Chem 1010 Midterm 1

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helium is most similar to other group 18 elements

Helium, He, is a nonmetallic gas and the second element in the periodic table. Rather than being placed adjacent to hydrogen, H, however, helium is placed on the far right of the table because ________. hydrogen and helium repel one another the sizes of their atoms are vastly different they come from different sources helium is most similar to other group 18 elements

argon-38

If an element has 18 protons and 20 neutrons and 18 electrons, which expression correctly identifies the element? argon-18 argon-38 argon-20 calcium-38

30.4 cm

If one meter is equal to 39.4 inches, how many centimeters are in one foot? 30.4 cm 304 cm 0.3 cm 472 cm

on the submicroscopic level, chemist's find that matter is made of extremely small particles, such as atoms and molecules.

A TV screen looked at from a distance appears as a smooth continuous flow of images. Up close, however, we see this is an illusion. What really exists are a series of tiny dots (pixels). This is similar to a chemist's view of matter in that ________. anything that a chemist can see, touch, hear, smell, or taste is an illusion the fundamental particles of matter can also be seen when looked at closely with a magnifying glass on the submicroscopic level, chemist's find that matter is made of extremely small particles, such as atoms and molecules. elements are made up of only three basic types of matter

Neutrons carry no electric charge and thus have a greater likelihood of passing through the tissue.

A beam of protons and a beam of neutrons of the same energy are both harmful to living tissue. The beam of neutrons, however, is less harmful. Why? Neutrons are much smaller and lighter than protons and would do less damage. Neutrons travel at reduced speed compared to the speed at which protons travel. Neutrons carry no electric charge and thus have a greater likelihood of passing through the tissue. All of the above are reasons why neutrons are less harmful.

microscopic

A biological cell is best described as ________. macroscopic nanoscopic microscopic submicroscopic

how atoms are bonded

A chemical change involves a change in ________. how atoms are bonded the elements of a molecule phase all of the above

chemical change

A chemical reaction is synonymous to a ________. physical reaction change in phase rise in temperature chemical change

compound

A combination of two or more substances in which the participants (reactants) no longer retain their individual chemical properties is called a(n) ________. mixture compound heterogeneous mixture suspension

chemical formula

A compound is represented by the ________. elemental formula periodic table chemical formula compoundic symbol

faulty equipment

A misleading "artifact" of an experiment can be the result of ________. faulty equipment expired data different interpretations by different scientist a lack of reproducibility

2.70 g/mL

A piece of aluminum weighing 10.0 grams is placed into a graduated cylinder that has an initial volume (before immersion) of 35.0 mL. After immersion, the volume on the cylinder reads 38.7 mL. What is the density of the metal sample? 2.70 g/mL 0.25 g/mL 0.28 g/mL 3.70 g/mL

Both A and C are correct

A post-1982 penny is made with zinc, but its density is actually greater than that of zinc because ________. (C) it has more mass for the same volume (A) it is coated with a thin layer of copper, which is more dense than zinc (B) it is compressed to a smaller volume in the manufacturing process (D) Both A and C are correct

of the additional oxygen it contains

A sample of iron weighs more after it rusts because ________. it has expanded into a greater volume rust contains twice as many iron atoms of the additional oxygen it contains Wrong. Iron actually weighs less after it rusts

testable assumption used to explain an observation

A scientific hypothesis is a(n) ________. testable assumption used to explain an observation restatement of a natural phenomenon well-tested theory that has been shown to be valid prediction of what will happen in a certain situation

interpretations are always subjective, therefore, none of the above

A scientist can confirm that his or her interpretations of the results of an experiment are accurate when ________. the results are reproducible measurements are taken very carefully the experiments are done in several different ways, with a variety of conditions interpretations are always subjective, therefore, none of the above

is a region of space where an electron is most likely to be found

An atomic orbital ________. is the path of an electron is a region of space where an electron is most likely to be found can hold up to four electrons is always spherical

ten

About how many elements do you have access to as a consumer of market goods? none one ten one hundred

fire replaces the moist element with the dry element

According to Aristotle's hypothesis about matter, wet clay is converted to ceramic because ________. dry air replaces moist air heat drives out the coolness of earth fire replaces the moist element with the dry element dry quality is replaced with moist quality

are identical

According to John Dalton, atoms of a given element ________. have the same shape are divisible have different masses are identical

As the alcohol evaporates it soaks up energy from the table top which is thus cooled.

Alcohol wiped across a table top rapidly disappears. Which of the following is true? The alcohol is absorbed by the table top in a reaction that releases heat. As the alcohol evaporates it soaks up energy from the table top which is thus cooled. Alcohol is an organic substance composed of continuous matter without empty space and is immediately annihilated when it comes into contact with the table top. The alcohol and table top undergo a chemical reaction producing a fragrant vapor.

Absorption of light shows particle behavior while bending of light shows wave behavior.

An atom absorbs or emits only particular frequencies of light. White light bends into a glass prism and separates into a rainbow of colors. In which of these two scenarios does the electromagnetic radiation behave as a wave? As a particle? Absorption of light shows wave behavior while bending of light shows particle behavior. Absorption of light shows particle behavior while bending of light shows wave behavior. Both absorption and bending of light show particle behavior. Both absorption and bending of light show wave behavior.

equal to the energy of the single frequency

An electron de-excites from the fourth quantum level to the third and then directly to the first. Two frequencies of light are emitted. How do their combined energies compare to the energy of the single frequency that would be emitted by de-excitation from the fourth level directly to the first level? Answer: The combined energies of the two frequencies emitted by the one electrons is ________. Greater than the energy of the single frequency less than the energy of the single frequency equal to the energy of the single frequency not predictable because other factors, such as the temperature of the surrounding must also be considered

it is farther from the nucleus

An electron in an outermost shell has more energy than one in an innermost shell because ________. it is surrounded by more electrons it is farther from the nucleus its principle quantum number is higher It actually has less energy because of inner-shell shielding

all have the same

An electron in the outermost shell of which group 1 element experiences the greatest effective nuclear charge (if any)? Sodium, Na Potassium, K Rubidium, Rb all have the same

80.4 amu

An element found in another galaxy exists as two isotopes. If 80.0 percent of the atoms have an atomic mass of 80.00 amu and the other 20.0 percent have an atomic mass of 82.00 amu, what is the atomic mass of the element? 81.0 amu 64.0 amu 80.4 amu 16.4 amu

The isotope with the mass of 67 is more abundant than the isotope with the mass of 65.

An element has two different isotopes: one that weighs 65 amu and another that weighs 67 amu. If the average atomic mass of all the isotopes is 66.5 amu, what can be said about the relative abundance of the isotopes? The isotope with the mass of 67 is more abundant than the isotope with the mass of 65. The isotope with the mass of 65 is more abundant than the isotope with the mass of 67. The isotope with the mass of 66.5 is more abundant than the isotope with the mass of 67. The isotope with the mass of 66.5 is more abundant than the isotope with the mass of 65.

the study of the composition of the atom

An example of basic research is ________. the development of new plastics that can be recycled the study of the relationship between the amount of automobile emissions gases in the atmosphere and the decomposition of atmospheric ozone the study of the composition of the atom the design of new batteries for electric cars the study of natural compounds in sea animals to look for new molecules that can be used for medicine

fill the inner glass with cold water while running hot water over the outer glass

An old remedy for separating a pair of nested drinking glasses stuck together is to run water at one temperature into the inner glass and then run water at a different temperature over the surface of the outer glass. Which water should be hot and which should be cold? fill the inner glass with cold water while running hot water over the outer glass fill the inner glass with hot water while running cold water over the outer glass submerge both glass in a tub of cold water; wait for a while and then transfer to a tub of hot water submerge both glass in a tub of hot water; wait for a while and then transfer to a tub of cold water

copper, Cu < silver, Ag < gold, Au < platinum, Pt

Another interesting periodic trend is the density of the elements. We find that osmium, Os (atomic number 76) has the greatest density of all elements, and, with some exceptions, the closer an element is positioned to osmium, the greater its density. Based upon this trend, list the following elements in order of increasing density: copper, Cu, gold, Au, platinum, Pt, and silver, Ag. copper, Cu < gold, Au < platinum, Pt < silver, Ag copper, Cu < silver, Ag < gold, Au < platinum, Pt copper, Cu < silver, Ag < platinum, Pt < gold, Au platinum, Pt < gold, Au < silver, Ag < copper, Cu

one

Any conversion factor is equal to ________. the negative of its inversion factor one the new unit being derived

may only be a high risk to some

Any high risk for a particular technology ________. has a low potential for benefiting society helps to maximize potential benefits is necessarily accompanied by high potential benefits may be only a high risk to some

has some risks

Any technology ________. has some risks should have no risks before being used has a very high risk of causing certain types of cancer only has risks when being used without care

You might subconsciously use only the data that fits your model

As a scientist, what are the most realistic dangers of trying to prove a theory a "right"? You are no longer open to other possibilities. You might convince others to see things only "your" way. You might subconsciously use only the data that fits your model. There is no danger, you are right when you are right.

The density of the gas increases along with the decreasing volume.

Assuming temperature remains constant, what happens to the density of a gas as the gas is compressed into a smaller volume? The density of the gas stays the same because it is an intrinsic property of a material. The density of the gas increases along with the decreasing volume. The density increases because of an increase in mass. The density of the gas decreases along with the decreasing volume.

The water level will have risen to about the halfway mark.

At a depth of about 10 meters the water pressure on you is equal to the pressure of 1 atmosphere. The total pressure on you is therefore 2 atmospheres—1 atm from the water and a second atm from the air above the water. When an inverted glass full of air below is pushed down to a depth of around 10 meters in depth, what will be the level of the water on the inside of the glass assuming that no air escaped? The water level will not change. The water level will have risen to about the halfway mark. The water will fill the glass. The water level will decrease to about one-half of what is was originally.

100 C

At which temperature will a piece of metal feel the hottest? 100 K They are all equal. 100°C 100°F

each element consists of indivisible, minute particles called atoms

Based on experimental evidence, John Dalton postulated that ________. atoms can be created and destroyed in chemical reactions not all atoms of a given element are identical atoms of different elements have the same masses each element consists of indivisible, minute particles called atoms

an element is made of a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into anything else

Based on the Law of Mass Conservation, Lavoisier hypothesized that ________. an element is made of a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into anything else water is a fundamental element an element is a combination of substances matter can lose or gain mass as hot, dry, cold or moist qualities change

an element is made of a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into anything else

Based on the Law of Mass Conservation, Lavoisier hypothesized that ________. water is a fundamental element matter can lose or gain mass as hot, dry, cold or moist qualities change an element is a combination of substances an element is made of a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into anything else

10.2 amu

Boron has primarily two isotopes, one with an atomic mass of 11.0 amu and another with an atomic mass of 10.0 amu. If the abundance of the boron atom with a mass of 11.0 amu is 18.9 percent and the abundance of the other isotope is 81.1 percent, what would be the average mass of the boron atom? 10.92 amu 11.0 amu 10.0 amu 10.8 amu

its atoms are connected differently

Buckminsterfullerene is a new form of carbon because ________. its atoms are heavier its atoms are connected differently it is composed of newly formed carbon atoms

Yes. A professional scientist is recognized for more activities than the performance of actual experiments.

Can a person claim himself/herself to be a scientist if he/she no longer does experiments? No. Officially defined, a scientist is a person actively engaged in experimentation. No. Since experimentation is one of the four key components of the scientific process, any person no longer actively engaged in performing experiments cannot officially claim to be a scientist. Yes and No. A person may claim to be a scientist but the scientific community no longer officially recognizes him/her as such. Yes. A professional scientist is recognized for more activities than the performance of actual experiments.

yes and no

Can an object have mass without having weight? Can it have weight without having mass? yes and yes no and yes no and no yes and no

both matter and transformations of matter

Chemistry is the study of ________. matter transformations of matter only microscopic phenomena only macroscopic phenomena both matter and transformations of matter

compound; mixture; compound; element; compound

Classify the following as element, compound, or mixture, and justify your classifications: sodium chloride, stainless steel, sugar, aluminum, ice. mixture; element; compound; element; element compound; mixture; compound; element; compound mixture; compound; mixture; element; compound compound; element; compound; element; compound

chemical; physical; chemical; physical

Classify the following changes as physical or chemical. Wood burns to ashes; water begins to boil; grass grows; a rock is crushed to powder. chemical; physical; chemical; chemical chemical; physical; physical; physical physical; physical; chemical; physical chemical; physical; chemical; physical

1000 times smaller

Compared to microtechnology, nanotechnology focuses on a scale that is about ________. 10 times smaller 100 times smaller 1000 times smaller a million times smaller

the model worked to explain much about known chemical reactions

Dalton's atomic model gained credibility because ________. the model worked to explain much about known chemical reactions atoms are too small to be seen, so no one could prove him wrong people could make gold from common metals

A scientific hypothesis is a testable assumption, while a theory is a well-verified idea used to explain a broad range of phenomena.

Distinguish between a scientific hypothesis and a theory. A scientific hypothesis must be testable, while a theory has already been tested. Once a scientific hypothesis has been proven to be accurate, it becomes known as a theory. In order to be scientific, an hypothesis must be backed by a theory. A scientific hypothesis is a testable assumption, while a theory is a well-verified idea used to explain a broad range of phenomena. Only a scientific hypothesis is subject to scrutiny, while a theory is generally accepted to be true and thus does not change.

all of the above

Dmitri Mendeleev ________. helped in the discovery of missing elements by predicting their behavior all of the above predicted the existence of elements not yet discovered developed the basis of our modern periodic table

The iron brick has twice the mass, but its volume compared to the block of wood depends on the density of the wood.

Does a 2 kg solid iron brick have twice as much mass as a 1 kg solid block of wood? Twice as much volume? The iron brick has twice the mass, but only half the volume. The iron brick has twice the mass, but its volume compared to the block of wood depends on the weight of the wood. The iron brick has twice the mass as well as twice the volume. The iron brick has twice the mass, but its volume compared to the block of wood depends on the density of the wood.

A hypothesis can come at any time, no matter what the scientist may be doing.

During which of the scientific activities does the scientist come up with an hypothesis? A hypothesis is always formulated from questions resulting from initial observations. A hypothesis is formulated as the first step in any scientific process. A hypothesis can come at any time, no matter what the scientist may be doing. A hypothesis can only be formed from results of the experimental process.

up to 2 electrons

Each atomic orbital can hold ________. 1 electron up to 2 electrons up to 3 electrons up to 4 electrons

group

Elements that are in the same ________ have a tendency to have very similar chemical properties due to periodic trends. group period textbook compound

The neutron lacks an electrical charge.

Evidence for the existence of neutrons did not come until many years after the discoveries of the electron and the proton. Give a possible explanation. The neutron is nearly massless. The neutron is only slightly more massive than the proton. The discovery required the use of ultrafast computers. The neutron lacks an electrical charge.

The neutron lacks an electrical charge.

From which of the following atoms would removing an electron be the easiest? Rb Sr Cd I

From which of the following atoms would removing an electron be the most difficult? Rb Sr Cd Xe

Gas particles bump into each other as well as other particles in the air.

Gas particles travel at speeds of up to 500 meters per second. Why, then, does it take so long for gas molecules to travel the length of a room? Gas particles travel in circular motion expanding outward as the move. Gas particles bump into each other as well as other particles in the air. Strong attractive forces between the gas particles keep the individual particles from high speed escape. It doesn't. The fact is that a high concentration of them is required in order for them to be detected.

potential consequence

Global climate change is a ________. theory natural law hypothesis potential consequence

crystallization is a purifying process

Half-frozen fruit punch is always sweeter than the same fruit punch completely melted because ________. the sugar sinks to the bottom crystallization is a purifying process the half-frozen fruit punch is warmer sugar molecules are less soluble in a half-frozen solution

identifying the composition of interstellar dust

Harry Kroto began with an interest in ________. calculating the speed of the planets figuring out the chemical structure of the bucky ball identifying the composition of interstellar dust making a lot of money proving other scientists wrong

The higher the frequency the lower the wavelength.

How are frequency and wavelength related? The higher the frequency the lower the wavelength. The larger the wavelength the higher the frequency. The lower the frequency the lower the wavelength. wavelength = frequency

Because there is more than one energy level in a hydrogen atom.

How can a hydrogen atom, which has only one electron, have so many spectral lines? The electron is able to move at various speeds. The protons in the nucleus are also giving off various light frequencies. Because there is more than one energy level in a hydrogen atom. The atomic radius of the hydrogen atom is relatively large.

The atomic nucleus is very small but dense and carries a positive electric charge

How does Rutherford's model of the atom explain why some of the alpha particles directed at the gold foil were deflected straight back toward the source? Alpha particles sling shot around the atomic nucleus much like comets sling shot around the sun. Each atom has a center in which mass is very dense, but elastic. The gold nucleus is able to deflect alpha particles much like a mirror is able to reflect photons. The atomic nucleus is very small but dense and carries a positive electric charge.

When an electron wave is confined, it is reinforced only at particular frequencies.

How does the wave model of electrons orbiting the nucleus account for the fact that the electrons can have only discrete energy values? Electrons are only able to vibrate at particular frequencies. When an electron wave is confined, it is reinforced only at particular frequencies. The energy values of an electron only occur where its wave properties and probability clouds are mutually reinforcing. The wave model accounts for the types of orbitals an electron may occupy, not it's energy levels.

Any charged object, including the smallest atom, generates electromagnetic waves as it vibrates, which we observe in the visible spectrum of an element.

How is it possible for an atom to emit visible light even though the atom is smaller than the wavelength of visible light? It's not possible. If a single atom emitted visible light, an atom would be visible under a high powered microscope. Any charged object, including the smallest atom, generates electromagnetic waves as it vibrates, which we observe in the visible spectrum of an element. As the electrons from an atom are excited, some of them reach escape velocity thus leaving the sphere of influence of the nucleus. These photons are observed in the visible spectrum. An atom does not emit light in the visible range of the spectrum, only in the UV wavelength range, since ultraviolet light wavelengths are smaller than atoms.

An electron configuration is unique to each element, much like its atomic spectrum.

How is it possible to deduce the identity of an element from its electron configuration? The number of occupied shells corresponds to the atom's atomic number. If the atom is electrically neutral, the number of electrons corresponds to the atom's atomic number. Using the periodic table, the outermost occupied shell indicates the group while the number of occupied shells indicates the period. An electron configuration is unique to each element, much like its atomic spectrum.

A quantum of light is actually one photon.

How is the term photon related to the term quantum? A quantum of light is actually one photon. A quantum of photons is equal to the wavelength. A quantum is a particle of light while a photon is a wave of light. A quantum is a particle of light exactly one photon long.

one year

How long does it take for Earth to revolve around the sun? one day one week one month one year

How many atoms are in one molecule of Na2SO4? 7 2 4 3

How many atoms of Oxygen (O) are in HClO4? 5 2 3 4

230,000 calories

How many calories are there in a candy bar containing 230 Calories? 2300 calories 230,000 calories 23,000 calories 230 calories

How many different elements are in the compound C6H12O6? 3 6 24 1

one

How many electrons are there in the third shell of sodium, Na (atomic number 11)? A: none B: one C: two D: three

960,000 joules

How many joules are there in a candy bar containing 230,000 calories? 1 cal = 4.184 J 960,000 joules 230,000 joules 55,000 joules 460,000 joules

0.0155 m

How many meters is 15.5 millimeters? 0.0155 m 15,500 m 1.55 m 0.0000155 m 0.00155 m

5000 mL

How many milliliters are there in a container with a volume of 5 L? It depends on the pressure 200 mL 5 mL 5000 mL

neon-21

If an element has 10 protons and 11 neutrons and 10 electrons, which expression correctly identifies the element? neon-21 neon-11 neon-31 sodium-11

If an element has 15 protons and 16 neutrons and 15 electrons, what is the atomic mass of the element? 31 15 16 30

All of the above are true

How might the demand for reproducibility in science have the long-term effect of compelling honesty? Any false claims are eventually uncovered. Scientists, therefore, stand to gain most from reporting their results truthfully. A scientist who has knowingly falsifies any bit of evidence runs the risk of losing credibility for all his or her life's work. Science is about discovering the rules of nature. A scientist who creates his or her own rules through dishonesty, which may not be reproducible in other laboratories, is not truly doing science. All of the above are true.

A broad spectrum of all colors would be observed.

How might the spectrum of an atom appear if its electrons were not restricted to particular energy levels? It would appear nearly the same as it does with the energy level restrictons There would be no frequencies within the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum A broad spectrum of all colors would be observed. The frequency of the spectral lines would change with temperature

look at the street lamps through a spectroscope and match their spectral patterns to their respective atomic spectra

How might you distinguish a sodium-vapor street lamp from a mercury-vapor street lamp? use binoculars to look for printing adjacent to the bulb look at the street lamps through a spectroscope and match their spectral patterns to their respective atomic spectra ask your local utility company to identify these lamps for you The shadows cast from a sodium-vapor street lamp tend to be more diffuse around the edges.

A and B

How might you separate a mixture of sand and salt? A: with tweezers and a magnifying glass B: just add water C: heat the mixture until one of the components melts A and B

a heterogeneous mixture

How would you classify the following material? a cappuccino (with foam) a suspension a heterogeneous mixture a solution an element

a solution

How would you classify the following material? coffee (black) a suspension a heterogeneous mixture a solution an element

a suspension

How would you classify the following material? milk a suspension a heterogeneous mixture a solution an element

macroscopic

How would you describe the volume of the following object? the amount of water in a swimming pool all of the above macroscopic submicroscopic microscopic

macroscopic

How would you describe the volume of the following object? the amount of water in a swimming pool microscopic macroscopic all of the above submicroscopic

At the cold temperatures of your kitchen freezer, water molecules in the vapor phase are moving relatively slowly, which makes it easier for them to stick to inner surfaces within the freezer or to other water molecules.

Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Why is humidity always very low inside your kitchen freezer? At the cold temperatures of your kitchen freezer, water molecules in the vapor phase are moving relatively slowly, which makes it easier for them to stick to inner surfaces within the freezer or to other water molecules. It is not possible for water to be in the gaseous phase at temperatures below 0°C. The kitchen freezer is most often sealed off from the atmosphere. The frost in the freezer absorbs this moisture.

1.33 ft

If 1 ft = 12 in, how many feet is 16.0 inches? 1.33 ft 1.00 ft 1.50 ft 19.2 ft

If a neutral element has the following chemical notation, how many electrons does it have? carbon-13 5 12 6 7

If a neutral element has the following chemical notation, how many electrons does it have? fluorine-19 11 10 11 9

atomic mass, 99 amu; Technetium

If an atom has 43 electrons, 56 neutrons, and 43 protons, what is its approximate atomic mass? What is the name of this element? atomic mass, 137 amu; Barium atomic mass, 99 amu; Technetium atomic mass, 99 amu; Radon atomic mass 142 amu; Einsteinium

A person who completely understands an idea is capable of explaining it using language that is familiar to both of you.

If someone is able to explain an idea to you using small familiar words, what does this say about how well that person understands the idea? Small words simply mask the complexity of the idea revealing how little the person truly understands the concept. A person who completely understands an idea uses complex words to express complex ideas. A person who completely understands an idea is capable of explaining it using language that is familiar to both of you. A person who uses small familiar words to explain an idea is usually hiding a lack of understanding.

109 mL

If the density of a block of ice is 0.92 g/mL, what is the volume of 100. g of ice? 0.920 mL 92.0 mL 109 mL 10.9 mL

109 mL

If the density of a block of ice is 0.92 g/mL, what is the volume of 100. g of ice? 92.0 mL 10.9 mL 109 mL 0.920 mL

lead

If the density of mercury is 13.6 g/mL and the density of lead is 11.3 g/mL, which has the larger volume: 1 g of mercury or 1 g of lead? Both have the same volume. lead mercury Volume and mass are not related.

Carbon-12

If two protons and two neutrons are removed from the nucleus of the oxygen-16 isotope, a nucleus of which element remains? A: Nitrogen-12 B: Carbon-12 C: Neon 18 D: Carbon 14

yes, because heat will continue to flow until they have the same temperature

If you drop a hot rock into a pail of water, the temperature of the rock and the water change until the two are equal. The rock cools and the water warms. Does this hold true if the hot rock is dropped into the Atlantic Ocean? yes, because the Atlantic Ocean actually contains more energy than does the pail of water no, because the Atlantic Ocean is so much bigger than a pail of water no, because the Atlantic Ocean also contains dissolved salts yes, because heat will continue to flow until they have the same temperature

Sodium chloride has nothing in common with the properties of the elements sodium and chlorine.

If you eat metallic sodium or inhale chlorine gas, you stand a strong chance of dying. Let these two elements react with each other, however, and you can safely sprinkle the compound on your popcorn for better taste. What is going on? After these two elements react they lose the potential energy to cause harm. All elements are inherently dangerous Sodium and chlorine from the elemental form is more concentrated than the sodium and chlorine we get from sodium chloride. Sodium chloride has nothing in common with the properties of the elements sodium and chlorine.

Sodium chloride has nothing in common with the properties of the elements sodium and chlorine.

If you eat metallic sodium or inhale chlorine gas, you stand a strong chance of dying. Let these two elements react with each other, however, and you can safely sprinkle the compound on your popcorn for better taste. What is going on? You Answered After these two elements react they lose the potential energy to cause harm. All elements are inherently dangerous Sodium and chlorine from the elemental form is more concentrated than the sodium and chlorine we get from sodium chloride. Sodium chloride has nothing in common with the properties of the elements sodium and chlorine.

homogeneous mixture called a solution

If you filter sea water to remove all of the particles you would be left with a clear ________. homogeneous mixture called a solution homogeneous mixture called a suspension heterogeneous mixture called a solution heterogeneous mixture called a suspension

None, O2 is a different molecule than CO2.

If you have one molecule of CO2, how many molecules of O2 does it contain? None, O2 is a different molecule than CO2. One, CO2 is a mixture of C and O2. Two, CO2 is a mixture of C and 2 O. Three, CO2 contains three molecules.

If you have two molecules of TiO2, how many oxygen atoms would you have? 4 2 3 6

If you remove two protons and two electrons from a sulfur atom (S), what new element is formed? Al Si+2 Al+2 Si

The sample is being cooled and the material is freezing.

Imagine that you can see individual molecules. You watch a small collection of molecules that are moving around slowly while vibrating and bumping against each other. The slower moving molecules then start to line up, but as they do so their vibrations increase. Soon all the molecules are aligned and vibrating about fixed positions. What is happening? The sample is being heated and the material is boiling. The sample is being heated and the material is melting. The sample is being cooled and the material is condensing. The sample is being cooled and the material is freezing.

were deflected by the atomic nucleus

In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, alpha particles ________. passed through the atomic nucleus touched the atomic nucleus were deflected by the atomic nucleus were invisible to the atomic nucleus

Grow the tree in a pot and measure the mass of the soil before and after the tree grows to a certain height.

In answer to the question, "When a plant grows, where does the material come from?" the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle hypothesized by logic that all material came from the soil. Which of the following experimental tests might best prove Aristotle's hypothesis to be correct or incorrect? Stop watering the plant to see if t he mass of the water contributes to the long term growth of the tree. Grow the tree in a pot and measure the mass of the soil before and after the tree grows to a certain height. Cover the tree with a black bag. Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers of all time; thus no test to any of his hypothesis is necessary.

Electromagnetic radiation behaves both as a wave or as a particle depending on the circumstance.

In some instances electromagnetic radiation behaves like a wave. In other instances electromagnetic radiation behaves more like a particle. Which behavior more accurately describes the true nature of electromagnetic radiation? Particle behavior more accurately describes the true nature of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation behaves both as a wave or as a particle depending on the circumstance. Wave behavior more accurately describes the true nature of electromagnetic radiation. There is no circumstance in which electromagnetic radiation can be described as either portraying particle or wave behavior.

The average motion of the molecules in each is the same.

In which are the molecules moving faster: a swimming pool of boiling water or a cup of boiling water? There is insufficient information given to determine where the molecules move faster. The swimming pool of boiling water because it contains more energy. The cup because the molecules rebound off the container's inner surface more frequently. The average motion of the molecules in each is the same.

All of the above because most everything is made of atoms and molecules.

Is chemistry the study of the submicroscopic, the microscopic, or the macroscopic, or all three? Submicroscopic because it deals with atoms and molecules, which can't be seen with a microscope. Microscopic because it pertains to the formation of crystals. Macroscopic because it deals with powders, liquids, and gases that fill beakers and flasks. All of the above because most everything is made of atoms and molecules.

heterogeneous because of the dust particles it contains

Is the air in your house a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture? homogeneous because it is mixed very well heterogeneous because of the dust particles it contains homogeneous because it is all at the same temperature heterogeneous because it consists of different types of molecules

neutrons

Isotopes of the same element have a different number of ________. protons neutrons electrons photons

Of a much greater effective charge

It is relatively easy to pull an electron away from a potassium atom (K, atomic number 19), but very difficult to remove a second one because ________. of the repulsions occurring between electrons within the same shell the electrons are so very small of a much greater effective nuclear charge very little energy remains after the first electron is removed

technology needs to be used responsibly by people and societies as a whole

It is true that ________. technology is the source of most all society's problems, such as pollution and cancer technology needs to be used responsibly by people and societies as a whole technology is always helpful technology has nothing to do with the problems in society

P < Ge < Sn < Tl

List the following atoms in order of increasing atomic size: Thallium, Tl; Germanium, Ge; Tin, Sn; Phosphorus, P. Ge < P < Sn < Tl Tl < Sn < P < Ge Tl < Sn < Ge < P P < Ge < Sn < Tl

a strong interest

Most scientific inquiries begin with ________. a theory a strong interest mathematics formulas grant money

Which element would have chemical properties the most similar to chlorine (Cl)? O I Ar S

Its outermost shell is already filled to capacity.

Neon, Ne, (number 10) has a relatively large effective nuclear charge, yet it cannot attract any additional electrons because ________. of the repulsion of neighboring electrons The outermost shell has gotten too small The outermost shell is too far awayfrom the nucleus Its outermost shell is already filled to capacity

its outermost shell is already filled to capacity

Neon, Ne, (number 10) has a relatively large effective nuclear charge, yet it cannot attract any additional electrons because ________. of the repulsion of neighboring electrons the outermost shell has gotten too small the outermost shell is too far away from the nucleus its outermost shell is already filled to capacity

biology because it is based upon both the laws of chemistry and physics

Of the three sciences, physics, chemistry, and biology, the most complex is ________. physics because it involves many mathematical equations chemistry because there are so many possible combinations of atoms biology because it is based upon both the laws of chemistry and physics All three of these sciences are equally complex

No, compounds are uniquely different from the elements from which they're made

Oxygen atoms are used to make water molecules. Does this mean that oxygen, , and water, O, have similar properties? Yes, and this explains how fish are able to breathe water. Yes, but that their properties are similar is only a coincidence. No, but their similar properties are only a coincidence. No, compounds are uniquely different from the elements from which they're made.

their outermost shells contain the same number of electrons

Oxygen, O, (number 8), sulfur, S, (number 16), and selenium, Se, (number 34) have such similar chemical properties because ________. Correct! their outermost shells contain the same number of electrons because they are all located close to one another in the periodic table they all have the same number of occupied shells These elements can't have similar chemical properties because they are in different periods of the periodic table

in group 2 of the periodic table

Radioactive strontium, Sr (number 38), is especially dangerous to humans because it tends to accumulate in calcium-dependent bone marrow tissues (calcium, Ca, number 20). This fact relates to fact that strontium and calcium are both ________. metals in group 2 of the periodic table made of relatively large atoms soluble in water

gamma rays, blue light, red light, radio waves

Rank the following by relative frequency from highest to lowest: gamma rays, blue light, red light, radio waves gamma rays, radio waves, blue light, red light radio waves, red light, blue light, gamma rays blue light, red light, radio waves, gamma rays red light, radio waves, blue light, gamma rays

gamma rays, blue light, red light, radio waves

Rank the following by the relative amounts of energy, from most energetic to least: gamma rays, blue light, red light, radio waves gamma rays, radio waves, blue light, red light radio waves, gamma rays, blue light, red light blue light, red light, radio waves, gamma rays red light, radio waves, blue light, gamma rays

The glass of hot water will reach a uniform red color first since the higher kinetic energy provides for faster moving molecules to more quickly distribute the dye.

Red colored Kool-Aid crystals are added to a still glass of hot water. The same amount of crystals are added to a second still glass filled with the same amount of cold water. With no stirring, which of the following would occur? Without stirring, both glasses will reach uniform color in the same amount of time since they both contain identical amounts of water. The Kool-aid crystals will never dissolve in either glass until the glasses are stirred. The glass of hot water will reach a uniform red color first since the higher kinetic energy provides for faster moving molecules to more quickly distribute the dye. The glass of cold water will reach a uniform red color first since there are no heat convection currents to impede the distribution of the dye.

The electrons on the atoms repel other electrons on other atoms when they get close

Since atoms are mostly empty space, why don't objects pass through one another? The electrons on the atoms repel other electrons on other atoms when they get close. The nucleus of one atom repels the nucleus of another atom when it gets close. The nucleus of one atom attracts the nucleus of a neighboring atom to form a barrier. The electrons of one attracts the nucleus of a neighboring atom to form a barrier.

The alpha particles that richocheted off of the nucles are also positivley charged.

Rutherford assumed that the atomic nucleus was positively charged because ________. Electrons were already established to be negativley charged. The alpha particles that richocheted off of the nucles are also positively charged. He had a very potimistic outlook on life All of the above

the discovery of new questions

Scientific research usually leads to ________. expected results the discovery of new questions social well-being inconclusive results

all of the above

Some important steps in scientific inquiry include ________. state a broad question, document expectations, make observations confirm results, narrow focus, reflect on findings learn what is known, communicate with others, perform experiments all of the above

Science deals with facts that are confirmed by experiments. A "change of mind" in science, therefore, is usually the result of new experimental evidence obtained from experiments.

Some politicians take pride in maintaining a particular point of view. They think that a change of mind would be seen as a sign of weakness. How is a change of mind viewed differently in science? A change in mind is not viewed differently in science and is still subject to much criticism. Science deals with facts that are confirmed by experiments. A "change of mind" in science, therefore, is usually the result of new experimental evidence obtained from experiments. A scientist who changes his or her mind is often perceived as less honest, while a politician who changes his or her mind is often perceived as less trustworthy. A scientist tries to understand many different points of view and so is apt to change his or her mind frequently.

Compared to the billions and billions of water molecules, a thousand molecules of something else is practically nothing. Besides, it is impossible to obtain perfectly pure bottled water either.

Someone argues that he or she doesn't drink tap water because it contains thousands of molecules of some impurity in each glass. How would you respond in defense of the water's purity, if it indeed does contain thousands of molecules of some impurity per glass? Impurities aren't necessarily bad, in fact, they may be good for you. The water contains water molecules and each water molecule is pure. There's no defense. If the water contains impurities it should not be drunk. Compared to the billions and billions of water molecules, a thousand molecules of something else is practically nothing. Besides, it is impossible to obtain perfectly pure bottled water either.

Not enough information is given to calculate the purity, but enough information is given to let you know that the piece is far from pure.

Someone wants to sell you a piece of gold that they say is nearly pure. Before buying the piece, you measure its mass to be 52.3 grams and you find that it displaces 4.16 mL of water. Calculate its density and assess its purity given the fact that pure gold has a density of 19.3 g/mL. The piece of gold is about 65 percent pure. Not enough information is given to calculate the purity, but enough information is given to let you know that the piece is far from pure. The piece of gold is only about 8 percent pure. The piece of gold is only about 12.6 percent pure.

electromagnetic spectrum

The ________ represents the complete range of frequencies of light energy from radio waves to gamma rays. electromagnetic spectrum electron configuration probability cloud frequency dependence

The atomic symbol for cobalt is ________. Co CO Ct 27

At 70°C you would have methanol gas and liquid ethanol

The boiling point of methanol is 65°C and the boiling point of ethanol is 78°C. Which of the following statements is true? At 70°C you would have methanol gas and liquid ethanol. At 90°C you would have methanol and ethanol as solids. At 50°C you would have methanol and ethanol as gases. At 40°C the methanol reacts with the ethanol.

all of the above

The bucky ball led to the discovery of a whole new class of molecules called fullerenes. Fullerenes are useful in ________. nanotechnology conducting electricity strengthening materials all of the above

inches

The diameter of a lead pipe is measured to be 2.40 cm and you are asked to convert to units of inches. For this conversion factor problem, what units do you end with in your calculation? meters inches centimeters feet

none of the above

The diameter of a lead pipe is measured to be 2.40 cm and you are asked to convert to units of inches. Which of the following conversion factors can you use to solve this problem? 12 in = 1 ft 100 cm = 1 m 3 ft = 1 yd none of the above

0.0240 meter

The diameter of a lead pipe was measured to be 2.40 centimeters. Its diameter in units of meters is ________. 240 meters 2,400 meters 0.240 meter 0.0240 meter

Br-79, Br-81

The element bromine, Br (atomic number 35), has two major isotopes of similar abundance, both around 50 percent. The atomic mass of bromine is reported in the periodic table as 79.904 atomic mass units. Choose the most likely set of mass numbers for these two bromine isotopes. Br-80, Br-81 Br-79, Br-80 Br-79, Br-81 Br-78, Br-80

its ability to react with oxygen to form silicon dioxide

The element silicon has a melting point of 1,410°C and a boiling point of 2,355°C. It is a weak conductor of electricity, its density is 2.3 grams per cubic centimeter and it easily forms silicon dioxide when exposed to air. Which of the following is a chemical property of silicon? its ability to conduct electricity its density its melting point its ability to react with oxygen to form silicon dioxide

average distance from the nucleus

The energy level diagram ranks orbitals by their ________. sizes complexity electron capacities average distance from the nucleus

A neutron

The following statement describes which subatomic particle best? It does not have an electrical charge. (A) an electron (B) a proton (C) a neutron (D) A and B

B and C

The following statement describes which subatomic particle best? It has a relatively large mass. (A) an electron (B) a proton (C) a neutron (D)A and B (E) B and C

B and C

The following statement describes which subatomic particle best? It is a nucleon. (A) an electron (B) a proton (C) a neutron (D) B and C

An electron

The following statement describes which subatomic particle best? It is located outside of the nucleus. A: an electron B: Proton C: a neutron D: A and B

2.0 × 10-12 m

The gap between two brain cells is 2.0 × 10-3 nm. How many meters is this? 2.0 × 10-12 m 2.0 × 10-6 m 2.0 m 2.0 × 106 m

65 kg

The gravity of the moon is 1/6 that of Earth's. If your mass is 65 kilograms on Earth, what is your mass on the moon? 6.5 kg 10.8 kg 39.0 kg 65 kg 390 kg

6.942

The isotope lithium-7 has a mass of 7.0160 atomic mass units, and the isotope lithium-6 has a mass of 6.0151 atomic mass units. Given the information that 92.58 percent of all lithium atoms found in nature are lithium-7 and 7.42 percent are lithium-6, calculate the atomic mass of lithium, Li (atomic number 3). A: 7.0160 B: 6.942 C: 6.495 D: 13.031

the sum of the protons and the neutrons

The mass number of an element is ________. the sum of the protons and the neutrons the sum of the electrons and the protons the sum of the electrons and the neutrons the sum of the isotopes

a rapid global population increase

The most pressing issue facing the world is ________. too many technological advances happening too fast too many scientific discoveries challenging the ecosystem a rapid global population increase a shortage of fossil fuels

The nucleus of an electrically neutral iron atom contains 26 protons. How many electrons does this iron atom have? 52 26 24 none

that match their Latin names

The oldest known elements in the periodic table are the ones ________. with the lowest atomic numbers with the highest atomic numbers that match their Latin names with atomic symbols that match their modern names

the solid phase

The phase in which atoms and molecules no longer move through space is ________. the gas phase the liquid phase the solid phase

rhodium (Rh)

Which of the following elements will most likely be shiny and flexible? rhodium (Rh) hydrogen (H) selenium (Se) iodine (I)

floats above the atoms of a sample

The probe tip of a scanning probe microscope ________ floats above the atoms of a sample etches into the atoms of a sample chemically changes the atoms of a sample injects a magnetic field into the atoms of a sample

periodicity

The repeating trends that take place when examining the elements are called ________. periodicity the family cycle the metal shift a group conscience none of the above

passing an electric current between the tip of an ultrathin needle and some conducting surface

The scanning tunneling microscope creates images of atoms by ________. passing an electric current between the tip of an ultrathin needle and some conducting surface measuring the up and down motions of an ultrathin needle processing a series of numbers into a computer generated image of atoms

The shell model is simpler, useful and easy to understand.

The shell model presented in this book is not very accurate. Why then is it presented? It reminds us that the study of matter relates to the solar system. Most instructors are not good enough artists to duplicate the complicated artwork of true model on the chalk board for explanation purposes. The shell model is derived from classical physics, which is still the most widely accepted approach to understanding atomic theory. The shell model is simpler, useful and easy to understand.

all of the above

The systematic names for water, ammonia, and methane are dihydrogen monoxide, O; trihydrogen nitride, N; and tetrahydrogen carbide, C. Why do most people, including chemists, prefer to use the common names for these compounds? The common names are shorter and easier to pronounce. These compounds are encountered frequently. The common names are more widely known. all of the above

A and B

The value 300 joules could be a measure of ________. (A) the energy content of an object (C) the temperature of an object (B) the amount of heat transferred from one object to another (D) A and B

7 × 1014 Hz

Visible light has a frequency range between 7 × 1014 Hz and 4 × 1014 Hz. Which frequency of light would have the most energy? 7 × 1014 Hz 4 × 1014 Hz Both have same energy. Energy is related to wavelength only, not frequency.

a physical change

Water and ethanol can be separated by heating the ethanol until it boils away from the water. What type of change is this? a physical change a chemical change a molecular change a decomposition none of the above

elements that have some properties like metals and some like nonmetals

What are metalloids? elements that have some properties like metals and some like nonmetals elements that are smaller than metals elements found in asteroids elements that are larger than nonmetals elements that have properties different than either the metals or the nonmetals

Heat always flows from a higher-temperature substance into a lower-temperature substance.

What determines the direction of heat flow? Heat flow direction depends upon the density of the substances involved. The direction of heat flow is not predictable in any given process. Heat always flows from a higher-temperature substance into a lower-temperature substance. Heat always flows from a lower-temperature substance into a higher-temperature substance.

They are both examples of heterogeneous mixtures.

What do chicken noodle soup and garden soil have in common? They are both examples of heterogeneous mixtures. They both contain elements. They are both examples of compounds. nothing

Their outermost occupied shells are filled to capacity.

What do the electron configurations for all the group 18 noble gases have in common? They have the same number of electrons. They occupy the same number of shells. Their outermost occupied shells are filled to capacity. all of the above

heir outermost occupied shells are filled to capacity.

a uranium atom with 92 protons and 146 neutrons

What does the following element description actually mean? 92U-238 a uranium atom with 92 protons and 146 neutrons a uranium atom with 238 neutrons and 92 protons a uranium atom with 92 neutrons and 238 protons a uranium atom with 92 neutrons and 146 protons

A hydrogen with one neutron and one proton.

What does the following element description actually mean? hydrogen-2 A hydrogen with one neutron and one proton. A hydrogen with two neutrons A hydrogen with two protons A molecule of hydrogen gas

iron with a mass number of 57

What does the following element description actually mean? iron-57 iron with a mass number of 57 iron with an atomic number of 57 iron with 57 protons iron with 57 neutrons

The density of the filled water balloon increases since the balloon is compressed to a smaller volume.

What happens to the density of a filled water balloon as it is pulled to the bottom of the ocean? The density of the filled water balloon does not change. The increase in pressure is offset by a decrease in water temperature. The density of the filled water balloon first increases because of a decrease in water temperature, then the density decreases at greater depths as the pressure increases. The density of the filled water balloon decreases as more cold water surrounds the balloon at greater depth. The density of the filled water balloon increases since the balloon is compressed to a smaller volume.

temperature increase causes density to decrease; pressure increase causes density to increase

What happens to the density of air as the temperature is increased? When the pressure is increased? temperature increase causes density to decrease; pressure increase causes density to increase temperature increase causes density to decrease; pressure increase causes density to decrease temperature increase causes density to increase; pressure increase causes density to increase temperature increase causes density to increase; pressure increase causes density to decrease

Both A and C are correct

What is temperature a measure of? (C) Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is relative to some standard. (D) Both A and C are correct. (A) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the submicroscopic particles of a material. (B) Temperature is a measure of the total amount of energy found within a material.

A carbon atom has a mass of about 12 amu. Carbon dioxide would then have a mass of 44 amu.

What is the approximate mass of a carbon atom in atomic mass units (amu)? How about a carbon dioxide molecule? A carbon atom has a mass of about 12 amu. Carbon dioxide would then have a mass of 28 amu. A carbon atom has a mass of about 6 amu. Carbon dioxide would then have a mass of 32 amu. A carbon atom has a mass of about 12 amu. Carbon dioxide would then have a mass of 44 amu. A carbon atom has a mass of about 6 amu. Carbon dioxide would then have a mass of 22 amu.

Articulate the idea to others and confirm their understanding when you finish.

What is the best way to really prove to yourself that you understand an idea? Tape record your explanation and play it back for yourself to be sure it makes sense. Formulate questions concerning the idea and see if your friends can answer them. Articulate the idea to others and confirm their understanding when you finish. Ask someone else to explain the idea to you to see if their explanation matches yours.

A mixture can be physically separated into its components; a compound cannot be physically separated into its components.

What is the difference between a compound and a mixture? A mixture can be physically separated into its components; a compound cannot be physically separated into its components. A compound can be physically separated into its components; a mixture cannot be physically separated into its components. A compound is just a mixture of elements. The components of a mixture do not have the same properties individually as they do when mixed.

Weight is the observed effect of gravity on mass.

What is the difference between mass and weight? Weight is how much; mass is how much space. Weight and mass are the same everywhere. Weight is the observed effect of gravity on mass. Mass is how much; weight is how much space.

observe a natural phenomenon

What is the first step in the scientific process? observe a natural phenomenon generate a scientific hypothesis make a prediction about what may be happening develop a test

about 59 kg

What is the mass in kilograms of a 130-pound human standing on planet Earth? about 290 kg about 130 kg about 22 kg about 59 kg

about 59 kg

What is the mass, in kilograms, of a human who weighs 130-pounds on Earth, on the Moon? about 48 kg about 22 kg about 130 kg about 59 kg

carbon dioxide

What is the name of the following compound? CO2 carbon dioxide dicobalt dioxocarbon calcium oxide

calcium chloride

What is the name of the following compound? CaCl2 calcium chloride carbon chloride dichlorocalcium calcium dichloride

sodium fluoride

What is the name of the following compound? NaF sodium fluoride natural fosfate natrium fluoride sodium phosphide

sulfur trifluoride

What is the name of the following compound? SF3 sulfur trifluoride sulfur fluoride trifluorosulphide fluorine sulphide

70.5 kg

What is your weight in kilograms if you weigh 155 pounds? (1 kg = 2.2 lbs) 70.5 kg 341 kg 3.41 kg 7.5 kg

The volume of the car changes as well as its average density.

What physical quantities discussed in this chapter change most when a junked car is neatly crushed into a compact cube? The mass of the car changes as well as its volume. The car's temperature changes, but not its average density. The car's weight and volume change, but not its mass. The volume of the car changes as well as its average density.

2.71 mL

What volume of water would a 52.3-gram sample of pure gold displace? (Assume the density of pure gold equals 19.3 g/mL) The density of water should be given in order to make this calculation possible. 36.9 mL 2.71 mL 52.3 mL

The gas volume would remain the same.

What would be the effect on an enclosed volume of gas if we were to simultaneously double the pressure and double the Kelvin (Absolute) temperature of the enclosed gas? The gas volume would be cut in half. The gas volume would remain the same. The gas volume would double. The gas density would double and the gas would liquify.

the gas particles have more kinetic energy than the liquid particles

When a liquid evaporates, the vapor expands because ________. the gas particles have less potential energy than the liquid particles the gas particles have more kinetic energy than the liquid particles the gas particles have more potential energy than the liquid particles the gas particles have less kinetic energy than the liquid particles

homogeneous mixture called a solution

When blue food coloring is dissolved in water, the result is a ________. homogeneous mixture called a solution homogeneous mixture called a suspension heterogeneous mixture called a solution heterogeneous mixture called a suspension

is impossible

When employing a new technology, zero risk ________. is impossible is ideal is the ultimate goal of science leads to zero benefit

the technology is accepted and applied

When the benefits of a technological innovation are seen to outweigh the risks ________. the technology is seen as dangerous the technology is accepted and applied the technology needs further development its use will depend on what the technology is

Ice is less dense than water because it has more volume for the same mass.

When water freezes, it expands. What does this say about the density of ice compared with the density of water? Ice is less dense than water because it has more volume for the same mass. The density of water and ice are identical since they have exactly the same chemical formula. The expansion of water when it freezes to ice changes its volume, not its density. Ice is more dense than water because it has more volume for the same mass

the weight of the atmosphere

When you suck through a soda straw into a drink, what causes the drink to rise into your mouth? Both factors are equally accountable for the soda's rising into your mouth. the weight of the atmosphere a reduction in friction Actually, neither the muscles of your lungs nor the weight of the atmosphere is the reason for the soda's rising into your mouth. That's a hoax perpetrated by the soda companies.

Which atom is largest? Rb K Na Li

Which atom is smallest? Mg Be Ca Sr

the actinides

Which chemical family is composed almost entirely of synthetic elements? the actinides the lanthanides the halogens all of the above

Which element has the atomic number 12? Cl C Mg Na

The swimming pool at 90°C has more energy.

Which has more total energy: a cup of boiling water at 100°C or a swimming pool of slightly cooler water at 90°C? They both have the same amount of energy because they are both made of water. The swimming pool at 90°C has more energy. The cup of boiling water at 100°C has more energy. It is not possible to answer this question without knowing the ambient temperature surrounding each body of water.

Kinetic energy is more evident than potential energy because it involves motion.

Which is more apparent to us: potential or kinetic energy? Kinetic energy is more evident than potential energy because it involves motion. Potential energy is more evident than kinetic energy because it required work in order to gain that potential energy. Kinetic energy is more evident than potential energy because it is created from potential energy. Potential energy is more evident than kinetic energy because it involves motion.

Which of the following atoms is the largest? Ba Sr Ca Mg Be

Which of the following atoms is the largest? Cs Ba Al N He

Which of the following atoms is the largest? Ba Sr Ca Mg Be

Which of the following atoms is the smallest? Br Ga As Ca K

Which of the following atoms is the smallest? F Cl Br I At

a model that illustrates the tendency of an atom to undergo radioactive decay and the products it produces

Which of the following best describes a conceptual model of an atom? a model that illustrates the tendency of an atom to undergo radioactive decay and the products it produces a model that illustrates the physical structure of the atom a model that represents the shape of the nucleus and the location of the electrons a description of the location of the neutrons and protons in an atom none of the above

The molecules are moving quickly and are widely spaced.

Which of the following best describes a gas? The material has a fixed volume but has no definite shape. The material has a fixed volume and a fixed shape. The molecules are moving quickly and are widely spaced. The molecules are moving slowly and closely spaced.

a constant volume but its shape is not defined

Which of the following best describes a liquid? a constant shape and a constant volume will always expand to fill the full volume of its container. a constant volume but its shape is not defined does not have a definite shape or a definite volum

a comprehensive idea that has been extensively tested

Which of the following best describes a theory? a comprehensive idea that has been extensively tested a static, unchanging law of the universe a prediction about the outcome of an experiment a new way of testing an old idea

Temperature is the measure of the average amount of kinetic energy in a substance.

Which of the following best describes temperature? all of the above Temperature is the measure of the heat of an object. Temperature is the measure of the average amount of kinetic energy in a substance. Temperature is the measure of the total amount of energy in a substance.

An electron is dropping from a higher to a lower energy level with the difference in energy between the two being emitted as light energy.

Which of the following best explains what is happening when an atom emits light? An electron is dropping from a higher to a lower energy level with the difference in energy between the two being emitted as light energy. A proton is undergoing a nuclear change in the nucleus and is emitting a high energy light wave in the process. An electron is jumping from a low energy state to a high energy state with the difference in energy being converted to light energy.

all of the above

Which of the following can be classified as matter? water sand perfume ice cream all of the above

effective nuclear charge

Which of the following concepts underlies all the others: ionization energy, effective nuclear charge, atomic size. ionization energy effective nuclear charge atomic size none of the above

the energy of the nucleus

Which of the following could NOT be represented by a conceptual model? (A) the energy of a nucleus (B) the floor plan of a house (C) the weather (D) the behavior of schoolchildren (E) both A and B

a cell

Which of the following could best be represented by a physical model? (A) a cell (B) an atom (C) rationality (D) ecosystem (E) both A and B

poor conductor of electricity

Which of the following describes a nonmetal? malleable shiny poor conductor of electricity ductile

J.J. Thompson's cathode ray deflection experiments

Which of the following determined the ratio of the charge of an electron to its mass? J.J. Thompson's cathode ray deflection experiments E. Rutherford's gold foil experiments Avogadro's number experiments Franklin's kite experiments

how much space an object occupies

Which of the following does not describe mass? the amount of inertia in a given object how much matter is in a given object kilograms how much space an object occupies

the weight of a given object

Which of the following does not describe volume? the weight of a given object a box 20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm the amount of space a material occupies liters

Which of the following elements are in the same group as silicon (Si)? Na P C B

Which of the following elements are in the same period as magnesium (Mg)? Mn Ca Cl Sr

argon (Ar)

Which of the following elements is a gas at room temperature? cesium (Cs) lead (Pb) argon (Ar) indium (In)

chlorine (Cl)

Which of the following elements is a halogen? argon (Ar) lead (Pb) chlorine (Cl) indium (In)

silver (AG)

Which of the following elements is a transition metal? xenon (Xe) lead (Pb) chlorine (Cl) silver (Ag)

lithium (Li)

Which of the following elements is an alkali metal? argon (Ar) lead (Pb) cerium (Cr) lithium (Li)

E. Rutherford's gold foil experiments

Which of the following experiments helped to determine that most of an atom is actually empty space except for a very small positive core? J.J. Thomson's cathode ray deflection experiments R. Millikan's oil drop experiments E. Rutherford's gold foil experiments Avogadro's number experiments Franklin's kite experiments

R. Millikan's oil drop experiments

Which of the following experiments helped to determine the charge of an electron and (indirectly) its mass? J.J. Thompson's cathode ray deflection experiments R. Millikan's oil drop experiments E. Rutherford's gold foil experiments Avogadro's number experiments Franklin's kite experiment

Which of the following gases would diffuse the fastest through an extremely fine membrane? He Ne Ar Xe All of the above would diffuse at the same rate.

a 10-g object with a volume of 1 mL

Which of the following has the largest density? a 10-g object with a volume of 10 mL a 10-g object with a volume of 1 mL a 200-g object with a volume of 200 mL a 1-g object with a volume of 10 mL

titanium (atomic no. = 22)

Which of the following is a metal? xenon (atomic no. = 54) sulfur (atomic no. = 16) selenium (atomic no. = 34) titanium (atomic no. = 22)

antimony (atomic no. = 51)

Which of the following is a metalloid? antimony (atomic no. = 51) zinc (atomic no. = 30) iodine (atomic no. = 53) uranium (atomic no. = 92)

all of the above

Which of the following is a property of light? It is a wave. It is a particle. Its energy comes in packets of uniform size. all of the above none of the above

gasoline being used in the engine of a car producing exhaust

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change? aftershave or perfume on your skin generating a smell water freezing into ice crystals gasoline being used in the engine of a car producing exhaust a piece of metal expanding when heated, but returning to original size when cooled

water boiling and being converted into steam

Which of the following is an example of a physical change? a candy bar being digested by a student water being electrolyzed and being converted in hydrogen and oxygen iron metal reacting with oxygen to form rust water boiling and being converted into steam

a ball falling through the air

Which of the following is an example of something best described as having kinetic energy? a ball falling through the air a candy bar with 230 kilocalories a boulder at the bottom of a cliff a dart stuck into a dart board

a ball falling through the air

Which of the following is an example of something best described as having kinetic energy? a candy bar with 230 kilocalories a boulder at the bottom of a cliff a ball falling through the air a dart stuck into a dart board

What is the chemical nature of intrastellar dust?

Which of the following is closest to the initial broad research question posed by Kroto, Smalley and Curl? Can we reproduce star-like conditions here on Earth? Is intrastellar dust made of carbon based materials? Is there such a thing as intrastellar dust in space? What is the chemical nature of intrastellar dust?

A denser object is not necessarily always more massive.

Which of the following is generally true regarding the relationships of the density of an object and its massiveness? None of the above is true. There is no scientific relationship between density and massiveness. A denser object is not necessarily always more massive. The relationship between density and massiveness depends on the physical state of the object only.

A denser object is not necessarily always more massive.

Which of the following is generally true regarding the relationships of the density of an object and its massiveness? There is no scientific relationship between density and massiveness. A denser object is not necessarily always more massive. The relationship between density and massiveness depends on the physical state of the object only. None of the above is true.

sound waves

Which of the following is not a form of electromagnetic radiation? sound waves gamma rays microwaves infrared X-rays

5.5 mg

Which of the following is not a measurement of volume? 5.5 mg 22.02 milliliters 0.156 liter 10.0 cubic centimeters

charge changes depending on mass

Which of the following is not a property of an electron? charge changes depending on mass fundamental component of atoms attracted towards positively charge electrical plates weighs approximately 9.1 × 10-31 kg has a negative charge

heavy metals

Which of the following is not the name of a chemical family? alkali metals transition metals heavy metals alkaline-earth metals

the number of eggs in an egg carton

Which of the following is said to be quantized? the number of eggs in an egg carton the amount of water in a glass the volume of air in a balloon the amount of time in an hour none of the above

food

Which of the following is something that is best described as having potential energy? food wind a meteorite traveling through the atmosphere running water

All of the masses are the same.

Which of the following is the largest quantity of mass? All of the masses are the same. 100 kg 100,000,000 mg 100,000 g

1.0 joule

Which of the following is the least amount of energy? 1.0 kilocalorie 1.0 joule 1.0 Calorie 1.0 kilojoule

devising tests

Which of the following is the most important to the process of scientific inquiry? Proposing answers. Devising tests. Refuting currently-held understandings. Confirming currently-held understandings.

They behave like restricted waves and are self-reinforcing.

Which of the following might best explain the reason why electrons are restricted to certain energy levels in an atom? They behave like restricted waves and are self-reinforcing. They are travelling at very high speeds. They are interacting with the light around the atom. They behave like chaotic waves of alternating frequency.

a gas at room temperature

Which of the following physical properties would you expect for krypton (Kr)? a gas at room temperature hard brittle shiny

24 kilograms

Which of the following represents the largest quantity of mass? 24 micrograms 24 kilograms 24 grams 24 milligrams

all of the above

Which of the following statements about electrons is true? Electrons have a negative charge. Electrons are particles. Electrons behave like waves. Electrons in atoms can be excited by light energy. all of the above

Light waves are oscillations of electric and magnetic fields.

Which of the following statements best describes electromagnetic radiation? Light waves are oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. All light energy is visible. Light energy is due to vibrations in the air. Light waves propagate through a medium called ether, similar to waves in water. Light is due to oscillations in the nucleus of atoms.

element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Which of the following statements describes an isotope? element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons element with the same number of protons but a different number of electrons element with the same number of neutrons but a different number of electrons element with the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons

It orbits around the nucleus of an atom.

Which of the following statements does not describe a proton? It orbits around the nucleus of an atom. It has a positive charge equivalent but opposite of an electron's. It is much more massive than an electron. It is a nucleon. It is attracted to negatively charged electrical plates.

An atom emits electromagnetic radiation when an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher energy level.

Which of the following statements is false? The atomic spectrum of helium is different from the atomic spectrum of neon. Electromagnetic radiation often behaves like a wave. An atomic spectrum is an element's fingerprint. An atom emits electromagnetic radiation when an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher energy level.

An atom emits electromagnetic radiation when an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher energy level.

The electrons orbit around the nucleus.

Which of the following statements is true about Bohr's planetary model of the atom? The electrons orbit around the nucleus. It is a physical model. The energy difference between the orbits is continuous. The electrons smoothly move from one orbit to the next. none of the above

-200 K

Which of the following temperatures is not possible? 25 K -272°C -200 K 0°C

reactivity towards water

Which of the following would be considered a chemical property? reactivity towards water melting temperature boiling temperature conductivity

wine

Which of the following would be considered a homogeneous mixture? wine hydrogen cyanide rusty iron pretzel

density

Which of the following would be considered a physical property? density flammability corrosion resistance reactivity towards acid

determining the lightest and strongest metal to be used for an airplane wing

Which of the following would be considered applied research? determining the lightest and strongest metal to be used for an airplane wing determining the melting temperature of a metal examining how susceptible a metal is to bending determining how readily a metal corrodes in a wet environment

examining why a mouse likes cheddar cheese more than swiss cheese

Which of the following would be considered basic research? examining why a mouse likes cheddar cheese more than swiss cheese studying ways of catching mice safely testing the strength of a mouse cage examining how quickly a trapdoor closes

Heat is energy that moves from high to low temperature objects.

Which of the following would best describe heat? Objects at the same temperature have the same amount of heat. Heat is energy that moves from high to low temperature objects. Heat is a measure of the temperature of an object. Heat can be measured with a thermometer.

the temperature at which a liquid will boil

Which of the following would not be considered a chemical property? the temperature at which a liquid will boil light sensitivity whether a metal will rust or not whether a material will dissolve in acid or not

temperature at which a material catches on fire

Which of the following would not be considered a physical property? temperature at which a material catches on fire color conductivity hardness

light

Which of the following would not be considered matter? light trees air clouds

Experimentation is the most time consuming of the various scientific activities.

Which of the scientific activities is likely to be most time consuming? Observations are the most time consuming of the various scientific activities. Forming scientific hypothesis is the most time consuming of the various scientific activities. Experimentation is the most time consuming of the various scientific activities. Formulating questions from observations is the most time consuming of the various scientific activities.

conducts heat very well

Which of these properties describes a metal? conducts heat very well brittle fragile transparent

We lack the technology to solve most of the Earth's environmental problems.

Which statement is false? We have the technology to solve world hunger. We have the technology to solve the world's energy needs. We have the technology to develop global communication. We lack the technology to solve most of the Earth's environmental problems.

New technologies arise from scientific discoveries.

Which statement is most accurate? Science focuses on the development of new technology. The goal of technology is the development of new science. Technology and science are basically the same . New technologies arise from scientific discoveries.

a hot gas

Which would have the most kinetic energy? The same mass of ________. a hot gas. a solid. a cool gas. a hot liquid.

a kilogram of gold because this is 10,000 times as much as a decigram of gold

Which would you rather have and why: a decigram or a kilogram of gold? a kilogram of gold because this is 10,000 times as much as a decigram of gold a decigram of gold because this is 1000 times as much as a kilogram of gold a kilogram of gold because this is 1000 times as much as a decigram of gold a decigram of gold because this is 100 times as much as a kilogram of gold

you don't understand the language

While visiting a foreign country a foreign-speaking citizen tries to give you verbal directions to a local museum. After multiple attempts he is unsuccessful because ________. you are not smart enough to understand simple directions it is difficult to navigate through an unfamiliar city you don't understand the language none of the above

Their atoms are too tightly bound to one another.

Why can't the elements of a compound be separated from one another by physical means? They are too homogeneous when found within a compound. Their atoms are too tightly bound to one another. Elements found within a compound tend to be inert. Elements tend not to be soluble in water.

An increase in temperature will increase the pressure inside the aerosol can. When the pressure inside the can exceeds the pressure limit of the can, it explodes.

Why do aerosol cans explode if heated? The cans are pressurized with a volatile and flammable liquid. If the can is heated, the flammable liquid combusts and explodes. An increase in temperature will increase the pressure inside the aerosol can. When the pressure inside the can exceeds the pressure limit of the can, it explodes. The lining of the aerosol can is composed of a flammable organic substance. If heated, the lining will ignite and explode the can. In general, aerosol cans don't really explode when heated. This warning only applies to aerosol cans containing dangerous flammable chemicals.

to minimize the number of conclusions and limit potential flaws in the experiment

Why do scientists run control experiments and repeat their tests several times? to minimize the number of conclusions and limit potential flaws in the experiment because they get paid by the hour to improve the chance of success because chemistry is about doing experiments

Both B and C are true.

Why do scuba divers exhale air when they ascend to the surface after a dive? (A) The air bubbles which surround the diver as he/she exhales assists overall buoyancy making it easier for the diver to ascend. (B) Exhaling of air decreases the volume of air in the lungs, thus making it easier for the lungs to adjust to the decrease in external pressure on the diver as the diver ascends. (C) If the air in the lungs were not exhaled, the volume of air inside the lungs would expand as the diver ascended and could severely damage the lungs. (D) Both B and C are true.

All of the above explain why it is wrong.

Why is it wrong to assume that you are only "doing science" while you are doing experiments? It is wrong because doing experiments is not the only accepted activity for the official practice of science. It is wrong because doing experiments is not the only accepted method of producing a scientific theory. It is wrong because any activity which helps further knowledge and understanding about the environment is considered the practice of science. All of the above explain why it is wrong.

An experiment can only be considered valid if other scientists can reproduce the results.

Why is reproducibility such a vital component of science? Reproducibility allows a scientist a second chance to show that his/her initial findings were correct. Reproducibility is a vital component of science because it provides repeat funding. An experiment can only be considered valid if other scientists can reproduce the results. Modern scientific procedures provide built-in assurances so that reproducibility is no longer considered to be a vital component of science.

The scientist needs to be open to all possibilities and different ways of doing science in order to gain as much knowledge as possible from his or her research.

Why is the process of science not restricted to any one particular method? The scientist needs to be open to all possibilities and different ways of doing science in order to gain as much knowledge as possible from his or her research. In order to interpret experimental evidence, it is important to perform the experiment using a variety of different scientific methods. What one method proves as right, another might prove as wrong. Science is not restricted to any one method because not everyone doing science has access to the same sort of equipment.

The periodic table lists only elements made of one kind of material. Dirt is a mixture of elements and compounds

Why isn't dirt listed in the periodic table? The periodic table lists only elements made of one kind of material. Dirt is a mixture of elements and compounds. Elements like dirt and air are so common that there is no need to list them in the periodic table. Dirt IS listed in the periodic table but is not easily recognized because it is listed as one of the rare earths with its old scientific name, dysprosium, symbol Dy. None of the above is true.

Your body possesses chemical potential energy, but also kinetic energy at the level of atoms and molecules, which vibrate rapidly.

Will an animal's body possess energy after it dies? If so, what kind? Your body possesses both potential and kinetic energy even as it lies still. Your body possesses chemical potential energy, but also kinetic energy at the level of atoms and molecules, which vibrate rapidly. Your body possesses chemical potential energy, which is the potential energy found within the atoms and molecules of your tissues. Your body possesses no energy after you die because it cannot move on its own.

decreases

With increasing temperature the density of air ________. depends also on pressure increases decreases stays the same

Many of the smaller BB's are able to fit within the pockets of space that were originally empty between the large BBs.

You take 50 mL of small ballbearings (BBs) and combine them with 50 mL of large BBs and you get a total of 90 mL of BBs of mixed size. Which of the following statements best explains this? Many of the smaller BB's are able to fit within the pockets of space that were originally empty between the large BBs. This is not possible since the Law of Conservation of Volume would be violated. The total volume actually gets larger since mixing the BB's would leave additional air space because of the difference in size of the two BB sets. Since the density of the small BB's is less than that of the large BB's their volumes do not add directly to one another.

not the same thing as your mass

Your weight is always ________. equal to your mass not the same thing as your mass greater than your mass less than your mass

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