Chem 351 Ch 5: Chirality, Enantiomers, and Diastereomers
constitutional, diastereomers
____ isomers and ______ isomers must have different physical and chemical properties.
enantiomers
______ are configurational isomers that are mirror images of each other
diastereomers
______ are configurational isomers that are not mirror images of each other
enantiomers
______ are non superimposable mirror images of each other
enantiomers
______ can have identical properties depending on whether they are in a chiral or an achiral environment
achiral
______ compounds are said to be optically inactive
diastereomers
_______ are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
racemic mixture
a _____ ____ contains equal amounts of the + and - enantiomers of a chiral molecule. The net result is zero rotation of the light.
stereocenter
a _____ is bonded to 4 different groups
racemic
a _____ mixture of enantiomers is optically inactive, despite being made up of chiral molecules
achiral
a meso molecule has 2 or more stereocenters but has a plane of symmetry making it _____
chiral
a molecule is ___ if it has an enantiomer
meso
a molecule is ____ if it contains at least two stereocenters but has a plane of symmetry making it achiral overall
achiral
a molecule is _____ if it does not have an enantiomer
enantiomer
a molecule is achiral if it does not have an _____
enantiomer
a molecule is chiral if it has an _____
achiral
a molecule that possesses a plane of symmetry must be _____
optically inactive
a racemic mixture of enantiomers is _____ _____ despite being made up of chiral molecules
optically inactive
achiral compounds are said to be _____ ____ because they leave the plane of polarization unchanged
chiral
any molecule that contains exactly one stereocenter must be _____
1
any molecule with exactly ___ stereocenter(s) must be chiral.
diastereomers
as long as they are different molecules, but not mirror images of each other, with the same molecular formula and the same connectivity, then they are ______
diastereomers
cis and trans alkenes are _____. They have the same molecular formula and the same connectivity, but they are different molecules and are not mirror images of each other.
diastereomers
cis and trans isomers with respect to a double bond are _____ of each other
stereoisomer
configurational isomers are a type of ____
clockwise
dextrorotatory compounds rotate light _____
different
diastereomers must have _____ physical and chemical properties
increases
double bond stability ______ as the amount of alkyl substitution increases
increases
double bond stability increases as the amount of alkyl substitution ______
R
double bonds become more stable as the number of attached ___ groups increases
optically active
enantiomerically pure chiral compounds are said to be _____ ____ because they rotate the plane of polarization
configurational
enantiomers and diastereomers are examples of _____ isomers
achiral
if a molecule and its mirror image rapidly interconvert, then the molecule is effectively _____
plane polarized
if all photons from a light source have their electric fields oscillating in the same plane, then the light is ____ ____
enantiomers
if two isomers are related by the inversion of all chiral centers, then the two molecules are ____
diastereomers
if two isomers are related by the inversion of some, but not all, chiral centers, then the two molecules are ______ of each other
enantiomers
if two molecules are nonsuperimposable and have opposite configurations at all three chiral centers, then they are _____
diastereomers
if two molecules have opposite configurations at two out of three chiral centers, then they are ______
chiral
in a _____ environment, enantiomers have different physical and chemical properties
different
in a chiral environment, enantiomers have ____ physical and chemical properties
same
in an achiral environment, enantiomers have the ____ physical and chemical properties
yes
is a nitrogen atom bonded to four different groups a stereocenter?
counterclockwise
levorotatory compounds rotate light ______
unpolarized
most light sources emit light that is ____. If we could view all the photons traveling in the same direction, we would see that each one's electric field oscillating in a different plane
vertical
on a fischer projection, the substituents on the _____ bonds are understood to point away from you
toward
on a fischer projection, the substituents on the horizontal bonds are understood to point _____ you
away
on a fischer projection, the substituents on the vertical bonds are understood to point ____
dextrorotatory
some chiral compounds rotate light clockwise in the + direction and are called _____
levorotatory
some chiral compounds rotate light counterclockwise in the - direction and are called _______
chiral
the body acts as a ____ environment
configurational
the max number of _____ isomers that can exist for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2^n
decreases
the stability of a carbon carbon double bond _____ when going from tetrasubstitued to monosubstituted
stereoisomers
to be _____, molecules must have the same molecular formula, be different molecules, and have the same connectivity
more
trans alkenes are _____ stable than cis alkenes
steric
trans isomers are more stable than cis isomers due to _____ strain
nitrogen inversion
uncharged nitrogen atoms that undergo _____ _____ are not stereocenters
asymmetric
when the stereocenter is a carbon atom, it's referred to as an _____ carbon
conformers, configurational
whereas ______ are related solely by rotations around single bonds, converting from one ______ isomer to another usually requires the breaking of a covalent bond and forming a new one
