Biology Final: Topic 10

A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential.

resting

Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential?

sodium-potassium pump

Nerve cells communicate with one another at a junction called a:

synapse

During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________.

Calcium, neurotransmitters

Using the figure, identify the structures of the interneuron. Letter A is indicating:

axon

Use the figure above to match the events of action potential propagation with when they occur on the graph (labeled A-D). Y-Axis = Membrane Potential, X-Axis = Time (milliseconds). voltage threshold for membrane

A

By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus?

A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.

Use the figure above to match the events of action potential propagation with when they occur on the graph (labeled A-D). Y-Axis = Membrane Potential, X-Axis = Time (milliseconds). the membrane has repolarized

D

Which of the following causes the slowest, weakest dopamine signal?

swallowing a drug as a pill

One way the brain adapts to over-stimulation from drug use is to:

reduce the number of dopamine receptors at the synapse

Researchers at Northwestern University were able to rewire a monkey's brain by installing a computer chip. The significance of this research is that:

this method could help reestablish lost connections between different motor areas in our brain

Use the figure above to match the events of action potential propagation with when they occur on the graph (labeled A-D). Y-Axis = Membrane Potential, X-Axis = Time (milliseconds). the membrane is depolarized

B

What event at the axon terminals is stimulated by the action potential?

the release of a neurotransmitter into the synapse

Use the figure above to match the events of action potential propagation with when they occur on the graph (labeled A-D). Y-Axis = Membrane Potential, X-Axis = Time (milliseconds). potassium channels within the membrane are open

C

Which of the following accurately describes the effects of cocaine on the brain's reward center?

Cocaine blocks the reuptake pumps which act to remove dopamine from the synapse.

The above image is the result of a(n) ___________________ and demonstrates varying levels of brain activity.

PET scan

During resting membrane potential in a neuron,

all of the above

During teenage years, adolescents are more likely to become addicts because:

all of the above

Relapse is a threat for recovering addicts because:

all of the above

Using the figure, identify the structures of the interneuron. Letter C is indicating:

axon hillock

There are several toxins that interfere with synaptic transmission. Botulism toxin, for example, interferes with the fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles with the membrane of the axon bulb. This would result in which one of the following?

blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane

Most addictive drugs impact the release of which neurotransmitter in the brain's pleasure center?

dopamine

The brain registers pleasure, whether it's caused by a good meal, a monetary reward, or sex, by releasing:

dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?

increased blood pressure

Which one of the following cells transmit impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?

motor neurons

Which of the following tests relies on radio waves, which have a longer wavelength, lower energy, and are therefore considered safer than gamma rays (see figure)?

MRI

Using the figure, identify the structures of the interneuron. Letter B is indicating:

dendrites

Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?

parasympathetic division

Information coming into the central nervous system arrives via _____ while information going from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organs travels via ______.

sensory neurons...motor neurons

The nervous system has certain characteristics that set it apart from the endocrine system. Which one of the following characteristics is typical of the endocrine system, but NOT the nervous system?

the agents of communication are always in the form of a chemical