chem chapter 1
the pressure of gas depends on several factors: ??
# of gas particles in a given volume, volume of the container, average speed of gas particles
how do u find atomic mass
(isotopic mass x relative abundance) + (isotopic mass x relative abundance).....(per each isotope)
____ include particles with an average diameter of 10μm or less
PM10
____ includes particles (or FINE particles) with an average diameter of less than 2.5μm
PM2.5
the same pressure that a column of water would exert if it were about 10.3m high
Patm
what gases make up the .1% remaining of the composition of air
carbon dioxide water air pollutants
this gas is colorless, odorless, tasteless, dissolves slightly in water, reactive with hemoglobin (the "silent killer"); sources are automobile exhaust & charcoal grill/propane stoves
carbon monoxide
what are considered "the bad gases"?
carbon monoxide ozone sulfur oxides nitrogen oxides particulate matter, PM
compounds can only be separated into pure components (elements) by _____ means.
chemical
a representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas
chemical equation
the ____ symbolically represents represents the type and number of each element present
chemical formula
a process in whereby substances described as reactants are transformed into different substances called products
chemical reaction
the study of the composition, structure, chemical and physical properties, and transformations (changes) of matter
chemistry
the particles in a liquid are...
closely packed, but they have some ability to move around
the rapid movement of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of work, heat or light, ,and CO2 and H2O
combustion
the molecules in a gas have ____ freedom of motion
complete
if a pure substance can be broken down by chemical means it's a _______. if it can't be broken down by chemical means it's a _______.
compound; element
pure substances can be ____ or _____
compounds or elements
some solids have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern. we call these?
crystalline solids (salts, diamonds)
explain green chemistry
designing chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazmat
many nonmetals occur as _____ molecules (made up of two atoms).
diatomic
what effect does carbon dioxide have?
dizzy nauseous disrupt delivery of O2 through the body
symbols for electron
e, e^-
location in atom-electron
empty space
inhale v exhale of argon
equal (.9 to .9)
inhale v exhale of nitrogen
equal (78 to 78)
inhale v exhale of water
equal (whatever the variable is)
the amount of the substance encountered
exposure
describe: solid.
fixed shape fixed volume high density not compressible won't flow ver strong intermolecular attractions
in a gas, the particles are constantly?
flying around, bumping into each other and the container
pressure = ?
force per unit area
critical point is the ______ on the vapor pressure curve
furthest point
liquid heated or reduced pressure becomes
gas
_____ is a result of the constant movement of the gas molecules and their collisions with the surfaces around them
gas pressure
gases can be _____ by decreasing the pressure and/or increasing the pressure
gases
in the gas state, the particles...
have complete freedom of motion and are not held together
composition is not uniform throughout; cement, iron fillings in sand
heterogeneous
mixtures can be ____ or _____
homogeneous or heterogenous
composition of the mixture is the same throughout; soft drink, milk, solder
homogenous
explain exposure-rate of breathing
if the air quality is poor, reducing activity is one way of reducing exposure
describe: liquid.
indefinite shape fixed volume high density not compressible will flow intermediate intermolecular attractions
describe: gas.
indefinite shape indefinite volume low density compressible will flow weak intermolecular attractions
atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers
isotopes
what do i mean when i say that carbon dioxide is reactive?
it acts as a greenhouse gas which plays a major role in global warming and anthropogenic climate change. a major source of ocean acidification forming with water carbonic acid, a weak acid
the # of atoms on each side of the arrow must be equal (reactants = products)
law of conservation of mass
ice is ____ dense than water
less
the molecules in a liquid have ____ freedom of motion
limited
gas cooled or increased pressure becomes
liquid
solid heated becomes
liquid
____ states exist simultaneously (vapor pressure curve)
liquid n gas
the close packing of particles in liquids results in...
liquids being incompressible
the ability of the particles to move in a liquid allows...
liquids to take the shape of their container and to flow, however, they don't have enough freedom to escape or expand to fill the container
the higher in the atmosphere you climb, the ____ the atmospheric pressure is around you
lower
atmospheric pressure changes with altitude...explain
lower the altitude, the higher the pressure. higher the altitude, the lower the pressure.
the pressure of a gas trapped in a container can be measured with an instrument called a
manometer
defines the quantity of matter in an object
mass
the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus
mass number (A)
masses and abundances of isotopes are measured with a _______.
mass spectrometer
a _____ is a graph that gives the relative mass and relative abundance of each particle
mass spectrum
anything that occupies space and has mass (anything you can touch, taste, smell)
matter
matter can be ____ or ____
mixtures or purse substances
a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement
molecule
fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds (like words)
molecule
how do you convert ppm to % (parts per hundred)
move the decimal 4 places to the LEFT this makes the value smaller by a factor of 10,000
how do you convert % (parts per hundred) to ppm
move the decimal 4 places to the RIGHT this makes the value larger by a factor of 10,000
symbols for neutron
n, n^0
this gas is colorless, odorless, relatively un-reactive, & essential for life; most plants & animals obtain it from other sources than the atmos
nitrogen
this gas is a brown color, has a sharp unpleasant odor, bitter taste, precursor of particulates in atmos, & in the presence of humidity forms nitric acid which is present in acid rains; sources: fossil fuel burning, hot engines, grain silos
nitrogen dioxide
the molecules in a solid have _____ freedom of motion
no
location in atom-neutron
nucleus
location in atom-proton
nucleus
the neutron is made up of
one up quark (u) and two down quarks (d)
____ always contains carbon, and may contain other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc
organic compound
this gas is colorless, odorless, moderately reactive & essential for life; respiration-process in which the food is metabolized to produce energy, CO2, and H2O
oxygen
what is the main composition of our air?
oxygen-21% nitrogen-78% argon-.9%
this gas is pale blue, sharp odor (chlorine bleach), tasteless, sources: fossil fuel precursors, lightning, welding equipment, electrical motors
ozone
symbols for proton
p, p^+, H^+
the particles in a solid are....
packed close together and are fixed in position
suspended particles that are air pollutants
particulate matter PM10 PM2.5 lead
a complex mixture of tiny sold particles and microscopic liquid droplets (soot or smoke)
particulate matter (PM)
when the elements are arranged in an order of increasing atomic mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically
periodic law
____ describes the different states and state changes that occur at various temperature/pressure conditions
phase diagrams
____ means can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components.
physical
a _____ is a physical combination of two or more pure substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities.
physical
what act was critical for sustainability
pollution prevention act (1990)
for most substances, freezing point increases as ____ increases
pressure
if we could measure the total amount of force exerted by gas molecules hitting the entire surface at any one instant, we would know the ____ the gas is exerting
pressure
what effect does nitrogen dioxide have?
respiratory irritant
what effect does ozone have?
respiratory irritant
what effect does sulfur dioxide have?
respiratory irritant
_____ =evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of occurrence
risk assessment
the ability to reorient the particles direction in space
rotational freedom
why is PM classified by size instead of composition?
size determines the health consequences
liquid cooled becomes
solid
the close packing of the particles results in...
solids being incompressible
the inability of the particles in solids to move around results in...
solids retaining their shape and volume when placed in a new container, and prevents the solid from flowing.
b/c there is a lot of empty space, the particles in a gas can be...
squeezed closer together, therefore gases are compressible
in phase diagrams, lines represent
state changes
in phase diagrams, regions represent
states
this gas is colorless, sharp unpleasant odor, bitter taste, precursor of particulates in atmos, in the presence of No2 forms sulfuric acid which is present in acid rains; sources: fossil fuel burning and volcanoes
sulfur dioxide
atmospheric gases that are air pollutants
sulfur oxides nitrogen oxides ozone carbon monoxide
what air pollutants are included in the .1% remaining of the composition of air
sulfur oxides nitrogen oxides volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ozone carbon monoxide
what state a material is in depends largely on two major factors: ____ and ____.
the amount of kinetic energy & intermolecular forces
compare the densities of ice and water to steam
the densities of ice and water are much larger than the density of steam
if there is a difference in pressure across the eardrum membrane, what happens?
the membrane will be pushed out--what we call a "popped eardrum"
explain exposure-concentration of the pollutant in the air
the more toxic the pollutant, the lower the concentration must be set
why do liquids boil when heated?
the particles gain enough kinetic energy to completely overcome the attractive forces
why do solids melt when heated?
the particles gain enough kinetic energy to partially overcome the attractive forces
what is the significance behind the meaning of "tropos"-turning or changing
the troposphere contains air currents and turbulent storms that turn/mix the air
why, on a flight landing in Denver,CO, might you experience being thrust forward as the pane uses energy to stop?
there are fewer air molecules at that height, reducing the amount of friction, so a greater amount of energy is needed to stop the plane
why does it take longer to cook an egg in Denver than it does in New Orleans?
there is less air pressure at higher altitudes. water boils when the vapor pressure of the water molecules exceeds that of the localized air pressure.
both the proton and neutron are made of
three quarks
intrinsic health hazard of a substance
toxicity
the risks presented by an air pollutant are function of: _____ and _____.
toxicity & exposure
the ability to move from one position in space to another
translational freedom
the temperature/pressure condition where all three states exist simultaneously
triple point
the lower region of the atmos in which we live that lies directly above the surface of the Earth (75% of the air).
troposphere
a compound is a substance composed of atoms of _______ of elements ____ united in fixed proportions.
two or more different types; chemically
the proton is made up of
two up quarks (u) and one down quark (d)
the liquid/gas line is the
vapor pressure curve
the ability oscillate about a particular point in space
vibrational freedom
which has a higher density, ice or water?
water has a higher density
measures the force with which gravity pulls on an object
weight
differences in air pressure result in
wether and wind patterns
relative mass of the particle is plotted on the ___axis of the mass spectrum
x
relative abundance of the particle is plotted on the ____ axis of the mass spectrum
y
1 atm = ____mmHg
760
sources of PM
car engines coal-fired power plants wildfires blowing dust
the atmosphere goes up about ____ miles, but ____% is in the first 10 miles form the earth's surface
370; 80%
1 atm = ____kPa
101.325
1 atm = ___ psi
14.7
inhale v exhale of oxygen
21-16...we use some for energy
whats the electric charge of an up quark
+2/3e^-
whats the electric charge of a down quark
-1/3e^-
inhale v exhale of carbon dioxide
.04 to 4...we create it
explain the components of exposure
1. concentration of the pollutant in the air. 2. length of exposure time 3. rate of breathing
_____ ordered elements by atomic mass.
Mendeleev
examples of diatomic nonmetals
O2, N2, H2, Cl2
focused on preventing the formation of hazardous substances
The Pollution Prevention Act (1990)
What are the Degrees of Freedom/Freedom of Motion?
Translational freedom Rotational freedom Vibrational freedom
led to the establishment of air quality standards focusing on limiting our exposure to hazardous substances
US Clean Air Act (1970)
developed the color-coded Air Quality Index (AQI) scaled from 1-500 with 100 pegged to the national standard for the pollutant
US EPA
this gas is colorless, odorless, reactive, essential for the life of plants/algae/cyanobacteria & is generated by fuel combustion, volcanic activity
carbon dioxide
carbon-containing compounds that pass easily into the vapor phase
VOCs
parts per hundred means
___ molecules per 100 molecules & atoms in air.
parts per million
____ molecules / 1 x 10^6 molecules and atoms of air
parts per billion
____ molecules/1 x 10^9 molecules and atoms in air
what is the effect of gas pressure?
a gas will flow from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
explain exposure-length of exposure time
a pollutant may have several standards, each for a different length of time
how are the quarks held together
a strong force
other solids have particles that do not show a regular geometric pattern over a long range. we call these?
amorphous solids (plastics, glass)
molecules widely spaced are/aren't easily compressible
are
molecules closely spaced are/aren't easily compressible
aren't
this gas is colorless, odorless, totally un-reactive, nontoxic in all states, and in greek means "inactive, lazy"
argon
number of protons in an atom's nucleus (equivalent to the number of electrons around the atom's nucleus)
atomic number (Z)
smallest unit which can exist as a stable entity (like letters)
atoms
the smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable, independent entity
atoms
main source of CO
automobiles
Why was the US Clean Air Act (1970) named a "command and control law" or an "end of the pipe solution"?
b/c it tried to limit the spread of hazardous substances or clean them up AFTER the fact
we measure air pressure w a
barometer