CHD 3243 chapter 4
ethnic identity
an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.
connectedness
an important element in adolescent identity development. it consists of two dimensions: mutuality and permiability
identity achievement
commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration. heavily reported by females.
self concept
domain specific evaluations of the self
what are the benefits of self regulation?
early development of self regulation in childhood is a key contributor to adult health and longevity
ethnic identity and increasing age
ethnic identity increases with age during adolescence and emerging adulthood, and higher levels of ethnic identity are linked to more positive attitudes
whats a good indicator of how an adolescent views themselves?
facial expressions and the extent to which they congratulate or condemn themselves
in emerging adulthood self understanding becomes:
more integrative, reflective, and complex, and is characterized by decisions about a worldview.
what identity status are adolescents normally in?
most youth are primarily in identity diffusion, foreclosure, or moratorium
positive affect and approach
much like the personality trait of extraversion
what is negative affectivity related to?
neuroticism and introversion
consequences of low self esteem
obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, delinquency
self esteem through adolescence
often decreases when kids make the transition from elementary school to middle school; fluctuates across the life span
big five factors of personality
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
3 important aspects of understanding others in adolescence:
perceiving others traits perspective taking social cognitie monitoring
What are new classifications of temperament?
positive affect and approach negative affectivity effortful control
peer relationships and identity development
the capacity to explore one's identity during adolescence and emerging adulthood is linked to the quality of friendships
personality
the enduring personal characteristics of individuals
bicultural identity
the identity constructed by individuals who explore and adopt values from both ethnic group and the majority culture. many ethnic minority adolescents have a bicultural identity
integration
the individual identifies with both dominant and traditional culture
goodness of fit
the match between an individual's temperament style and the environmental demands faced by the individual
identity foreclosure
the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives (without experiencing a crisis)
identity diffusion
the status of many adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way.
who influences adolescents' self esteem the most?
their peers; adolescents do the most self reflection after receiving appraisals from their peers
emotional competence
(AKA emotional intelligence) the ability to control emotions and regulate your own emotions and respond to the emotions of others
important dimensions of adolescents self understanding
-Abstraction and idealism (thinking abstractly and idealistically) -Differentiation (Adolescents realize there are different dimensions of oneself) -The fluctuation self (Moods can change) -Contradictions within the self (Understanding of inconsistencies within the different versions of oneself) -Real verses ideal, true versus false (Emerging ability to construct ideal selves) -Social comparison (Comparing themselves to others) -Self-consciousness (Being self-conscious) -Self-protection (Wanting to protect oneself ) -The unconscious self (Being able to think on a deeper level) -Not yet a coherent integrated self (It's still a work in progress)
temperament
-an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding -many psychologists emphasize the temperament forms the foundation of personality
what aspects are important to development according to Marcia?
-confidence that they have parental support -an established sense of industry -ability to take a self reflective stance toward the future
emotions of adolescence
-early adolescence is a time when emotional highs and lows occur frequently -intensely negative emotions can reflect serious problems
hormones and emotions
-emotional fluctuations of early adolescence may be related to variability in hormone levels -pubertal change is associated with negative emotions
emotional intelligence and adolescence
-individuals are more likely to become aware of their emotional cycles -adaptively coping with negative emotions by using self-regulatory strategies that reduce the intensity and duration of emotional states
what are the dimensions of connectedness?
-mutuality: sensitivity to and respect for others' views -permeability: openness to others' views
when does a coherent worldview develop for most individuals ?
30's
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson's 6th stage in which individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships with others. He suggests an individual should develop a positive identity before negotiating this stage.
self understanding
The individual's cognitive representation of the self; the substance and content of self-conceptions.
emotional development
The process of learning to recognize and express feelings and establish a unique personal identity; closely linked to self esteem
easy temperament
a child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences
how does family influence identity development?
a family atmosphere that promotes both individuality and connectedness is important in development
psychosocial moratorium
a period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and can therefore experiment with different roles and personalities
crisis
a period of identity development during which the adolescent is choosing among meaningful alternatives
commitment
a personal investment in a specific identity
role experimentation
adolescents "try on" different roles to determine what their identity would become
socioeconomic status and self esteem
adolescents from a higher economic status have higher self esteem than those who come from lower socioeconomic status
self
all the characteristics of a person
environmental influences that encourage or discourage temperament characteristics:
goodness of fit and culture
Why might college produce some key changes in identity?
identity is more stable in adulthood than adolescence. "Identity consolidation" continues well into early/middle adulthood
identity vs identity confusion
in Erikson's 5th stage, the crisis of adolescence, where an individual establishes a clear and definite identity, or, experiences identity confusion, which is a failure to form a stable and secure identity
assimilation
individual changes to dominant culture
marginality
individual does not fit in either dominant or traditional culture
separation
individual focuses entirely on traditional culture
identity moratorium
individuals experiencing a crisis (exploration) without having reached commitment. heavily reported by females.
negative affectivity
involves being easily distressed; children with a temperament that involves negative affectivity may fret and cry often
effortful control
involves the ability to control one's emotions
diffused identity status is associated with
low internal control
what are the two dimensions of individuality
self-assertion and separateness
The global evaluative dimension of the self. also referred to as self-worth or self-image.
self-esteem
what patterns have researchers found about self-esteem in individuals?
self-esteem often drops during and just after developmental transitions
self regulation
the ability to control one's behavior without having to rely on others' help; "effortful control"
emotion regulation
the ability to manage and control one's emotions. Cognitive reappraisal is often a more effective emotion regulation strategy than suppression.
Acculturation
the adoption of cultural traits by one group under the influence of another. acculturation options: -integration -assimilation -seperation -marginality
self esteem and school performance
there is no correlation between high self esteem and better school performance.
slow to warm up temperament
this child has low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
difficult temperament
this child reacts negatively to many situations and is slow to accept new experiences
romantic relationships and identity development
two individuals in a romantic relationship are both in the process of constructing their own identities and each person provides the other with a context of identity exploration
self understanding in adolescence involves recognition that the self includes
unconscious as well as conscious components
possible self
what an individual might become, would like to become, and is afraid of becoming