CHD 3243 chapter 4

ethnic identity

an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

connectedness

an important element in adolescent identity development. it consists of two dimensions: mutuality and permiability

identity achievement

commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration. heavily reported by females.

self concept

domain specific evaluations of the self

what are the benefits of self regulation?

early development of self regulation in childhood is a key contributor to adult health and longevity

ethnic identity and increasing age

ethnic identity increases with age during adolescence and emerging adulthood, and higher levels of ethnic identity are linked to more positive attitudes

whats a good indicator of how an adolescent views themselves?

facial expressions and the extent to which they congratulate or condemn themselves

in emerging adulthood self understanding becomes:

more integrative, reflective, and complex, and is characterized by decisions about a worldview.

what identity status are adolescents normally in?

most youth are primarily in identity diffusion, foreclosure, or moratorium

positive affect and approach

much like the personality trait of extraversion

what is negative affectivity related to?

neuroticism and introversion

consequences of low self esteem

obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, delinquency

self esteem through adolescence

often decreases when kids make the transition from elementary school to middle school; fluctuates across the life span

big five factors of personality

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

3 important aspects of understanding others in adolescence:

perceiving others traits perspective taking social cognitie monitoring

What are new classifications of temperament?

positive affect and approach negative affectivity effortful control

peer relationships and identity development

the capacity to explore one's identity during adolescence and emerging adulthood is linked to the quality of friendships

personality

the enduring personal characteristics of individuals

bicultural identity

the identity constructed by individuals who explore and adopt values from both ethnic group and the majority culture. many ethnic minority adolescents have a bicultural identity

integration

the individual identifies with both dominant and traditional culture

goodness of fit

the match between an individual's temperament style and the environmental demands faced by the individual

identity foreclosure

the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives (without experiencing a crisis)

identity diffusion

the status of many adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way.

who influences adolescents' self esteem the most?

their peers; adolescents do the most self reflection after receiving appraisals from their peers

emotional competence

(AKA emotional intelligence) the ability to control emotions and regulate your own emotions and respond to the emotions of others

important dimensions of adolescents self understanding

-Abstraction and idealism (thinking abstractly and idealistically) -Differentiation (Adolescents realize there are different dimensions of oneself) -The fluctuation self (Moods can change) -Contradictions within the self (Understanding of inconsistencies within the different versions of oneself) -Real verses ideal, true versus false (Emerging ability to construct ideal selves) -Social comparison (Comparing themselves to others) -Self-consciousness (Being self-conscious) -Self-protection (Wanting to protect oneself ) -The unconscious self (Being able to think on a deeper level) -Not yet a coherent integrated self (It's still a work in progress)

temperament

-an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding -many psychologists emphasize the temperament forms the foundation of personality

what aspects are important to development according to Marcia?

-confidence that they have parental support -an established sense of industry -ability to take a self reflective stance toward the future

emotions of adolescence

-early adolescence is a time when emotional highs and lows occur frequently -intensely negative emotions can reflect serious problems

hormones and emotions

-emotional fluctuations of early adolescence may be related to variability in hormone levels -pubertal change is associated with negative emotions

emotional intelligence and adolescence

-individuals are more likely to become aware of their emotional cycles -adaptively coping with negative emotions by using self-regulatory strategies that reduce the intensity and duration of emotional states

what are the dimensions of connectedness?

-mutuality: sensitivity to and respect for others' views -permeability: openness to others' views

when does a coherent worldview develop for most individuals ?

30's

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's 6th stage in which individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships with others. He suggests an individual should develop a positive identity before negotiating this stage.

self understanding

The individual's cognitive representation of the self; the substance and content of self-conceptions.

emotional development

The process of learning to recognize and express feelings and establish a unique personal identity; closely linked to self esteem

easy temperament

a child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences

how does family influence identity development?

a family atmosphere that promotes both individuality and connectedness is important in development

psychosocial moratorium

a period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and can therefore experiment with different roles and personalities

crisis

a period of identity development during which the adolescent is choosing among meaningful alternatives

commitment

a personal investment in a specific identity

role experimentation

adolescents "try on" different roles to determine what their identity would become

socioeconomic status and self esteem

adolescents from a higher economic status have higher self esteem than those who come from lower socioeconomic status

self

all the characteristics of a person

environmental influences that encourage or discourage temperament characteristics:

goodness of fit and culture

Why might college produce some key changes in identity?

identity is more stable in adulthood than adolescence. "Identity consolidation" continues well into early/middle adulthood

identity vs identity confusion

in Erikson's 5th stage, the crisis of adolescence, where an individual establishes a clear and definite identity, or, experiences identity confusion, which is a failure to form a stable and secure identity

assimilation

individual changes to dominant culture

marginality

individual does not fit in either dominant or traditional culture

separation

individual focuses entirely on traditional culture

identity moratorium

individuals experiencing a crisis (exploration) without having reached commitment. heavily reported by females.

negative affectivity

involves being easily distressed; children with a temperament that involves negative affectivity may fret and cry often

effortful control

involves the ability to control one's emotions

diffused identity status is associated with

low internal control

what are the two dimensions of individuality

self-assertion and separateness

The global evaluative dimension of the self. also referred to as self-worth or self-image.

self-esteem

what patterns have researchers found about self-esteem in individuals?

self-esteem often drops during and just after developmental transitions

self regulation

the ability to control one's behavior without having to rely on others' help; "effortful control"

emotion regulation

the ability to manage and control one's emotions. Cognitive reappraisal is often a more effective emotion regulation strategy than suppression.

Acculturation

the adoption of cultural traits by one group under the influence of another. acculturation options: -integration -assimilation -seperation -marginality

self esteem and school performance

there is no correlation between high self esteem and better school performance.

slow to warm up temperament

this child has low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

difficult temperament

this child reacts negatively to many situations and is slow to accept new experiences

romantic relationships and identity development

two individuals in a romantic relationship are both in the process of constructing their own identities and each person provides the other with a context of identity exploration

self understanding in adolescence involves recognition that the self includes

unconscious as well as conscious components

possible self

what an individual might become, would like to become, and is afraid of becoming