CHD4537 Parenting Exam 2

Behaviors Promoting Structure/Nurturance

-Affirming developmental tasks -Providing safety, protection, love -Encouraging exploration -Encouraging expressiveness -Giving clear directions -Enforcing simple rules

Deflecting aggression

-Aggressive expression steadily increases from late infancy into early childhood. It peaks at early childhood and then declines. Mild aggression in preschoolers is a normal part of their growth and development. -Factors include genetic tendency, observing parents, learning from movies and tv. (Ex, a child who is emotionally intense and has a heightened negative affect are less controlled and are less able to regulate the expressions of their emotions. They act out in often aggressive ways when they are angry. - Children can get confused when they get spanked for hitting someone else. Parents could deflect children's aggressive behavior so that they are learn there are more beneficial ways to express themselves.

stepping

in the first two months, babies exhibit the ______ reflex that is probably a precursor to walking when infants are held upright and begin lifting their legs like they're walking

Theories stressing prominence of infancy on later development:

-Freud -Erikson (trust v. mistrust) -Behaviorists (early behavior patterns lay foundation for later ones, blank slate) -Piaget -Attachment

Azerrad& Chance how to handle temper tantrum

"They repeatedly urge parents to hold, soothe, comfort, and talk to a child who bites, hits, screams, throws or breaks things, ignores or refuses parental requests or otherwise behaves in obnoxious, infantile ways.... Yet theses experts seems to be unaware of the fact that children do what gets noticed, that adult attention usually makes behavior likely to occur, not less." -Parents are urged to give special attention to children when they behave badly which is why kids are bad -"be on the alert for behaviors that indicate growing maturity... sometime later remind the child the behavior you observed... when you are sure the child remember the event in question, praise him for it... immediately following praising the child, spend some time with him in an activity he enjoys..." - the "Nurture Response" method recommended by Azerrad

The infant

(3 weeks to 18 months): -Acquiring self-regulated skills of locomotion (walking), manipulation (hand skills), and self-feeding with solid food -Maintaining a sleep-wake cycle -Exploring sound production in preparation for speech -Establishing initial sensorimotor schemes -Establishing attachment to primary caregivers -Experiencing basic emotional states (e.g., social smiling and crying) as a means of communication -Establishing an attitude of basic trust vs. mistrust

The Newborn

(birth to 2 weeks): -Establishing respiration within normal limits -Establishing circulation to the lungs and away from the umbilical cord -Establishing body temperature regulation -Exercising neonatal reflexes takes baby first six weeks of all focus for the reflexes -Adjusting to light and sound -Establishing sleep pattern

Comments from parents of preschoolers

-"I wish I had know how much frustration comes just because kids are kids and you have to be tolerate. They don't have the attention span for some things. They might want to do something with you, but they can only do it for about fifteen minutes. You have to go places with all his things or with things to keep him entertained.... You learn that if you are prepared, things really don't have to be a hassle." -"I wish I had known how to handle things like believing in Santa Claus. I didn't know whether to encourage it or not or when to tell her there was none. She learned gradually, I think, but she doesn't want to tell her little brother yet." -"I enjoy her because I can talk to her; we have these wonderful conversations, and she can tell me about something that happened to her today at daycare that was really neat for her, and I just love to hear about it." "She's really affectionate, always has been, but now out of nowhere, she'll tell you she loves you. She likes to do things with you, and when you give her special attention, one on one, she really likes it. We play games - Candy Land or Cinderella - or just one if us goes with her to the supermarket or to the park. We read stories every night and do some talking. Sometimes I out a record on and we dance."

Comments from parents of adolescents

-"I wish I had known more about the mood swings. When the girls became thirteen, they each got moody for a while, and I stopped taking it personally. I just relaxed. The younger one said, 'Do I have to go through that? Can't I just skip that?' Sure enough, when she became thirteen, she was moody too." -"I wish I had known that if we had dealt with some behaviors when they were younger, we would not have had a problem from eleven to fourteen. He was always a little stubborn and hardheaded, wanting to do what he wanted. But right now, I wish we had done something about the stubbornness because it is a problem. He does not take responsibility, and it gets him into trouble at school. Looking back it has always been a problem, but we did not deal with it." -"I like that he does things I did, like play the trumpet. He started at the same age I did, and since he took it up, it has rekindled my interest and I started practicing again. This last weekend, we played together. He also brings new interests too. Because he likes sailing, I have started that and really like it." -"I was so impressed and pleased that after the earthquake, he and a friend decided to go door to door and offer to sell drawings they made of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. He raised $150 that he gave for earthquake relief. I was very proud that he thought this up all by himself."

Dr. Brazelton's suggestion how to handle temper tantrums

-"Sit down with her in your lap until she's available to you. Then, discuss why you think she needed to do it, why she can't do it and how badly you know she feels for this kind of destructive, out-of-control behavior". - -to calmly focus on the situaiton

how to handle toddler temper tantrums

-"Sit down with her in your lap until she's available to you. Then, discuss why you think she needed to do it, why she can't do it and how badly you know she feels for this kind of destructive, out-of-control behavior". - Dr. Brazelton's suggestion -to calmly focus on the situaiton -"With these tantrums you should be physically present with your child, with your arms around him if he'll permit it or just be there with him as a comforting physical presence in the room. Be calm and say reassuring things: "I know you're upset, but it will be okay." - Dr. Turecki's advice on handling tamper tantrum. -"They repeatedly urge parents to hold, soothe, comfort, and talk to a child who bites, hits, screams, throws or breaks things, ignores or refuses parental requests or otherwise behaves in obnoxious, infantile ways.... Yet theses experts seems to be unaware of the fact that children do what gets noticed, that adult attention usually makes behavior likely to occur, not less." -- Azerrad& Chance -Parents are urged to give special attention to children when they behave badly which is why kids are bad

Comments from the Parents of Infants

-"There is joy in watching her change, seeing her individualize. From the beginning it seemed she had her own personality - we see this is not just a little blob of protoplasm here, this is a little individual already from the beginning. She has always had a real specialness about her. It was exciting to see her change." -"It's the first time in my life I know what the term unconditional love means. The wonder of this little girl and nature! I have never experienced anything like that. It is yes, without any buts." -"... I wondered how could they let him go home with us, this little package weighing seven or eight pounds. I had no idea what to do.... In a way I would have liked them to watch me for a day or two in the hospital while I change him, to make sure I knew how to do it. It's kind of like giving me a car without seeing whether I could drive it around the block." -"I wish I had known about how much time babies take. It is like he needs twenty-four-hour attention. For an older parent who is used to having his own life and is very set in his ways, it is hard to make the changes and still have some time for your own life." -"I wish I had know how it would change things between me and my husband. The baby comes first, and by the time the day is over and he is in bed, we have two hours together, but I just want to curl up and take care of myself."

Some Comments from Parents of School-Age Children (cont.)

-"This is the time when I can start instilling my values, why I do what I do, how people become homeless. When they were younger, you just had the rule "No play guns in the house," and now you can talk about why you have the rule, and you are interacting on a whole new level." -"I can say that as a father of two girls between five and ten that to be a father of girls is delightful. It's nice being looked on as a combination of God and Robert Redford. They have a little glow in their eyes when they look at dad, and it's great." -"The main thing, I think, is how important temperament is. My daughter was in one school that was very noncompetitive; that's a wonderful philosophy, but it wasn't right for her. She is very competitive, and in that atmosphere she did not do as well. So with the second child, we are going to be more careful to see that there is a good fit between her temperament and what she is doing." -"I learned that, especially from age five to eight, say, children are not as competent as they look. They really can't do a lot of things that on the surface you think they can. The have language, and they look like they are reasoning, and they look like their motor skills are okay.... And so because we didn't know that with the first child, I think we made excessive demands on her, which led to her being a little harsher on herself."

Dr. Turecki's advice on handling tamper tantrum.

-"With these tantrums you should be physically present with your child, with your arms around him if he'll permit it or just be there with him as a comforting physical presence in the room. Be calm and say reassuring things: "I know you're upset, but it will be okay."

Power-assertive techniques

-, such as yelling and punishment may be effective in the short run because they generate some degree of fear and submission to authority, yet less effective in the long run because they must be resorted to more and more frequently as time goes on and they do not create a general cooperative attitude on the part of the child—what Maccobyand Martin (1983) called a "readiness to be socialized." -Better compliance in toddlers associated with parents' use of guidance and nonassertive methods of control, whereas defiance was associated with power-assertive techniques and physical punishment.

Freud- Anal Stage

-1 1/2 years the child enters, with toilet training comes conflict of pleasure from exposing of bodily wastes and practical and societal pressure of controlling body functions. -The child meets conflict of parents demands and child's desires and physical capability in one of two ways: puts up a fight or simplify refuses to go. -Child who puts up fight takes pleasure in excreting malicious usually just before or after being placed on toilet. -If parents are too lenient, result in formation of anal expulsive character: -messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, and defiant - child may opt to retain fesses, therefore enjoying pleasurable pressure of build up fesses in intestine. If the succeeds, results in anal retentive character -neat, precise, orderly, careful, withholding, and passive aggressive Resolution: Proper toilet training permanently affects the individuals propensities to possession and attitude toward authority.

Harry Harlow

-1950s-60s Discovered that by separating infant monkeys from their mothers following birth resulting in severe emotional trauma in the mothers and infants -Infant monkeys lacked direct physical contact with mothers grew up with behavioral problems: -staring into space -stereotype rocking movement -inability to mate -problem in peer social interactions with monkeys -hyperaggressiveness

Stereotype of adolescent rebellion

-A time of emotional turmoil -Conflict within the family -Alienation from adult society -Reckless behavior -Rejection of adult values -Only 1/5 teens fit this pattern -Adolescent animals also suggest they hung out w peers and fight with parents -majority of US adolescents participate in delinquent behavior but most never got arrested. -among those who entered the juvenile justice system, most never returned. -delinquent behavior tends to increase from early to mid adolescence (when peak is reached) but declines into late adolescence and early adulthood -decline attributes to full-time work and marriage -about 5% of youth, mostly male, continue to participate in illegal activity past adolescence bc this subset of population have a history of aggression during both childhood and adolescent. The crimes they commit as teenagers do not necessarily represent adolescent limited problem or problem of adolescents. -it is helpful to distinguish from adolescent delinquency, which occur to be fairly common from early, serious and endearing criminal behavior.

Romantic Relationships

-According to estimates from Add Health (Carver, Joyner, & Udry, 2003): -25% of 12-year olds report having had a romantic relationship in the past 18 months -Over 70% of adolescents have had at least one romantic relationship before 18 years old -The median length of romantic relationships for adolescents 16 years of age or older is 20.5 month -These data challenge the misconception that romantic relationships among adolescents are trivial and transitory (Collins, 2003) -Influences of parents' marital problems -Even though relationships are common, doesn't mean appropriate for development. -according to Erickson, adolescence is stage of self identification. before figuring out who they are, could be overwhelming to figure out who partner is and want they want from a relationship -Glenn elder says that early romantic involvement is off timing and has negative consequences -paper 2012, romantic involvement is associated with delinquency -romantic relationships serves different functions for adolescence- sexual exploration and affiliation, less on attachment and caregiving

Caregiving for Aging Parents- eldercare

-Adult-children caregivers provide ________ or emotional support, services, and financial assistance -making phone calls, -assisting with personal hygiene, -chauffeuring for errands and appointments, housekeeping tasks, -meal preparation and purchasing food, -paying bills -Eldercare is characterized by the significant role reversal that usually takes place over time -Caregiver burnout is often encountered as a hazard to providing eldercare -Caregiver burnout can be minimized in several ways (i.e., men helping, community programs, govt. support, tax credit)

Teaching about dying and death

-Adults argue young children can't understand so should spare their burden of even thinking about it -If not discussed, unprepared if someone close to her does. Preschooler won't know how to deal with grief or fears. -Try to bring up in neutral way. Do it in nonthreatening and non personal way. Opportunities like dead squirrel in road, or house plant, leaves fall. Lead to discussion. -Children will ask if they will die. "I don't know but most people die when..." -Pay attention to avoiding creating misunderstanding that its temporary "better place, when coming back" "Going to sleep and not waking up" (fear of sleep) "go on trip and not coming back" (Won't let you live)

Mental health

-Anxiety -Depression and mood swings -Loneliness -some are okay with a lot of friends, some are okay with one or two friends. But no one really wants to be completely alone. Teenagers sometimes feel loneliness -its important for teenagers and parents to find a way to deal with it like with project activities -adolescence don't want to appear unsure of themselves -they don't like thinking people are looking at them, can be mortifying to do something silly or embarrassing -kids this age can be merciless with teasing -Mood swings are normal and expected, recover from relationships with problems with friends and peers -parents need to be supportive and aware of whats happening. Communication helps with this

promoting cognitive skills in school age children

-Assisting children to make use of data acquired in understanding the world -Accepting the illogical nature of children's thought at times

Crying- Voice notes

-Babies cry because they have needs to be met like feeling hungry, cold, hot, scared, bored or stimulated, tired, having a dirty diaper, teasing, or simply needing comfort or attention. -Not being able to communicate, its hard for new parents to find out what parents need

Piaget's Cognitive Theory

-Babies learn about the environment through his or her sense -ex, accidentally putting fist in mouth, the baby will in an uncoordinated way try to make it happen again because its enjoyable to suck on fists. So baby will attempt to repeat pleasurable events

Erikson: autonomy vs. shame and doubt

-Because of increased skills, toddlers gain a greater sense of self and independence and take pleasure and delight in their new accomplishment -express new emotions of pride, embarrassment, and shame

Parenting Emerging Adults

-Challenge is to transform parent-child relationship into a more balanced, adult-like format -Parental involvement often continues for years into this stage but in an altered manner -Financial support -Continued emotional support

Erickson: Industry vs. Inferiority

-Children are interested in tasks that have meaning, enjoy contributing in home, school, playground and various activities -Parent's role is encouraging children's efforts so they feel about their contribution -encourage school age child to wash dishes- not you missed a spot say thank you for helping so children have a sense of contribution

Piaget Concrete Operational Stage

-Cognitive development is more advanced than previous preoperatational stage -children are more sophisticated and think in very concrete solid ways. Tend to see the world in black and white and right and wrong and not able to see the gray areas and that circumstances affect our understanding of things.

Temper Tantrums -emotional regulation

-Crying and tantrums are other forms of resistant noncompliance often seen in toddlers. -Brazelton(1992) argued that temper tantrums in the second year reflect the child's inner turmoil and struggle between dependence and independence and are best handled by parents who stand back and allow their child to regain control. -By moving beyond crying and tantrums, the child demonstrates _____ ______, which is an important component of self-regulation.

Erickson's identity vs confusion

-Developing an ego identity -Moving toward independence -Moving toward more mature relationships with family members -Begin thinking future job or college choice -Developing a romantic involvement -Manage sexuality in a responsible way

Developmental Landmarks for Toddlers

-Developing impulse control and self-regulated skills -Establishing early speech patterns -Learning to control the elimination of body wastes -Autonomy and independence -Empathy, Morality, and Standards -Gender Identity and Gender-Role Identification -Establishing Close Relationships -Toddlers develop the capacity for self- recognition in the mirror- awareness of the self as a source of actions, ideas, worries, and feelings and begin reflective self evolution and self reflection -During this stage, toddlers show great pride responses when accomplishing certain tasks. Sought out recognition by calling parents attention to accomplishment -Mothers who tend to praise their child more frequently, had children who spontaneously showed more pride in a lab setting. Intrusive mothers of toddlers were less responsive. (Studies Belsky et al 1997)

Characteristic Landmarks of Adolescence- Rapid physical and psychological changes

-Dramatic changes in body proportions, sexual maturation, and personality -Personal emancipation into full maturity and responsibility for one's self -Immature aspects of adolescent mind -Physically, boys have awkward years that they're shorter than girls, hands and feet grow faster than body, voice changing, cause teenagers to feel unattractive and awkward. Embarrassed by acne and unwanted erections (can't help), insecurity about looks -important to understand only noticeable to them

Beginning Socialization- Promoting Prosocial and Moral Behaviors

-Empathy -Deflecting aggression -Delaying gratification of immediate needs -Reflects the continue development of self control -Encouraging positive sex-role development -Gender identity -The role of toys and play -Children this age are prone to gender stereotype. (only girls play with dolls) Parents should to introduce gender equal activity to encourage positive gender role development. -Teaching about Sexuality -Teaching about Dying and Death

Piaget toddlers

-End of sensorimotor stage and beginning of preparation stage -increased skills enable them to explore more effectively -social learning theory and social culture theory also work well

Dealing with the Birth of A Sibling

-For many children the birth of a sibling happens during the toddler stage -Parents need to keep in mind the toddler's feelings and thoughts -Be reassuring and loving with him/her (e.g., to also make the toddler feel special, make the toddler part of the welcoming process, etc.) -Good ideas is discussing birth so know what to expect, ask toddler to participate in taking care of baby so feels part of process, spending time with toddler to make feel special, and buying small things for the Toddler to give to them when friends bring things for baby

Cognitive Process in Romantic Relationships

-Forming and maintaining romantic relationships from an evolutionary perspective (e.g., attention, estimation, memory, judgment, etc.) -Three basic challenges -Finding a romantic partner -physical attractiveness is important role, men place higher priority on attractiveness than women do. -Avoiding the temptation of attractive relationship alternatives -For women, status seems to trump physical attractiveness -Warding off romantic rivals

Control

-From the ages of approximately 12 to 18 months, the young toddler achieves _____, or abilities to initiate, maintain, and terminate physical acts based on elementary awareness of the social demands of a situation. -Initial self-monitoring, self-inhibition of previously prohibited behavior, and compliance appear. -For example, in the presence of something dangerous that toddlers have been taught not to touch, they will look toward their caregivers and back away from the object.

colic

-Generally after 5-6 weeks of life -Crying for more than 3 hours, for more than 3 days a week, for more than 3 weeks (3-3's) -Up to 40% of infants have ____ -Generally goes away after about 3 months -usually strikes toward the end of a long day, when the babies are at the age the moms are sleep deprived. Babies stop being quiet, peaceful, miracle baby and begins screaming every evening. -No wonder parents can become frustrated, discouraged, or depressed -Not known what causes it. Child with it tend to be unusually sensitive to stimulation, some babies may experience greater discomfort from intestogas, some from hunger, others from overfeeding, some breastfed babies may be intolerant to food in mothers diet, some bottle fed babies may be intolerant from proteins in formula. Fear, frustration, and excitement can also lead to ____. -crying can be intense and furious and can last for several hours over a few weeks, can occur at any time but usually late afternoon and evening and can affect babies sleep. -although it doesn't cause pain, babies may look like they're in pain, cry and arch their back, put legs to tummy, become red in face, pass gas. They continue to eat and gain weight depsite -causes anxiety at home. important for parents to have support. -while digestive systems are maturing, some babies are intolerant to certain substances like lactose. Another cause is babies temperament and can make baby highly sensitive to environment. -no cure but can hold baby in different ways, singing, rocking not shaking, going for ride, playing soft music, taking baby to dark room, sound of vacuum cleaner or hair dryer

Compliance vs. Non-compliance Terrible twos

-Gesell's (1940) findings, firmly established the stereotype of "the _____ ______." -Taken together, earlier studies do reveal a peak of non- compliance, resistant and negativistic behaviors when a child is approximately 2 years old, with a steady decline by the age of 4 years (Dubinand Dubin, 1963; Spitz, 1957; Wenar, 1982).

Parenting Infants

-Give loving and consistent care that meets infants' needs. -Provide a safe environment. -Responds to infants' cues (e.g., hunger). -Provide appropriate stimulation. -Seek information on child-acre best practices.

Meeting the Needs of School-Age Children- Promoting healthy nutrition

-Greater concern today about obesity among school-age children that is related to diet and lack of sufficient exercise

Meeting the Needs of School- Age Children- Providing Structure and Nurturance

-Greater emphasis on structure, especially as applied via rules -Expectance also that structure will become more internalized so that children begin to police their own behavior -Parents remember to use nurturance to offset the negative aspects of structure -Psychological support is a major aspect of nurturance at this time in a child's life -School-age children also are being expected to learn how to make decisions instead of acting on impulse -Parents begin to lessen constancy of supervision as children grow older

Promoting peer relationships

-Helping children learn to get along with others in groups -Helping children deal with rejection issues -Conformity is important: children gravitate to other children who are similar, choose friends similar in race, sex and achievement -children reject those who are different. children who are deviant from norms are likely to be rejected. children who are rejected by peers are likely to show aggressive behavior, difficulties with social skills, more likely to remain alone -parents may help by creating opportunities to play with other kids, acquire play skills, and encourage association with well accepted children

helping children adjust to school

-Helping them deal with peer groups -Assisting them in acquiring basic academic skills -Working with teachers and others to help children succeed -Helping children learn about their school environment -Assisting with homework and other projects

situational compliance

-Immediate obedience based on factors such as threat of punishment or promise of reward

Parenting preschoolers- health and safety issues

-Immunizations should be completed prior to school entrance. -May contract communicable diseases because of an immature immune system and lack of adequate antibodies. -Accidental injury is the leading cause of death, often related to automobile accidents. -Many accidental injuries occur near or in the home. -Childproofing the home is necessary. -Parents are wise to have first-aid certification.

girls, understand

-In response to parental requests for cooperation, child compliance increases from toddler to preschool to school years (Whiting and Edwards, 1988). -Across cultures, ____ are more cooperative and responsive to parents' commands and requests and earlier involved in responsible tasks. -Toddler boys are more likely than girls to approach injury-risk hazards and less obedient to their parents' redirections, perhaps explaining why they suffer more accidents and injuries (Morrongiello&Dawber, 1998). -Toddlers don't want to disobey their parents, it may be because they simply don't _____. If they understand, they may comply. -It is important for parents to give clear instructions, simple. Not long.

Home economic mothering class study -Orphanages -cornerll- domecon -Illinois state- north and south -attachment

-In the early and mid 20th century, there were 40-50 college home economic programs around the country where young women learned mothering skills by caring for practice babies.....infants lent by local orphanages to leave at the school -in ______l university, all babies took the last name domecon- short for domestic economics -all babies at _____university had last name north or south depending on what building they were raised in -intentions was so theses students could learn mothering skills while providing care and love to orphans -Many babies arrived at the university with malnutrition and were plummet up into health -Problem was each student had a baby for a week at a time or one student would take over (one student there to put baby down for nap, other when they woke up) -Creates issues with _______ and doesn't form a tight. bond with primary caregiver and can lead to attachment disorder

Meeting the Needs of Adolescents-Providing Structure and Nurturance

-Parent-child relationship must be renegotiated -Structure is still necessary but must adapt as the teen grows older and shows greater responsibility

Developmental Characteristics for School-Age Children

-Increasingly independent -Sensitive to criticism -Enjoy privacy at times -Increasingly critical of adults -Increasingly peer oriented -Described easiest time for parents, past small child stage but not yet adolescent -Physically, school age children like group activities, have high energy level, and permanent teeth start appearing -Socially, still prefer activities with same sex peers, enjoy light competition, now competitors have a meaning, and develop friendships

weaning

-Indications: grasping a spoon easily, enjoy playing with food, drinking more than a quart of formula daily, etc. -Adding solid food to a baby's diet (e.g., around 4-6 months)

adaptability

-Infancy is also a period of _________. These basic attitudes are not resolved in a once and for all fashion. They arise again at each successive level of development. Some effects may not persist or they may be altered by subsequent conditions that are more consequential.

Crying- 6 weeks

-Infant crying peaks at approximately _ ____ postpartum (Brazelton, 1962). -A baby who cries a lot is first and foremost a 'problem' for parents not for the child. Children who cry more frequently in infancy do not have more negative outcomes when they are older (James-Roberts, 2007). -According to the best available evidence, only about one in 100 infants overall, or one in ten cases taken by parents to health professionals because of problem crying, have an organic disturbance such as gastrointestinal disorder or cow's milk protein intolerance.

Crying (study by James-Roberts, 2007)- proximal care

-Infant-demand parenting, called '____ _____'. -Characterized by extensive infant holding, in contrast to the common Western practice of putting babies down. -Each of the groups included over 50 infants and infant and caregiver behavior was measured by validated behavior diaries. -Proximal care parents fed their babies more often (14 times per 24 hours, compared to ten to 12 times per 24 hours) and held their babies for an average of 15-16 hours per 24 hours (or only feed based on schedule) -Traditional method had 50% less contact with their babies, both when settled and when crying

Effects of Infants on Parents

-Infants change who parents are and how parents define themselves -By their very coming into existence, infants forever alter the sleeping, eating, and working habits of their parents -Mothers who regard their infants as being difficult are less likely to pay attention or respond to their infants' overtures, and their inattentiveness and nonresponsivenesscan then foster temperamental difficulties and cognitive shortcomings

emerging adulthood

-Jeff Arnett (2000) defines the period between ages 18 to 25 as "____ _____" -This is derived from the increasing trend that today's young adults are different from adolescents yet are also different from traditional young adults. -not adolescents in term of fully devloped but not adults b/c of postponed marriage, prolonged education, living education, exploring stage with limited responsibility -During this stage: -Age of continued indentity exploration -Age of instability -residential change, leaving parents and going to college, and some cohabiting, going back home, changing jobs -Self-focused age -yet to make commitment to spouse, no parenting responsibility, really focused on own career yet different to have to obey parents -Age of feeling in-between -dont feel like teens or adults -Age of possibilities -stage to freely explore career, relationships that don't have much affect on major development, learning experiences, what happens at certain points has lasting consequences

Safety Issues for Toddlers

-Knowledge is key (e.g., CPR) -Adult supervision (e.g., leaving a child unattended in a car is against the law) -Childproofing around the house (toys, bed, food, medicine, etc.) -Travel safety (e.g., car seat, water, sun) -Useful websites (www.usa.safekids.org)

Feeding- Breast (vs bottle) advantages

-Less likely to contract a number of illnesses -Lower risk of SIDS -Better visual acuity, neurological development -Better long-term cardiovascular health -Less likely to develop obesity, asthma, eczema, diabetes, lymphoma, childhood leukemia -Less likely to show language delays -Score higher on cognitive tests at school age and into adulthood -Have fewer cavities, less likely to need braces -Less constipated than formula fed (easier to digest) -Free -Breast milk has different taste so babies are use to different taste early on -Skin to skin contact -Beneficial to Mom too

Industry vs. Inferiority- Parents help school-age children acquire this attitude via:

-Mastery of academic and social skills appropriate to this developmental stage -Acquiring a healthy attitude about work, taking directions, learning about being evaluated, doing a good job -Schools only give parent's information, parents job for kids to get a good education. School doesn't do it all -Teach children how to think, don't answer all their questions, encourage them to find out themselves. Get into habit of not leaping to child's aid and solving all their problems and answering for them. Make a habit to ask "how do you think we can do that?" -Teach decision making techniques, identifying questions options, listing pros and cons, worst case scenario

mother benefits of breastfeeding

-More likely to return to pre-pregnancy weight -Enjoy quicker recovery after delivery (less bleeding) -Less likely to develop osteoporosis, or ovarian & breast cancer

sleeping

-Most infants frequently awake during the night -Establishing predictable routines -Classical conditioning (stroking head while falling asleep) -Ferber method vs. infant-demand method -Safe sleeping environment

Toilet Training

-One of the major developmental tasks for toddlers -Training usually begins between 18 and 30 months -Typically completed by 36 months -Establishing a sense of autonomy. -Parents need to balance firmness with flexibility -Positive reinforcement is often the most successful route for teaching toilet training -Can also result in shame and doubt (his/her ability to be autonomous) -Training implies adult directed but parents need to look for cues. Cues such as toddler is aware that elimination occurs, can hold longer periods of times without wetting diaper (showing bladder can hold urine), can walk to potty, can pull down and pull up pants, and able to follow instructions. -Starting too soon can cause anxiety and hurt self esteem and power struggle on toilet training is not recommended.

challenges with breastfeeding

-Pain associated w breastfeeding -time and frequency -Diet restriction (mother needs to avoid fish, alcohol, caffeine) -Medical conditions like HIV, AIDs, or chemo

Empirical Studies: Parental Influence on Emerging Adults' Romantic Relationships

-Parental conflict -a parental conflict is associated with emerging adults conflict behavior with their partner which in turn reduces relationship satisfaction -parental aggression to adolescents is positively associated with relationship aggression when adolescents become emerging adults -Parental divorce -Predicted early formation of romantic relationships, bc emerging adults of parental divorce has a permissive attitude of relationships or want to get out of parent's conflictual relationship and envirnonemt -Some say want to get out because have negative attitude about relationships -Parenting on emerging adults: -Relationship timing -Social/Relational competence -warm and affective parenting is positively related to emerging adults relationships satisfaction -harsh, hostile parenting is related to emerging adults relationship problems -Behavioral interaction

A Unique Parenting Stage- twice

-Parenting responsibilities are greatest during infancy -Parents spend more than _____ as much time with their infants as they do with kids in middle childhood

Parenting Adolescents

-Parenting styles and behaviors must adapt -Adolescents must adapt to family system changes -Parenting is challenged by: -Problems in communication -Balancing an authoritarian/authoritative/permissive approach -Gradually relinquishing controls -Reaching fair, collaborative decisions

behavior problems in school aged children

-Parents are more likely to attend to annoying behavior than they are to desirable behavior. Bad advise from child development experts. e.g., urge parents to give special attention to children when they behave badly. -The fundamental reason behind so many more American children running amuck is child-rearing practices.

toddler- -Autonomy and independence

-Parents can encourage independence by allowing them to make choices that won't harm them (ex, not letting to cross street alone but choosing color shirt)

younger, older, Physical

-Passive noncompliance and direct defiance are the strategies typical of ______ toddlers -bargaining and negotiation are the more mature strategies typical of ____ toddlers and preschool children -These changes in noncompliant behavior are accompanied by changes in the control strategies used by parents. -_______ guidance (e.g., showing, leading by the hand) are used more by parents of young toddlers, whereas verbal suggestion, reasoning, and counter negotiation are used more by the parents of older, more verbal children.

Caregiving for Aging Parents

-People are maintaining relationships as more adult parents and relatives are living longer but with more chronic illnesses -More adult children provide care for elderly parents in ethnic minorities than white families -Most adult-child caregivers are women who: -Are middle-aged -Married -Parents themselves -Work full-time

Facilitating Cognitive Development

-Preoperational-Intuitive Stage Characteristics -Providing a wide variety of experiences -Helping young children acquire accurate information -Serving as an interpreter of the world and of family values

Media Use

-Preschoolers -School-age children and adolescents -Gender , age, ethnic differences -Media's impact on children -Positive impact of educational programs -Sleep and attention span -Aggression -Sexual attitude and behavior -Rules about media use

Facilitating Emotional Development

-Preschoolers become increasingly accurate at understanding emotions, particularly anger and distress. -A preschooler's most common form of emotional upset is crying. Parents should give practical, problem solving suggestions and encourage children to take action with problems. -Children this stage are able to show their feelings, but can hide their feelings as well. -Temperament influences emotional reactions. Parents should encourage children to express their feelings of sadness and distress and teach them to deal with these appropriately. -Preschoolers often develop fears.

Nurture response method

-Recommended by Azerrad which suggests to not give attention to negative behavior and focus on positive behavior -being nice to share toys -Good positive reinforcement but doesn't show how to respond to negative behavior

Freud phalic stage

-Sexual feeling with the opposite sex parent.

Preschool Programs

-Significant educational components -Numerous activities and equipment -Make sure licensed, trained qualified adequate staffing, state of equipment, security, costs, emotional state of children, discipline program, and nutritional program

Teaching about sexuality

-Sometimes between 1-3 babies wonder where babies come from. Don't lie- will teach child you're unreliable. Don't tell child I will tell you when you're older, want child to feel they can ask you anything and always get answer. -Provide simple truth- preschool is looking for basic, practical, honest information. Ex, ask child for their theory and provide simple information. "Grow in Mommy's tummy." -Most important than accuracy is emotional tone when discussing. If child feels embarrassment, then child will develop feeling of embarrassment concerning sexual topics too. -Use teachable moments- see pregnant neighbor, why does stomach look big and wait for answer. Grow in special place called uterus that only mommies have.

Erikson: initiative vs. guilt

-Stage children develop ability to plan and direct self initiated activity like learning to work, asking questions, and finding out new things

Meeting the Needs of Adolescents- Health and Safety Issues

-Substance abuse (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, drugs) -Suicide -Pregnancy/STDs

watching TV, media

-TV has become new way of learning -before Sesame Street, 1969, no one thought of ed this way -1999, American academy of pediatrics decided so much exposure has become too much. children ages 2-16 should spend no more than 2 hours a day in front of any screen. under age 2, none. concern is children's Brian development depends on interaction with people. -watching tv 1-3, correlates with decreased attention span by 7 and develops into ADHD -media use starts early, most children watch atleast 1 hour before 2 -6.5 hours average media use ages 8-18 -children use more than one media at a time, 8.5 -gender differences -boys play more video games, girls music -teens mores pend time listening to music, young children tv -african American children do more than white

Toddlers-Gender Identity and Gender-Role Identification

-The capacity to label and identify the gender of self and others emerge -Toddlers know some of the proper behaviors and attitudes of males and females. Begin to imitate and affiliate with people of same gender. -Younger toddlers may lack gender role and understanding while older toddlers may begin to develop gender role categories (having long hair and dresses associated w girls so confused if a girl has short hair)

Parents of Emerging Adults

-The fine art of letting go -can be painful for some parents to let emerging adults find independence. Not beneficial to not let them have independence like intervening with roommates. -The permaparent trap -gettinng common for prolonged reliance on parents, dependence on parents -*Father of the bride, father picture daughter as little girl "I met a man in Rome, he's wonderful and we are getting married. -Failure to launch, children not moving out

parents, attachment, 40s, attentive

-The human infant is totally dependent on ______ for survival, unlike many other animals -infancy is a critical period for _______ development -in the 19_____ and 50s, studies found that infants who were abandoned and orphaned were placed in large group families and received minimal care and attention from only a few adults. These infants and children exhibited delayed development in many areas. -In order to form deep attachment, parents need to be ________ to their infant baby to become aware of subtle cues and how their behavior influences the baby.

toddlers-Establishing Close Relationships

-Toddlers becoming connected with others and establishing close relationships with others -including functioning in a sibling and peer group, learning how to engage appropriately in social interaction across a variety of domains

toddlers-Empathy, Morality, and Standards

-Toddlers develop abilities to becoming prosocial and taking into account others perspectives and needs, learning rules and standards, and feeling anxiety and distress when standards are violated. -by age three, childhood morality and conscious emerge with feelings such as shame, guilt, pride, and hurt feeling.

Crying- traditional care

-Traditional method babies fussed and cried 50% more than both other groups at both ten days and five weeks of age. -Babies of _______ ______ cried more during the first several weeks and months but cried less after that. -Randomized controlled trials have provided evidence that structured parenting leads to more overall fussing and crying during the first three months, but reduced night waking and crying after that.

Erickson trust vs mistrust

-Trust develops through consistent warm caregiving, meeting the Child's needs for food, comfort, security and attention. -If caregivers are reliable and feed the child regularly, change when wet, hold the baby, talk to and respond to the baby, the baby learns to trust the environment -caregivers cannot always be prompt and satisfying. So all babies will have feelings of mistrust. But if they mostly are, babies will develop feelings of trust and hope

infant crying- fathers

-Wikieand Ames (1986) found that the effects of infant crying is greater on ____ than on mothers. As babies cried more, fathers reported greater anxiety and depression, and rated themselves as less powerful. -Other researchers have shown that infant irritability, crying, or colic leads to parental feelings of depression, helplessness, anger, exhaustion, and rejection of the infant (Korner, 1974; Pruett & Leonard, 1978; Williams, Painter, Joy, & Davidson, 1980) .

teaching about sexuality- school age children

-Working with school system in sex education -Preparing children for approaching puberty

impulse control

-Young toddler sees burning candle and wants to touch and mom says don't touch and she backs away -being able to back away from candle when parent asks them too (younger toddler)

infancy- A Unique Parenting Stage

-_______is the period of life characterized by the most rapid development, interesting to watch them grow! -Experiences and habits developed in _________ are of crucial lifelong significance; that is, the social orientations, personality styles, and intellectual predilections established at the start fix or, at least, contribute to enduring patterns

Adolescence

-a transition stage between childhood and adulthood occurring between ages 13 and 18. -Puberty is a significant physical landmark of adolescence. -This stage is described as one of storm and stress for the teen, the parents, and the family system; it is characterized by the increasing autonomy of the adolescent away from the family of origin. -

Feeding- Breast (vs bottle) other notes

-babies need to be fed more frequently- some mothers feed every two hours. With babies having difficulty in sucking, it may take awhile to breastfeed so some mothers feel like they're feeding around the clock. -not birth control method (Both aren't) -Center for disease control and prevention (CDCP) recommends breastfeeding. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), babies should be exclusively breast fed until 6 months. Beyond that encourage for the first 12 months and beyond that if both baby and mother are willing. -There has been a steady rise in exclusively breastfeeding infants especially 3-6 months. -Although experts believe breast milk is best nutritional milk for infants, it may not be possible for all women, -it is a personal decision that needs to be discussed between couples based on priority and circumstances. -For many women, the decision to breastfeed or formula feed is based on comfort level, lifestyle, and specific medical considerations that they might have

Ferber method

-babies soothe themselves to sleep -Ferberizing(or sometimes cry it out) -Richard ferber was a pediatrician was a director for center of pediatric sleep disorder at children's hospital in Boston. Book "solve your child's sleep problem (1985)" -sparked controversy among parents, pediatricians, sleep experts -some swear by it, some say creates lifelong emotional scars -can teach baby soothe themself to sleep when physically and emotionally ready (4-6 months) -follow warm and loving bed time routine and put child to bed awake and then check on period of time and pat and comfort after each predetermined period of time but don't feed or pick up (progressive waiting) -suggested waiting time is based on how comfortable with technique, how many days using it, and how many times you've already checked on child that night. After a few days of gradually increasing checking time, most babies fall asleep on own.

self control

-being able to back away from candle when parent isn't around (older toddler) -From the ages of approximately 24 to 36 months, older toddlers achieve ______ ______, that is, the ability to comply with requests, to delay specific activities because of either self-instruction or another's demand, and to monitor their behavior according to caregiver expectations in the absence of the caregiver. -Such children will shake their heads, "no," and refrain from touching the dangerous object even when their caregivers are out of sight. -The achievement of self-control involves major growth in self-awareness, knowledge of social standards, recall memory, and ability to delay or inhibit responding.

Piaget pre operational stage

-children have broadened way of thinking from sensiormotor stage but are still pretty unsophisticated in ways they think -Children are egocentric and see the world from own perspective. Ex, raining bc child is wearing rain coat -children are curious about where they were before they were born. -Things that are obvious to parents may not be recognized by preschoolers

Decade Review

-during past ten years we experience economical fluctuations, culture and legal changes in many aspects of family life -aging of baby boomers, flow of immigration, racial and ethnic diversity, change in fertility -maternal employment- 50 years ago, women went to college to find husbands. now mothers, including mothers with young children drastically increase labor force participations -low income single mothers employment was not related to child outcome but positively related to adolescent outcome. but, low paying, lousy commute and bad hours like night hours are negatively associated with workers well being, which consequently undermine parent- child relationships and child outcome. -children's parents who have good jobs, have better academic and psychological outcomes -regarding child age, maternal employment affect children differently depending on child development stage -maternal age, teen mothers face particular challenge. ideal age to have first baby is 34. -family structure- whats needed in future research is to examine cumulative impact of family structure or transition. first divorce, cohabitation, remarriage -adolescent behavior affects parenting -parenting and parent child relations are two different concepts -parental conflict, distress, and negative parenting affects child development -child affect- child conflict problems undermine parenting in several ways

Preschool Development- psychosocial

-expanding awareness of self, others, and things, independence and self-control, initiative vs. guilt, high curiosity, socialization experiences

Preschool Development- Cognitive

-expanding vocabulary, memory improving, building information about the world, preoccupation with classification and grouping things, etc.

effects of media

-improving literacy skills, knowledge of science and history, improving creativity, reading books, improve motor skills and persisting ability -irregular nap and bed time under age 3, poor concentration, impulsivity, restlessness, poor performance on reading and math times at age 6,7 -related to aggression when watching things that are violent -teens watching sexual content leads to them doing it sooner -parents have few rules, should talk with children about whats being watched, monitor time and content, set limits on how many computers and TVs and where they are located (bed room), turn off media during meal time, use tv control programming, model appropriate media use, use media for learning rather than relaxation

Freud- oral stage

-infants are in the stage of ____ _____ of development- they receive main satisfaction and gratification primary from act of sucking (either from mom's nipple, bottle, pacifie, or own fist, doesn't matter) -when you put a finger or nipple near babies mouth, the baby automatically begins sucking. These rotting and sucking reflexes are important to babies -____ ____ begins at birth, the baby preoccupies themselves with nursing. With the pleasure of sucking or accepting things in their mouth -Stage lasts approximately 1 1/2 years

Early childhood

-is the period in a person's life between the ages of 3 and 6. -Children of these ages are known as preschoolers.

Handling temper tantrums

-no one strategy to handle -some need to gently discuss, some need firm response, some need to focus on negative, some need to focus on positive, depends on factors like: -parents need to figure out what is happening with child when it happens (is child tired or sick).

Longing and Belonging

-parents struggle with how to handle children;s material desires. Parents seem to still spend despite income. why do kids want so much and why do parents still give in -children's desires less from status and ad, more too joining conversation in school (need to belong) -heart is desire to belong

crying-What disturbs parents most are the: unsoothability

-prolonged length of the infants' cry bouts -the relatively high intensity of the crying -the resistance of the crying to consoling maneuvers that usually soothe babies' crying . -The '_______' of the crying is thought to be its most salient feature, since this makes parents feel out of control.

Preschool Development- Physical

-slower rate of growth in weight and height, small appetite, uses a preferred hand, all primary teeth erupt, major motor skills mastered, high energy level, etc.

Feeding bottle feeding (vs Breast)

-still bond w baby fine -flexible and convenient -lacks certain antibodies -expensive -causes more constipation for baby

Do parent's matter during adolescents?

-studies show parents are one of the most powerful factors in preventing teen pregnancy, crime, drug and alcohol abuse -Lulu wanted autonomy from extremely controlling mother -extreme parenting worked well when little, but parenting needs to be changed when older -child personality. matters to parenting -parenting needs to be adjusted to allow autonomy

Research on adolescence brain

-suggests not fully developed yet, still growing, different from adults, vulnerable to substance abuse and addiction -tend to react on impulse which explains over 13,000 adolescent deaths each year -lauren steinberg, developmental psych from temple U, adolescents drive twice as dangerous when friends are with them -valeria reigna, psych at Cornell U, survey results if played Russian roulette for $1 milli, all said no. Half of teens said yes bc lots of money and probably won't die. no logic -adolescents brain built to learn- adolescents wholly piano for three hours a day end up having different brain than someone shooting hoops or playing video games

Infant-demand method

-the approach the parents hold the baby and comfort until they fall asleep.

emotional regulation

-the emergence of capacities related to effective and behavior regulation and complies with parent's expectations. -including abilities to wait, self comfort, resist temptation, defer gratification, and follow rules and directions.

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

-the sudden death of an infant younger than 1 year that remains unexplained after a thorough investigation (in 1969 by NICHD). -also called crib death (back then dr called pneumonia) -Infants should sleep on back, how does this called death -Most occur at 2 to 5 months of age. -The baby is regarded as having had good health when death occurred. -The incidence of SIDS today in US is between 2 and 3 per 1000 births, higher for blacks than whites, and for males than females. -The back-to-sleep movement.

Puberty

-when body starts changing from that of a child to that of an adult. every goes through it, Not everyone at the same time, not same way, no right time -girls earlier at 8-13 -boys 9-14 -sign in girls is breast development, hair in pubic areas, body shape is curvier, menstro cycle stars, higher voice -boys-facial hair and body hair thicker, acne due to higher hormonal level, develop muscles, wet dreams, voice cracking and goes deeper

bullying

-why do children become bullies? abuse from parents, learning from TV programs that feature violence -_____ victims, both short and long term consequences. easy for parents to brush things on, sticks and stones, one thing gentle tease other beatingup. the only thing that matters is how child feels. if hurt or upset, parents have to do something. -depending on circumstance, discuss with teacher, talk to administrator, let child see you're taking it seriously. may not want to address other parent.

Oral stage- frustrated

Babies who are _______ at this stage, who's mother refused to nurse him on demand or who trucketted nursing sessions are characterized by pessimism, envy, suspicion, sarcasm

Child Care types

Child Care with Relatives -small adult child ratio and more convenient and flexible schedule Child Care Centers -state licensed, can be subject to national accreditation. License center means meet local and state requirements and for health and safety. Accredited center meets standards for early childhood regulation -Children in groups facilitating socialization

Parenting Infants

Eating Crying Sleeping

Babinski reflex, toe- curl reflex

Infant reflex where if its foot is stroked, the baby's toes fan out inside, curl outside fans

Major tasks of parenting during infancy

Promoting brain development Facilitating attachment

Moro, startle reflex

Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs or cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment throwing arms and legs out and heads back

oral stage- satisfied

Those who's nursing urges were always and often excessively _____ are characterized by optimistic, gullible and full of admiration for others around them

Early childhood, socialization

___ ____ is a time of discovery, a period of emerging competencies and self awareness, a time when real ______ efforts begin, a time when social roles and interaction patterns are learned and shaped.

Receptive compliance

a long-term reciprocity based readiness to cooperate with expectations

social learning

a theory that suggests we learn social behaviors by watching and imitating others (school age children do this)

sucking reflex

after rooting, to nurse initated when something touches the roof of the infants mouth, they have a strong_____ to make sure it can latch onto breast or bottle- some infants have a strong one so may need pacifier for comfort

School age (Middle childhood)

begins with entrance into school at about 6 years and extends until puberty, usually near the end of the 12thyear

brain development in babies- 25

brains at birth weigh _____% of adult brain weight and by age three, it attains about 90% of adult brain weight- critical stage for brain development

negotiable rules

can be questioned and discussed like reading for 10 minutes every night. -help teach children how to think and use discussion as a means of conflict resolution

Infancy

defines the period of life between birth and emergence of language (around 18 months of age)

Ecological Theory

examines how a family influences and is influenced by its environment

grasping/ grasp reflex

happens when pressure is placed on baby's hand, ____ can hold entire body weight

swallowing

placing liquid in the mouth will induce the ______ reflex

non-negotiable rules

related to safeguarding the children's wellbeing like wearing a seat belt, playing in back yard rather than street

primary reflexes

rooting stepping swimming moro babinski startle eye-blinking sucking gag these reflexes were critical during an earlier evolution and only last the first few months

two types of compliance

situational and receptive -parents power assertive technique may lead to situational compliance but is less effective than establishing receptive compliance. -Parents who greatly overestimate their control and use high negative control, have toddlers who quickly become defiant when exercising their autonomy. -Parental guidance and nonassertive method are more effective in handling noncompliance. -Parents of toddlers rated higher in negative reactivity, tend to be more controlling and guiding in style and children are less compliant. -Some extremely difficult toddlers who are aggressive, unyielding, and unruling in the face of their parents help create a devastating cycle of coercion.

Toddlerhood

the period between 18 months and 36 months

Rooting

when the baby's cheek is stroked and they turn head in their direction and begins to suck in preparation for nursing

Parenting preschoolers- nutritional needs

÷Preschoolers typically have a small appetite and will not eat what even appears to be a normal amount of food at meals. ÷Vitamin/mineral supplement is helpful. ÷Finger foods are eaten more readily. ÷Eating problems can develop at this time, e.g., parents pressure children to clean their plate. -parents are setting eating habits for life. -Parents are not recommended to serve large portions or make them eat everything on plate. Don't tell them can't have dessert if they don't eat veggies and don't use sweets as rewards or bribes -Eating problems include refusing to eat foods at dinnertime, overeating, or developing peculiar desires for non food items