CHEM 1010 CHPT 13

within the DNA double helix each base is hydrogen bonded to another specific base match each base given to its complementary base

Adenine <-> Thymine Guanine <-> Cytosine

match each characteristic of synthetic production of chemicals with its classification as an advantage or a disadvantage

Advantage <-> yields desired chemicals Disadvantage <-> may require high temperatures

Accurate replication of DNA is vital to the successful continuation of life. The precise hydrogen-bonding between DNA bases helps to ensure accuracy. In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine and Guanine always pairs with Cytosine. Create the complementary sequence for the strand below.

Apple - Trees Chewing - Gum

Accurate replication of DNA is vital to the successful continuation of life. The precise hydrogen-bonding between DNA bases helps to ensure accuracy. In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine and Guanine always pairs with Cytosine. Create the complementary sequence for the strand below.

Apple - Trees Chewing -Gum

match each type of amino acid side chain correctly to the way it is oriented with respect to overall protein structure

Nonpolar side chains group toward <-> inside the protein Polar side chains group toward <-> outside the protein

the unique identity and sequence of the amino acids in a protein defines its _____ structure

Primary

A _____ is a modified plasmid that is used to carry DNA back into the bacterial host.

Vector

All amino acids contain the same framework: an amino group and a carboxylic acid group with a side chain in between. Only the side chain varies between Amino acids. Classify the side chains of these amino acids as either polar or nonpolar as charged or uncharged.

alanine- nonpolar, non-charged. threonine- polar, non-charged. asparagine- polar, non-charged.

which of the following are regular repeating structures that constitute the most common secondary structures of a protein?

alpha-helix beta-pleated sheet

the structure shown in the figure below is a typical_____

amino acid

an amino acid that has lost a -H atom and an -OH group in the process of bonding together is called a(n) _____.

amino acid residue

genetic modifications that develop in response to changes in environment or to domestication by humans are examples of _____

selection

the tertiary structure of a protein results from interactions between the _____ of the amino acid residues

side chains

All amino acids contain the same framework: an amino group and a carboxylic acid group with a side chain in between. Only the side chain varies between amino acids. Classify the side chains of these amino acids as either polar or nonpolar and as charged or uncharged.

threonine- polar, non-charged. aspartic acid- polar, charged. valine- nonpolar, non-charged.

which of the following options correctly describe DNA and its functions?

• DNA carries genetic information in all species • DNA is a biological polymer • DNA is replicated within the cell

which of the following are the three fundamental units of DNA?

• Nitrogen-containing bases • Phosphate groups • Deoxyribose sugars

which of the following options correctly describe the different levels of protein structure?

• Tertiary structure describes the overall molecular shape of the protein. • the Tertiary structure of a protein is determined by the interactions between different parts of the polypeptide chain. • Secondary structure describes the folding within a segment of the protein chain.

which of the following options correctly describe the genome?

• The genome is a guidebook on how to grow and reproduce • The genome is a complete set of inheritable traits of an organism • inside each cell is a complete set of instructions (the genome) on how to grow and reproduce

one special amino acid (cysteine) contains a thiol group (-SH) in the side chain. Which of the following options correctly describe how thiols interact within a protein?

• Two -SH groups May react together and form a disulfide bond (S-S bond) • Two -SH groups may react together and form a covalent bond

which of the following options correctly describe the structure of DNA?

• a complete turn of the Helix consists of 10 base pairs • the base pairs lie parallel to one another and are separated by a distance of 0.3 nm • the DNA double helix is a spiral of two strands of DNA that coil around a central axis.

which of the following options correctly describe amino acid residues?

• amino acid residues are amino acids that have lost an -H and an -OH in the process of bonding together. • proteins are long chains containing amino acid residues. • proteins are large molecules formed by the linking of amino acid residues.

genetic engineering may be an advantageous for reasons other than crop production for human consumption. which of the following fit this description?

• creation of plants that absorb toxic metals from contaminated soil • creation of bacteria to detect and remediate radioactive contamination

large scale chemical synthesis may be carried out using traditional methods as well as enzyme driven methods match each method to the appropriate description

• enzyme-based synthesis <-> reactions are carried out at low temperatures, requires fewer toxic reagents, and produce less waste • traditional chemical synthesis <-> reactions are often carried out at high temperatures, may require toxic chemicals, and produce very large amounts of waste

which of the following are reasons that farmers might suggest for Gene modification of crops?

• greater past resistance of the crop • improved nutritional quality of the crop • greater herbicide resistance of the crop • greater disease resistance of the crop

match each description of genetic modification made correctly with the type of modifying force

• human-made genetic modification <-> a farmer weeds out all of the tall and scrawny plants from his or her crop • genetic modification occurring in nature <-> a plant resists a new pathogenic bacterium and is able to survive and pass on its genes.

in what ways has insulin been produced for use by humans?

• initially diabetics were treated with insulin from pigs and cattle • bacteria have been engineered to produce human insulin

Which of the following is an advantage of using enzymes in chemical synthesis

• low temperatures • reusable reagents • faster • safer • low toxicity

which of the following options correctly identify factors that make the insertion of foreign DNA more complicated for a scientist?

• many organisms have chemical mechanisms that detect and destroy foreign DNA • plants have thick cell walls that help to protect them from foreign DNA

humans have been manipulating _____ throughout history. This has been done by growing plants with specific traits and rejecting others, cross-breeding different strains, etc

genes or DNA

"GM" food is _____ food.

genetically modified

The complete set of inheritable traits of an organism is known as the _____ of the organism

genome

what is the role of insulin in the human body?

insulin regulates blood sugar levels

a vector is a new _____ DNA plasmid that is used to carry DNA back into the bacterial host.

interspecies

the alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet depend on the tendency of the protein backbone to form _____.

intramolecular hydrogen bonds

All DNA is composed of _____ - containing bases, sugars, and _____ groups

nitrogen; phosphate

rings of DNA that exist in bacteria in addition to their chromosomes are called _____. These can easily be removed, altered, or replaced.

plasmids

amino acid side chains are broadly characterized as either _____ or _____ .

polar nonpolar

a vector is created by scientists and used to create new copies of a "guest" gene over several steps (given below). Order these steps appropriately starting with the first step at the top of the list.

1. the host plasmid is removed from a cell 2. special enzymes cut open the plasmid at specific sites 3. DNA from another organism is inserted into the plasmid ring from the host 4. the modified plasmid (vector) is placed back into the bacterial host 5. the bacterium grows rapidly and produces new cells with copies of the "guest" gene and its protein product

True or false: a DNA strand is identical in both directions

False

True or False: X-rays are scattered at all angles when they hit a crystal in x-ray diffraction

False. only at certain angles related to the distance between atoms.

human cultivation of plants through crossbreeding is an example of _____.

Gene modification

The complete set of inheritable traits of an organism is known as the _____ of the organism.

Genome

the _____ structure describes the folding pattern within a segment of the protein chain

Secondary

A sequence of DNA nucleotides can be translated into a sequence of amino acids using a codon table. Use the table to translate the sequence here then answer the question.

TCT Ser GGT Gly CAT His CAA Gln C to T

A sequence of DNA nucleotides can be translated into a sequence of amino acids using a codon table. Use the table to translate the sequence here then answer the question

TTT Phe ACT Thr AAA Lys CGC Arg AGT Ser

When is food classified as GMO food?

When the organism producing the food has undergone deliberate changes to its DNA

RNA is an important biological polymer that is closely related to DNA. Label the features of the example monomer and complete the sentence about the key difference between RNA and DNA monomers.

While DNA monomers use deoxyribose (sugar), RNA monomers contain ribose (sugar).

which of the following is an example of genetic engineering

a scientist replaces a gene in a plant with a new Gene of particular interest

how do plants protect themselves against foreign DNA?

cell wall

an organism is genetically engineered by modifying the _____ in the cell.

deoxyribonucleic acid

the genetic code of an organism is carried by dna, or _____

deoxyribonucleic acid

X-ray _____ is an analytical technique in which a crystal is hit by a beam of X-rays to generate a pattern that reveals the positions of the atoms in the crystal.

diffraction

X-ray _____ is an analytical technique in which a crystal is hit by a beam of X-rays to generate a pattern that reveals the positions of the _____ in the crystal.

diffraction; atoms

What is directed evolution?

the creation of an environment such that an organism must evolve a new trait to survive

match each of the following types of side groups found in proteins with the type of interactions that they may have with other side chains.

• nonpolar side group <-> group tightly (through London forces) to avoid unfavorable interactions with water • side groups containing acidic or basic sites <-> often become charged ions and attract their opposites in salt bridges • polar non-charged side groups <-> may form hydrogen bonds

which of the following correctly describes plasmids?

• plasmids are found in small single-celled bacteria in addition to their chromosomes • plasmids are rings of DNA

match each level of protein structure to the appropriate description

• primary structure <-> the unique identity and sequence of the amino acids that make up each protein • secondary structure <-> the folding pattern within a segment of the protein chain • tertiary structure <-> the overall molecular shape of the protein

match each type of selection (human, natural, or both) listed below with the appropriate description

• selection by human agriculture <-> plants are selected that look and taste better • selection in nature <-> plants are selected that are more self-sufficient • selection by both human agriculture and nature <-> selection results in changes in the genome of the plants

amino acids always contain which of the following groups?

• sidechain (R) • carboxylic acid • amine

when scientists modify DNA within a sale what changes are observed in the cell?

• the chemistry of the cell changes • different proteins will be synthesized by the genes

which of the following are important factors that contribute to the secondary structure of a protein?

• the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the backbone O and the N-H of the amide groups • the number and regular spacing of hydrogen bonds

which of the following are described by the primary structure of a protein?

• the identity of all amino acids in the protein • the exact order in which amino acid residues appear in the protein

which of the following options correctly describe the tertiary structure of a protein?

• the overall molecular shape of the protein is described by the tertiary structure • the tertiary structure is defined by interactions between amino acids far apart in sequence, but close in space

which of the following options correctly describes the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA?

• the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA determines the sequence of bases in its complementary pair • the backbone of a DNA strand determines its directionality • a piece of DNA with the base sequence ATCCG is not the same as a piece with the sequence GCCTA.

which of the following options correctly describe natural selection both in the wild and in human agriculture?

• these are slow ways of modifying the gene pool • the process is a somewhat random route to modifying the gene pool

which of the following correctly identify possible disadvantages of large-scale traditional chemical production compared to enzyme driven synthesis?

• toxic chemicals may be required • large quantities of waste may be produced • high temperatures may be required • large amounts of solvents may be required

which of the following correctly describes the use of X-ray analysis to determine the structure of a crystalline material?

• x-rays are only scattered at certain angles that are related to the distance between atoms • x-ray photons interact with the electrons of the atoms in the crystal