chem chapter 1

the pressure of gas depends on several factors: ??

# of gas particles in a given volume, volume of the container, average speed of gas particles

how do u find atomic mass

(isotopic mass x relative abundance) + (isotopic mass x relative abundance).....(per each isotope)

____ include particles with an average diameter of 10μm or less

PM10

____ includes particles (or FINE particles) with an average diameter of less than 2.5μm

PM2.5

the same pressure that a column of water would exert if it were about 10.3m high

Patm

what gases make up the .1% remaining of the composition of air

carbon dioxide water air pollutants

this gas is colorless, odorless, tasteless, dissolves slightly in water, reactive with hemoglobin (the "silent killer"); sources are automobile exhaust & charcoal grill/propane stoves

carbon monoxide

what are considered "the bad gases"?

carbon monoxide ozone sulfur oxides nitrogen oxides particulate matter, PM

compounds can only be separated into pure components (elements) by _____ means.

chemical

a representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas

chemical equation

the ____ symbolically represents represents the type and number of each element present

chemical formula

a process in whereby substances described as reactants are transformed into different substances called products

chemical reaction

the study of the composition, structure, chemical and physical properties, and transformations (changes) of matter

chemistry

the particles in a liquid are...

closely packed, but they have some ability to move around

the rapid movement of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of work, heat or light, ,and CO2 and H2O

combustion

the molecules in a gas have ____ freedom of motion

complete

if a pure substance can be broken down by chemical means it's a _______. if it can't be broken down by chemical means it's a _______.

compound; element

pure substances can be ____ or _____

compounds or elements

some solids have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern. we call these?

crystalline solids (salts, diamonds)

explain green chemistry

designing chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazmat

many nonmetals occur as _____ molecules (made up of two atoms).

diatomic

what effect does carbon dioxide have?

dizzy nauseous disrupt delivery of O2 through the body

symbols for electron

e, e^-

location in atom-electron

empty space

inhale v exhale of argon

equal (.9 to .9)

inhale v exhale of nitrogen

equal (78 to 78)

inhale v exhale of water

equal (whatever the variable is)

the amount of the substance encountered

exposure

describe: solid.

fixed shape fixed volume high density not compressible won't flow ver strong intermolecular attractions

in a gas, the particles are constantly?

flying around, bumping into each other and the container

pressure = ?

force per unit area

critical point is the ______ on the vapor pressure curve

furthest point

liquid heated or reduced pressure becomes

gas

_____ is a result of the constant movement of the gas molecules and their collisions with the surfaces around them

gas pressure

gases can be _____ by decreasing the pressure and/or increasing the pressure

gases

in the gas state, the particles...

have complete freedom of motion and are not held together

composition is not uniform throughout; cement, iron fillings in sand

heterogeneous

mixtures can be ____ or _____

homogeneous or heterogenous

composition of the mixture is the same throughout; soft drink, milk, solder

homogenous

explain exposure-rate of breathing

if the air quality is poor, reducing activity is one way of reducing exposure

describe: liquid.

indefinite shape fixed volume high density not compressible will flow intermediate intermolecular attractions

describe: gas.

indefinite shape indefinite volume low density compressible will flow weak intermolecular attractions

atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers

isotopes

what do i mean when i say that carbon dioxide is reactive?

it acts as a greenhouse gas which plays a major role in global warming and anthropogenic climate change. a major source of ocean acidification forming with water carbonic acid, a weak acid

the # of atoms on each side of the arrow must be equal (reactants = products)

law of conservation of mass

ice is ____ dense than water

less

the molecules in a liquid have ____ freedom of motion

limited

gas cooled or increased pressure becomes

liquid

solid heated becomes

liquid

____ states exist simultaneously (vapor pressure curve)

liquid n gas

the close packing of particles in liquids results in...

liquids being incompressible

the ability of the particles to move in a liquid allows...

liquids to take the shape of their container and to flow, however, they don't have enough freedom to escape or expand to fill the container

the higher in the atmosphere you climb, the ____ the atmospheric pressure is around you

lower

atmospheric pressure changes with altitude...explain

lower the altitude, the higher the pressure. higher the altitude, the lower the pressure.

the pressure of a gas trapped in a container can be measured with an instrument called a

manometer

defines the quantity of matter in an object

mass

the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus

mass number (A)

masses and abundances of isotopes are measured with a _______.

mass spectrometer

a _____ is a graph that gives the relative mass and relative abundance of each particle

mass spectrum

anything that occupies space and has mass (anything you can touch, taste, smell)

matter

matter can be ____ or ____

mixtures or purse substances

a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement

molecule

fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds (like words)

molecule

how do you convert ppm to % (parts per hundred)

move the decimal 4 places to the LEFT this makes the value smaller by a factor of 10,000

how do you convert % (parts per hundred) to ppm

move the decimal 4 places to the RIGHT this makes the value larger by a factor of 10,000

symbols for neutron

n, n^0

this gas is colorless, odorless, relatively un-reactive, & essential for life; most plants & animals obtain it from other sources than the atmos

nitrogen

this gas is a brown color, has a sharp unpleasant odor, bitter taste, precursor of particulates in atmos, & in the presence of humidity forms nitric acid which is present in acid rains; sources: fossil fuel burning, hot engines, grain silos

nitrogen dioxide

the molecules in a solid have _____ freedom of motion

no

location in atom-neutron

nucleus

location in atom-proton

nucleus

the neutron is made up of

one up quark (u) and two down quarks (d)

____ always contains carbon, and may contain other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc

organic compound

this gas is colorless, odorless, moderately reactive & essential for life; respiration-process in which the food is metabolized to produce energy, CO2, and H2O

oxygen

what is the main composition of our air?

oxygen-21% nitrogen-78% argon-.9%

this gas is pale blue, sharp odor (chlorine bleach), tasteless, sources: fossil fuel precursors, lightning, welding equipment, electrical motors

ozone

symbols for proton

p, p^+, H^+

the particles in a solid are....

packed close together and are fixed in position

suspended particles that are air pollutants

particulate matter PM10 PM2.5 lead

a complex mixture of tiny sold particles and microscopic liquid droplets (soot or smoke)

particulate matter (PM)

when the elements are arranged in an order of increasing atomic mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically

periodic law

____ describes the different states and state changes that occur at various temperature/pressure conditions

phase diagrams

____ means can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components.

physical

a _____ is a physical combination of two or more pure substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities.

physical

what act was critical for sustainability

pollution prevention act (1990)

for most substances, freezing point increases as ____ increases

pressure

if we could measure the total amount of force exerted by gas molecules hitting the entire surface at any one instant, we would know the ____ the gas is exerting

pressure

what effect does nitrogen dioxide have?

respiratory irritant

what effect does ozone have?

respiratory irritant

what effect does sulfur dioxide have?

respiratory irritant

_____ =evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of occurrence

risk assessment

the ability to reorient the particles direction in space

rotational freedom

why is PM classified by size instead of composition?

size determines the health consequences

liquid cooled becomes

solid

the close packing of the particles results in...

solids being incompressible

the inability of the particles in solids to move around results in...

solids retaining their shape and volume when placed in a new container, and prevents the solid from flowing.

b/c there is a lot of empty space, the particles in a gas can be...

squeezed closer together, therefore gases are compressible

in phase diagrams, lines represent

state changes

in phase diagrams, regions represent

states

this gas is colorless, sharp unpleasant odor, bitter taste, precursor of particulates in atmos, in the presence of No2 forms sulfuric acid which is present in acid rains; sources: fossil fuel burning and volcanoes

sulfur dioxide

atmospheric gases that are air pollutants

sulfur oxides nitrogen oxides ozone carbon monoxide

what air pollutants are included in the .1% remaining of the composition of air

sulfur oxides nitrogen oxides volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ozone carbon monoxide

what state a material is in depends largely on two major factors: ____ and ____.

the amount of kinetic energy & intermolecular forces

compare the densities of ice and water to steam

the densities of ice and water are much larger than the density of steam

if there is a difference in pressure across the eardrum membrane, what happens?

the membrane will be pushed out--what we call a "popped eardrum"

explain exposure-concentration of the pollutant in the air

the more toxic the pollutant, the lower the concentration must be set

why do liquids boil when heated?

the particles gain enough kinetic energy to completely overcome the attractive forces

why do solids melt when heated?

the particles gain enough kinetic energy to partially overcome the attractive forces

what is the significance behind the meaning of "tropos"-turning or changing

the troposphere contains air currents and turbulent storms that turn/mix the air

why, on a flight landing in Denver,CO, might you experience being thrust forward as the pane uses energy to stop?

there are fewer air molecules at that height, reducing the amount of friction, so a greater amount of energy is needed to stop the plane

why does it take longer to cook an egg in Denver than it does in New Orleans?

there is less air pressure at higher altitudes. water boils when the vapor pressure of the water molecules exceeds that of the localized air pressure.

both the proton and neutron are made of

three quarks

intrinsic health hazard of a substance

toxicity

the risks presented by an air pollutant are function of: _____ and _____.

toxicity & exposure

the ability to move from one position in space to another

translational freedom

the temperature/pressure condition where all three states exist simultaneously

triple point

the lower region of the atmos in which we live that lies directly above the surface of the Earth (75% of the air).

troposphere

a compound is a substance composed of atoms of _______ of elements ____ united in fixed proportions.

two or more different types; chemically

the proton is made up of

two up quarks (u) and one down quark (d)

the liquid/gas line is the

vapor pressure curve

the ability oscillate about a particular point in space

vibrational freedom

which has a higher density, ice or water?

water has a higher density

measures the force with which gravity pulls on an object

weight

differences in air pressure result in

wether and wind patterns

relative mass of the particle is plotted on the ___axis of the mass spectrum

x

relative abundance of the particle is plotted on the ____ axis of the mass spectrum

y

1 atm = ____mmHg

760

sources of PM

car engines coal-fired power plants wildfires blowing dust

the atmosphere goes up about ____ miles, but ____% is in the first 10 miles form the earth's surface

370; 80%

1 atm = ____kPa

101.325

1 atm = ___ psi

14.7

inhale v exhale of oxygen

21-16...we use some for energy

whats the electric charge of an up quark

+2/3e^-

whats the electric charge of a down quark

-1/3e^-

inhale v exhale of carbon dioxide

.04 to 4...we create it

explain the components of exposure

1. concentration of the pollutant in the air. 2. length of exposure time 3. rate of breathing

_____ ordered elements by atomic mass.

Mendeleev

examples of diatomic nonmetals

O2, N2, H2, Cl2

focused on preventing the formation of hazardous substances

The Pollution Prevention Act (1990)

What are the Degrees of Freedom/Freedom of Motion?

Translational freedom Rotational freedom Vibrational freedom

led to the establishment of air quality standards focusing on limiting our exposure to hazardous substances

US Clean Air Act (1970)

developed the color-coded Air Quality Index (AQI) scaled from 1-500 with 100 pegged to the national standard for the pollutant

US EPA

this gas is colorless, odorless, reactive, essential for the life of plants/algae/cyanobacteria & is generated by fuel combustion, volcanic activity

carbon dioxide

carbon-containing compounds that pass easily into the vapor phase

VOCs

parts per hundred means

___ molecules per 100 molecules & atoms in air.

parts per million

____ molecules / 1 x 10^6 molecules and atoms of air

parts per billion

____ molecules/1 x 10^9 molecules and atoms in air

what is the effect of gas pressure?

a gas will flow from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

explain exposure-length of exposure time

a pollutant may have several standards, each for a different length of time

how are the quarks held together

a strong force

other solids have particles that do not show a regular geometric pattern over a long range. we call these?

amorphous solids (plastics, glass)

molecules widely spaced are/aren't easily compressible

are

molecules closely spaced are/aren't easily compressible

aren't

this gas is colorless, odorless, totally un-reactive, nontoxic in all states, and in greek means "inactive, lazy"

argon

number of protons in an atom's nucleus (equivalent to the number of electrons around the atom's nucleus)

atomic number (Z)

smallest unit which can exist as a stable entity (like letters)

atoms

the smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable, independent entity

atoms

main source of CO

automobiles

Why was the US Clean Air Act (1970) named a "command and control law" or an "end of the pipe solution"?

b/c it tried to limit the spread of hazardous substances or clean them up AFTER the fact

we measure air pressure w a

barometer