(?).(?): Exploring possibilities and opportunities in emerging adulthood accelerates cognitive maturation toward thinking that heavily relies on: a. magical thinking. b. life experiences. c. emotional intelligence. d. abstract thinking.

b

10.1: A healthy developing adolescent will turn to ________ for information that helps him refine his identity. a. parents b. all choices are important c. media d. friends

b

10.1: According to Phinney, Stage 2 of ethnic minority identity formation is consistent with Marcia's notion of identity: a. foreclosure. b. moratorium. c. achievement. d. diffusion.

b

10.1: Adolescents are less likely to experience negative feelings and problems associated with identity development when identity ________ is reached, compared to identity ________. a. diffusion; moratorium b. foreclosure; diffusion c. diffusion; foreclosure d. foreclosure; achievement

b

9.2: In adolescence, optimistic bias refers to the tendency for teens to believe that they are personally ________ their peers to experience a negative consequence. a. more likely than b. less likely than c. more likely than a minority of d. equally as likely as

b

9.2: In the seventh grade assembly, Elijah was honored for his work promoting tolerance and respect for differences between students that make each of them unique. His award suggests that he would score high on a measure of positive youth development, specifically on a scale assessing: a. connection. b. character. c. competence. d. confidence.

b

(?).(?): Emerging and young adult couples who are not married may share the same type of love as those who are married, but they receive fewer ________ rewards and rights. a. legal b. financial c. all of the choices d. social

c

10.2: The "status phase" of building a romantic relationship is all about dating: a. at least one person. b. many others. c. the right person. d. all of the choices

c

9.2: One way a parent can tell that his or her adolescent is beginning to develop formal operational thinking is by the appearance of ________ thinking. a. formal b. informal c. abstract d. literal

c

9.2: One way a parent can tell that his or her adolescent is beginning to develop formal operational thinking is by the appearance of ________ thinking. a. literal b. formal c. abstract d. informal

c

(?).(?): From a developmental perspective, self-focus in emerging adulthood should be interpreted as a sign of ________ adjustment. a. accelerated b. delayed c. unhealthy d. healthy

d

10.(?): In the early 1900s in the United States, the legal age of adulthood was: a. 17. b. 15. c. 18. d. 16.

d

11.2: ________ of the epiphyseal plates explains why height is determined in emerging adulthood. a. Merging b. Lengthening c. Softening d. Hardening

d

9.1: In females, during pubescence, a number of changes can be expected, including: a. growth of the breasts. b. growth of pubic hair. c. appearance of underarm hair. d. all of the choices.

d

9.1: The endocrine system, primarily the ________, organizes the biological cascade of changes associated with puberty. a. amygdala b. genitals c. cerebral cortex d. HPA axis

d

9.3: In the United States, sexually transmitted diseases ________ adolescents. a. affect both male and female b. rich and poor c. disproportionately infect rich, male d. both a and b

d

12.2: Making commitments to romantic partners is a task associated with: a. young adulthood b. both emerging and young adulthood c. neither emerging nor young adulthood d. emerging adulthood

??? (not d, most likely c)

12.2: In the United States approximately ________ of babies are born to married couples. a. 50% b. 100% c. 25% d. 75%

a

(?).(?): Based on what you know about global employment trends, in response to a news article that reads "Emerging adults refuse to work", an informed response to the article might be that unemployment in emerging adulthood is not an active choice; rather, the trend is influenced by: a. a lack of job opportunities. b. large amounts of student loan debt. c. social pressure to do volunteer work. d. social policies that deter employment.

a

(?).(?): Given that making commitments to roles and responsibilities reduces what is unknown about one's future, it makes sense that ________ decreases in emerging adulthood and beyond. a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. conscientiousness d. agreeableness

a

(?).(?): When adult height is reached, sex differences in height reflect the developmental norm; on average: a. men are taller than women. b. men reach full height in adolescence; women reach full height in emerging adulthood. c. women reach full height in adolescence; men reach full height in emerging adulthood. d. women are taller than men.

a

10.(?): Adolescence emerged as a developmental stage in the context of the Industrial Revolution, which provided adolescents opportunities to: a. work and earn money for their families. b. live in cities and get married earlier. c. live in cities and move away from their parents. d. work and earn money to save for college.

a

10.(?): In adolescence, the relationship adolescents have with their parents changes with respect to: a. all of the choices b. the affective quality of their relationship. c. the balance of power. d. attachment.

a

10.1: A parent may wonder if a teen is depressed when he isolates himself from others, has low mood, and stops doing the things he used to do that made him happy. A developmentalist may wonder about barriers to developing a healthy identity and may specifically assess whether the adolescent is experiencing identity: a. diffusion. b. moratorium. c. foreclosure. d. achievement.

a

10.2: John's dad is a mechanic and not a developmentalist by nature. He's often annoyed with 16-year-old Christopher, his son, who has made little progress in deciding what career he wants to pursue, but he spends hours choosing which shirt and hat to wear to have pizza with his friends. A developmentalist might explain that adolescents: a. focus on the superficial before the serious, for example, their careers. b. have too many choices; limit the clothing he has. c. enjoy making their parents angry. d. are irresponsible.

a

10.2: Parenting style from early childhood ________ adolescence. a. shows continuity through b. none of the choices c. is interrupted by d. shifts in the opposite direction in

a

10.3: Adolescents who are concerned with not wanting others to know they are dealing with depression want to avoid the ________ associated with mental illness. a. stigma b. guilt c. financial cost d. lack of popularity

a

10.3: Deliberate self-injury with no suicidal intent is a troubling adolescent behavior and is often a form of: a. managing negative emotions. b. all of the choices c. OCD. d. rebelling against parents and teachers.

a

10.3: Depression, suicidal ideation, and nonsuicidal self-injury are risk factors associated with unwanted, negative health outcomes at all ages but may be particularly painful for adolescents who feel trapped due to: a. features of adolescent egocentrism. b. low rates of health insurance coverage. c. cognitive reappraisal. d. autistic spectrum disorders.

a

10.3: Evan felt a strong reaction when he found out he was not invited to the party his friend had planned for the following night. ________ wasn't the most adaptive emotion-regulation strategy he could have used, but it was necessary because he had much work to complete before leaving for the band competition that afternoon. a. Expressive suppression b. Cognitive reappraisal c. Cognitive distortion d. Cognitive dissonance

a

11.3: According to Perry, as college students move toward multiplicity, they become more likely to recognize their own and others' knowledge as: a. subjective. b. reductionistic. c. objective. d. formal operational.

a

11.3: From a cognitive development perspective, a college student who feels overwhelmed with the challenges of transitioning to college may feel "lost" and disoriented due to the: a. temporary loss of a stable worldview. b. dominance of a relativistic worldview. c. dominance of a dualistic worldview. d. permanent loss of s stable worldview.

a

11.3: The way to determine whether an emerging adult is developing creative talents or pursuing a pleasurable hobby involves assessing and evaluating whether the conditions are ripe for nurturing the specific ________ interaction that results in creative productivity. a. gene x environment b. gene x biology c. training x environment d. training x education

a

11.4: An intervention program designed to support emerging adult development would focus on supporting: a. exploration of opportunities. b. physical fitness. c. dualistic thinking. d. industry as compared to inferiority.

a

12.2: "Hooking up" is a term that refers to ________ without relationship commitment. a. sexual activity b. safe sex c. friendship d. romantic love

a

12.2: A healthy functioning family experiences the transition to adulthood as a: a. normative stage of the family life cycle. b. stage during which dramatic change indicates dysfunction. c. stage during which dramatic change indicates healthy functioning. d. crisis in the family life cycle.

a

12.2: Although elements of their romantic relationships had faded away, Jane and Ellen stayed together because they remained ________. That is, they continued to value the investment each was making in the other and the future. a. committed b. intimate c. passionate d. selective

a

12.2: Elements of a healthy marriage, for example, ________ translates into health and socioeconomic advantages. a. all of the choices b. separateness c. openness d. equality

a

12.2: If a parent observes her 28-year-old son becoming less neurotic, more conscientious, and more agreeable, she can assume that his development is: a. normative for his age and stage. b. delayed for his age and stage. c. interfering with becoming adult. d. undermining his mental health.

a

12.2: If a young adult is having difficulty resolving the psychosocial task of development associated with young adulthood, she might describe feeling: a. loneliness and disconnection from life. b. not knowing what she wants to do with her life. c. extreme contentment with being single. d. a sense of wanting to "give back" to others.

a

12.2: In heterosexual partnerships, it is more common for couples to spend time with the friends of the female partner. This is because: a. women tend to have more friends than men. b. men tend to have more friends than women. c. women have fewer friends who like to socialize. d. men tend to have fewer friends who like to socialize.

a

9.(?): In the United States, more men than women report having had sex for the first time before age 13. In developing countries: a. more women than men report having had sex before age 13. b. sex before age 13 is a crime. c. these statistics are not collected. d. the same trend is reported.

a

9.(?): Parents of adolescents often find it difficult to determine whether or not they need to seek help-for example, whether to take their teen to a therapist when the adolescent is found to be using substances. The confusion is particularly high during the ________ stage, when the teen is not experiencing any ________. a. experimental; serious problems b. habitual; serious problems c. compulsive; problem behaviors d. instrumental; emotional effects from the drug use

a

9.(?): Research has consistently found that beginning puberty earlier than one's peers is associated with: a. increased risk for mental health problems in girls. b. decreased risk for mental health problems in girls. c. increased risk for mental health problems in boys. d. decreased risk for mental health problems in boys.

a

9.1: At the peak of the adolescent growth spurt, the teen is growing at about the same rate as a _____-year-old. a. 2 b. 9 c. 7 d. 5

a

9.1: During adolescence, changes in gray matter take place primarily in the: a. prefrontal cortex. b. cingulate gyrus. c. hippocampus. d. amygdala.

a

9.1: In females and males, postpubescence is marked by: a. fertility. b. growth spurt. c. both a and b. d. neither a nor b.

a

9.1: In males, during pubescence, a number of changes can be expected, including: a. all of the choices b. pubic hair growth. c. appearance of facial hair. d. underarm hair.

a

9.1: The timing of menarche is influenced by: a. all of the choices b. body fat. c. nutrition. d. ethnicity.

a

9.1: This first stage of becoming an adult, ________, involves making gains in physical and psychological distance from the contexts in which the person lived as a child. a. separation b. individuation c. emancipation d. accommodation

a

9.1: This third stage of becoming an adult, ________, involves returning to the community from which the individual left as an adolescent, now prepared to take on adult roles and responsibilities. a. incorporation b. transition c. separation d. individuation

a

9.1: While puberty marks the biological transition from adolescence into adulthood, the bridge to adulthood is also marked by social customs or ________ in some cultures. a. "rites of passage" b. "cultural passages" c. "sociocultural rituals" d. "cultural events"

a

9.2: Abstract thinking is essential for scientific thinking because it is required to be able to: a. formulate hypotheses. b. use APA formatting style. c. use computer software. d. run statistical analyses.

a

9.2: Adolescent egocentrism is a phase of a lifespan process that involves negotiating ________ from birth through death. a. self-other relatedness b. cultural identity c. attachment d. personal identity

a

9.2: Adolescents are significantly less likely to use ________ thinking compared to elementary school-aged students. a. trial-and-error b. abstract-literal c. a-not-b d. hypothetical-deductive

a

9.2: Findings from developmental science offer ________ support for the assertion that immature brain development is responsible for the high rate of risk-taking behaviors in adolescence. a. mixed b. weak c. moderate d. strong

a

9.2: The ability to formulate varying solutions in one's mind and to think through the effectiveness of each possible solution is the process of ________ reasoning. a. hypothetical-deductive b. a-not-b c. abstract-literal d. trial-and-error

a

9.2: When 14-year-old Samantha is certain that the texts students are reading before class are about her having a "bad hair day", she is assuming there is a(n): a. imaginary audience. b. formal operation. c. personal fable. d. invincibility fable.

a

9.3: Adolescents benefit from learning that sexually transmitted infections are: a. preventable. b. curable within a year. c. life-lasting. d. all treatable.

a

9.3: When school board members met to discuss a proposal to change start time at the local high school, school board members turned to recent findings from developmental science research that indicate ________ are associated with ________ in adolescence. a. later beginnings; a wide range of health and educational benefits b. later beginnings; educational benefits, but not health benefits c. earlier beginnings; educational benefits, but not health benefits d. earlier beginnings; a wide range of health and educational benefits

a

10.1: Positive resolution of the identity crisis according to Erikson is consistent with which of Marcia's identity statuses? a. foreclosure b. achievement c. diffusion d. moratorium

b

10.1: Resolution of identity versus role confusion is encouraged by the adolescent reflecting on the question: a. Who am I? b. All of the choices c. How do I let others know my identity? d. What do I want to be?

b

10.2: Adolescents belonging to the same ________ share certain qualities such as popularity and drug use. a. none of the choices b. crowd c. ethnic group d. cohort

b

10.2: Dating violence in adolescence is characterized by: a. sexual violence. b. any of the choices c. physical assault. d. psychological abuse.

b

10.2: Insecurely attached/preoccupied adolescents are likely to ________ their early attachments. a. avoid talking about b. spend a great deal of time focused on c. none of the choices d. freely describe and evaluate without judgment

b

10.2: Middle school and junior high school teachers ________ compared to elementary school teachers. a. feel less effective with their students b. all of the choices c. are less emotionally connected to students d. have many more students

b

9.1: Adolescent growth is ________, which is why teens may perceive themselves and their peers as awkward looking. a. synchronous b. asynchronous c. unstandardized d. standardized

b

9.1: Sarah's mother was pleased to hear the pediatrician explain why 13-year-old Sarah has experienced so many complaints about the way her clothes fit her this year. It's not just that she is continuing through her growth spurt, it's also because puberty gives rise to: a. increased skin sensitivity. b. redistribution of fat and muscle. c. feeling restricted. d. mild allergic reactions.

b

9.1: ________ appear during puberty. They are associated with sex hormones but are unrelated to reproductive capability. a. Psychosocial sex characteristics b. Secondary sex characteristics c. Primary sex characteristics d. none of the choices

b

9.2: One pillar of positive youth development, ________, emphasizes the necessity of having a positive view of one's actions across a wide variety of domains, specifically domains in which adolescents invest a great deal of time and resources, for example, with peers and in school. a. confidence b. competence c. caring/compassion d. connection

b

9.3: Abstinence-only sex education programs are delivered in school districts that vote to not teach adolescents: a. what sexual intercourse involves. b. safe sex techniques. c. about sexually transmitted diseases. d. about sexually transmitted infections.

b

10.(?): Early in the process of recognizing and becoming aware of an emerging homosexual attraction, an adolescent is likely to experience: a. identity achievement. b. identity foreclosure. c. identity confusion. d. all of the choices

c

10.1: According to Phinney, adolescents from minority cultures who are in Stage 1 of ethnic minority identity formation: a. feel confused by the choices they have with respect to forming an ethnic identity. b. have thought about and selected an ethnic identity consistent with his or her beliefs and values. c. accept without question the values and opinions of the majority culture. d. none of the choices

c

10.1: Evidence of adolescent role confusion may manifest as: a. incoherent responses to questions from authority. b. brushing one's teeth before eating breakfast c. fully adopting the identity of someone the teen admires. d. none of the choices

c

10.1: Manuel asked his friends to call him "Mike." Although he was born in the United States, his parents were born in Mexico and Manuel wants to de-identify with his parents' culture. Developmentalists designing interventions to support ethnic identity development are likely to encourage Manuel to: a. disown his parents' culture. b. use his real name regardless of his identity choice. c. adopt a bicultural identity. d. none of the choices

c

10.2: A parenting class for parents of adolescents would encourage both mothers and fathers to demonstrate ________ if they want to facilitate a healthy relationship between themselves and their teens. a. absolute authority b. emotional suppression c. trust d. all of the choices

c

10.2: A small group of adolescents belong to the ________ crowd; these adolescents set trends and dictate who is "in" and who is "out." a. "normals" b. "druggies/toughs" c. "populars" d. "nobodies"

c

10.2: In the early 1900s in the United States, the typical adolescent lived in a state of: a. full dependence on parents. b. full independence from parents. c. semi-independence from parents. d. none of the choices

c

10.2: Parents concerned about their teen's media use will benefit in knowing the risk factors known to be associated with problematic internet use, including: a. feeling angry, tense, and depressed when prohibited from using the Internet. b. neglecting basic needs. c. all of the choices d. feeling the need for more and better computer equipment.

c

10.2: The majority of adolescents are ________, average students who have little influence on what is and is not cool. a. "populars" b. "nobodies" c. "normals" d. "druggies/toughs"

c

10.3: Obsessive thoughts about suicide-suicidal ________-is a risk factor for acts of suicide. a. identification b. compulsion c. ideation d. comprehension

c

11.(?): Psychiatric disorders that commonly first appear in emerging adulthood are often: a. simple. b. moderate. c. severe. d. mild.

c

11.(?): The benefits of physical activity in emerging adulthood are clear, yet research has yet to determine whether better physical health is a(n) ________ of physical activity levels. a. direct or indirect benefit b. accurate indicator c. cause or effect d. accurate predictor

c

11.1: College and work training are ________ processes culturally designed to prepare young people for the transition to adulthood. a. acculturation b. assimilation c. socialization d. accommodation

c

11.2: In emerging adulthood, healthy behaviors that promote skeletal health are ________ those that maintain the muscular system. a. less important than b. more important than c. the same as d. different from

c

11.3: Emerging adults demonstrating evidence of cognitive development in the direction of postformal thinking will be able to express a growing awareness for and appreciation of: a. the universality of cultural belief systems. b. the dominance of certain cultural belief systems,. c. the diversity of cultural belief systems. d. clashing belief systems between cultures.

c

11.4: According to the life course heath model, health differences in emerging adulthood are an outcome of exposure to: a. risk and protective factors only during prior developmental stages. b. risk factors. c. risk and protective factors during prior developmental stages and in emerging adulthood. d. protective factors.

c

9.(?): Politicians interested in supporting positive youth development lobby for investment of state funds to increase teens' access to: a. college loans. b. housing vouchers. c. developmental assets. d. health insurance.

c

9.(?): When Christine's parents were preoccupied with their divorce, they fought often and frequently brought the kids into the fights. It's not surprising that Christine's ________ plummeted because stress undermines positive youth development across all domains; in this case, it really took a toll on Christine's personal sense of her self-worth. a. caring/compassion b. competence c. confidence d. character

c

9.1: Adolescents will again establish ________ after the changes of puberty slow down. a. all of the choices b. industry c. equilibrium d. ego integrity

c

9.1: During adolescence, muscles generally become: a. more flexible. b. longer. c. all of the choices d. stronger.

c

9.1: Menarche describes the first: a. ovulation during which an egg is not fertilized. b. release of a fertile egg. c. menstrual period of a human female, signaling the beginning of puberty. d. time a girl begins her menstrual cycle within 28 to 32 days of the prior menstrual cycle.

c

9.2: Applying Elkind's concepts, which of the following statements are we most likely to find empirical support for in the research literature? a. Adolescents are more likely to self-injure when they are alone. b. Adolescents are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors such as highway racing when they are alone versus when they are with their peers. c. Adolescents are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors such as highway racing when they are with their peers versus when they are alone. d. Adolescents are more likely to self-injure when they are with peers.

c

9.2: Caleb was certain he'd be able to complete two back flips off of the hotel balcony into the pool even though he didn't believe any of his peers could do it. This is an example of the way the consequences of one's high-risk behaviors are ________ due to ________ in adolescence. a. overestimated; egocentrism b. underestimated; egocentrism c. underestimated; optimistic bias d. overestimated; optimistic bias

c

9.2: Derek is 16-years old. He tells his father he's not going to clean his room, and he's going out with his friends. Then he adds, "Dad, you should give the star of the school basketball team a break!" Derek's belief that he should be exempt from his chores because he is special is an element of his: a. ego ideal. b. imaginary audience. c. personal fable. d. superego.

c

9.2: Elkind's concept of adolescent egocentrism refers to the adolescents' tendency to see themselves as: a. responsible for their own and others' behaviors. b. inferior to adults. c. the center of the social world. d. cognitively capable but emotionally immature.

c

9.2: Having the capability to use formal operational thinking: a. implies that an adolescent is likely to use it for language arts and then in science and math. b. implies that an adolescent is likely to use it in science and math before using it for everyday reasoning. c. does not necessarily imply that the adolescent uses it. d. is an indicator that an adolescent uses formal operational thinking exclusively.

c

9.2: Middle schools that operate from a developmental lens monitor the development of formal operational thinking because such achievements signal a student's preparedness to: a. memorize math facts. b. compute basic functions, for example, subtraction. c. understand concepts of algebra. d. visualize math facts, such as the multiplication table.

c

9.3: Adolescents who learn about abstinence and safe sex practices receive what is known as: a. abstinence-only sex education. b. censored sex education. c. comprehensive sexuality education. d. scaffolding.

c

9.3: One reason sex at an early age is a concern for developmentalists around the globe is that early sex increases risk for: a. HIV infection. b. unintended pregnancy. c. both a and b. d. neither a nor b.

c

9.3: Under natural conditions, that is, when there are no external demands on their schedule, the adolescent sleep-wake rhythm operates on a(n) ________ compared to sleep-wake patterns of childhood. a. irregular cycle b. regular cycle c. phase delay d. stage delay

c

(?).(?): Laws that required adolescents to spend more years in school affected the: a. length of time adolescents were emotionally dependent on parents. b. average age adolescents planned to get married. c. actual age adolescents got married. d. length of time adolescents were financially dependent on parents.

d

(?).(?): One feature of emerging adulthood, ________, is evidenced by numerous changes young people make in where they live, the jobs they have, and the people with whom they are in relationships during these years. a. identity achievement b. feeling in-between c. the optimistic bias d. instability

d

(?).(?): The reproductive system reaches full maturity in: a. middle adulthood. b. young adulthood. c. emerging adulthood. d. adolescence.

d

10.(?): The storm and stress view of adolescence assumes that ________ is a universal feature of the teen years. a. parental conflict b. risk-taking c. moodiness d. all of the choices

d

10.1: Adolescent ethnic identity is influenced by acculturation, the: a. process of a majority culture adopting the values of the minority culture. b. extent to which family values are influenced by culture. c. extent to which an adolescent's values are the same as peers' values. d. process of a minority culture adopting the values of the majority culture.

d

10.1: Identity-confused adolescents are ________ about who they are. a. certain b. happy c. unhappy d. uncertain

d

10.1: In adolescence, ethnic identity development involves: a. deciding whether or not to publicly reject the values of one's ethnic group. b. selecting an ethnicity that fits one's belief and value system. c. choosing whether to become a member of an ethnic group. d. resolving positive and negative views about one's ethnic group membership.

d

10.1: In adolescence, gender identity refers to: a. one's sexual preference for sexual activity with a boy or a girl. b. the desire to be treated like a boy or a girl by one's peers. c. the perceptions that others have concerning whether a person looks like a boy or a girl. d. one's perception of whether he or she is more like a girl or a boy with respect to activity preferences, personality traits, and attitudes.

d

10.1: When Adele is 14, she understands her sexual orientation to be heterosexual. Through adolescence her sexual orientation: a. will not change. b. will change more than once. c. will certainly change. d. may change.

d

10.1: Which of the following scenario could be used as an example of gender intensification in adolescence? a. In the fall, teenage boys spend time hunting, while teenage girls spend time cooking food. b. When the school year begins, teenage boys take an interest in football while teenage girls take an interest in cheerleading. c. In the winter, teenage boys spend time shoveling snow and de-icing vehicles, while teenage girls spend time making coffee and cocoa to keep the family warm. d. All of the choices are correct.

d

10.2: A developmentalist might teach adolescents to self-monitor for problematic Internet use by teaching them to look out for signs such as: a. lying about how much time he or she is spending on the Internet. b. socially isolating themselves to spend more time online. c. receiving lower grades than he or she is able to earn. d. all of these

d

10.2: Along with five other teens, Jacob was caught stealing small items from a department store. The police interviewed each of them separately and recognized that, unlike the other four, Jacob's desire to fit into this particular crowd of peers made him especially vulnerable. They released Jacob to his parents, explaining to them the role that peer ________ played in Jacob's poor choices and told Jacob to stop ________ to fit in. a. pressure; making friends b. nominations; making friends c. nominations, taking risks d. pressure; taking risks

d

10.2: Crowd membership in adolescence influences an adolescent's: a. self-awareness. b. self-concept of achievement. c. none of the choices d. self-esteem.

d

10.2: Insecurely attached/dismissive adolescents are likely to ________ their early attachments. a. none of the choices b. freely describe and evaluate without judgment c. spend a great deal of time focused on d. avoid talking about

d

10.2: Middle school and junior high students are increasingly encouraged to focus on ________ goals over ________ goals. a. mastery; performance b. short-term; long-term c. long-term; short-term d. performance; mastery

d

10.3: Cognitive development influences emotional development in adolescence by: a. limiting the amount of time it takes for an adolescent to process his or her emotions. b. restricting the expression of emotions for fear of being teased by peers. c. exposing the teen to the overemotionality of peers. d. expanding the meanings an adolescent can attach to his or her emotions.

d

10.3: Erica was supposed to be going to the prom this weekend; instead she is in bed. When her parents tell the pediatrician that Erica ________, the pediatrician tells the parents to bring Erica in immediately to be evaluated for depression. a. has lost about 10 pounds in the past 2 weeks b. feels sad, empty, and hopeless c. wishes she wasn't alive d. any of the choices

d

11.(?): If recent changes in the transition to adulthood were to dramatically swing in the opposite direction, what would we see? a. Average age at high school graduation would decrease. b. The age at marriage would increase. c. Average age at college graduation would increase. d. The age at birth of first child would decrease.

d

11.2: To optimize natural fertility and reduce the likelihood that she will have difficulties associated with age-related infertility, a woman should plan to have children before age: a. 35. b. 45. c. 30. d. 40.

d

11.3: According to Perry, a college student who is annoyed that his professor doesn't respect his opinion as equal to the professor's own opinion is operating at a level of cognitive: a. relativism. b. dualism. c. division. d. multiplicity.

d

11.3: An emerging adult who makes significant gains in postformal thinking is more likely to operate from the core belief that her beliefs are: a. not absolute truths, but educated opinions valued only by educated people. b. educated opinions that should be kept private. c. educated opinions that should be taught to others. d. not absolute truths, but rather one way of seeing the world.

d

11.3: College students who reach a level of relativistic thinking view expertise as an outcome of: a. memorizing facts. b. questioning knowledge. c. communicating opinion. d. evaluating evidence.

d

11.4: Rates of substance use in emerging adulthood have ________ over the past decade. a. decreased significantly b. fluctuated significantly c. increased significantly d. remained relatively steady

d

12.1: In combination, the Big Five personality traits are organized into unique patterns that determine an emerging adult's personality: a. style. b. fit. c. type. d. profile.

d

12.1: In emerging adulthood, on average, ________ tend to decrease. a. extraversion and introversion b. agreeableness and conscientiousness c. extraversion and agreeableness d. extraversion and openness to experience

d

12.1: Resolving the crisis intimacy versus isolation involves ________ in partnership with another. a. continuing with identity development b. revising identity c. learning to protect one's self d. learning to share self

d

12.2: Approximately ________ of emerging and young adult children report receiving at least some form of emotional support form their parents. a. 50% b. 35% c. 100% d. 85%

d

12.2: As a romantic relationship moves closer to a committed partnership, a couple's love is likely to transform from romantic love to: a. all of the choices b. companionate love. c. fatuous love. d. consummate love.

d

12.2: As marriage has become delayed and less common over the past 50 years, ________ become more common in emerging adulthood. a. intergenerational living has b. longer engagements have c. early parenthood has d. cohabitation has

d

12.2: Emerging adults need healthy ________ to guide them to select relationships that satisfy their emotional and psychological needs. a. coping skills b. social support networks c. conflict resolution skills d. interpersonal schemas

d

12.2: Emerging and young adult couples who are not married may share the same type of love as those who are married, but they receive fewer ________ rewards and rights. a. financial b. legal c. social d. all of the choices

d

12.2: Parents provide emotional support to their emerging and young adult children in the following way: a. parents listening and paying for counseling. b. parents getting counseling to help adult child. c. parents asking an informed friend to help adult child. d. parents listening and giving advice.

d

12.2: Some fears have emerged over the use of social networking sites to maintain and build relationships in emerging and young adulthood. Among these concerns is: a. Internet stalking. b. detraction from face-to-face interactions. c. identity theft. d. all of the choices

d

12.2: Which of the following are three dimensions of emerging adult friendships? a. communion, intimacy, agency b. intimacy, integrity, communion c. intimacy, isolation, integrity d. communion, agency, individuation

d

12.3: Based on research evidence, good advice to give to an emerging adult who wants to decrease risk of unemployment is: a. "wait until you are 1 year from graduation to decide on a career goal." b. "explore many college majors before you graduate." c. "match your career goals with a family member's career." d. "match your education and training with your career goal."

d

12.3: Gains in the ability to ________ scaffold increased emotion regulation in emerging adulthood. a. pause when a feeling is experienced b. evaluate the cause of an emotional state c. mediate the behavioral reaction to an emotional state d. all of the choices

d

12.3: Self-efficacy,or ________, is associated with mental health in emerging adulthood. a. self-awareness b. moral integrity c. personal responsibility d. belief in one's ability

d

12.3: The diathesis-stress model asserts that psychiatric disorder in emerging adulthood arises out of the interaction between genetic risk: a. inherited from mother. b. inherited from father. c. from both parents. d. and environmental stress.

d

12.3: When Sam's boyfriend came into the apartment and yelled at his partner Sean because the mail had fallen on the floor, he was able to cognitively reappraise his behavior, which led him to: a. apologize for not letting Sean have an opportunity to pick up the mail. b. tell Sean they needed to take time apart. c. throw the mail away. d. apologize and explain that he was stressed at the number of bills in the mail.

d

9.(?): In developing countries, the following factor increases the likelihood of a teen becoming sexually active. a. illiteracy rate b. unemployment c. neither a nor b d. both a and b

d

9.3: When Sam was on summer vacation after ninth grade, he allowed his body to shift toward a more natural rhythm. It's most likely that his parents noticed that Sam both: a. maintained the same bedtime; and delayed wake time. b. maintained the same bedtime; and established an earlier wake time. c. delayed bedtime; and established an earlier wake time. d. delayed bedtime; and delayed wake time.

d