Chemistry Chapter 13.1 and 13.2

kinetic

"to move"

hydrogen bond

1 H₂ bond with a electronegative atom and 1 lone pair

1/2 (kg)(m/s)²

1 J =

101.3 kPa 760 mm Hg 760 torr 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch or lb/in²)

1 atm =

7.501 mm Hg 7.501 torr .145 psi .009869 atm

1 kPa =

solid, liquid, gas, plasma

4 PHASES of matter

significant attraction flow easily random evenly distributed gas particles diffusion effusion

Bcuz there are no _____ forces of ___ btw gas particles, gases ___ past another. This ____ motion allows gases to mix until they are ____. the movement of _____ past one another is called ____. the process of allwing a gas to escape from a more concentrated container is called ______.

Gas particles exert pressure when they collide with the walls of their container.

Describe pressure as it relates to the behavior of gases

mass per unit volume solids particles space

Gases hav low density (____ per __ ____) in comparsion to ____. the difference is partly due to the mass of the ____ and also bcuz there is a great deal of ____ btw gas particles so there are less particles.

Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647)

Italian physicst who was the 1st to demonstrate that air exerted pressure -designed barometer

proportional

KE is ______ to temperature

Kelvin =C = 273.15

SI unit for temp -no degree symbol

small no attrative repulsive

Size is very ______. It is assumed there are ____ significant ____ or ____ forces among gas particles.

manometer = used to measure gas in a closed container barometer = to measure atomshperic pressure

Whats the difference btw a barometer and a manometer?

Ludwig Boltsman and James Maxwell in 1860

Who derived kinetic molecular theory?

mass (m)

amount of matter in a substance -kg

dipole-dipole force

attraction btw oppsitevly charged regions of plar molecules

mean free path

average distance a molecule travels between collisions -oxygen collides with another molecule 4.5 × 10⁹ times a second

covalent

b of a = + nuclei and shared electrons (H₂)

metallic

b of a = metal cations and mobile electtrons (Fe)

dipole - dipole forces

b of a = oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

dispersion force

b of a = shifts in density of electrons in electron cloud

ionic

basis of attraction = cations and anions (NaCl)

fluid

can easily flow

intermolecular forces

can hold together identical particles such as water particles in a drop of H₂O

physical property

characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition

plasma

composed of electronsand posistive ions at very high temps

hydrogen bond

d-d attraction that occurs btw molecules containing a H atom bonded to a small, higjly electronegative atom with at least one lone electron pair

pressure

defined as force per unit area

kinetic-molecular theory

describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in motion

intramolecular forces

does not account for all attractions between particles

conserved mass velocity energy particle

energy is _____, it is assumed that ____ and ____ impact the ____ level of a gas _____.

one atomsphere

equAL to 760 mm Hg of 760 torr or 101.3 kPa -measures air pressure

one pascal

equal to a force of one newton per square meter -SI unit for pressure

gas

form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container, fill the container's entire volume, and is easily compressed

Greek word KAOS

gas comes from the word

solubility

increases with temp

barometer

instrument uised to measure atmospheric pressure

velocity (v)

m/s -speed and direction of motion

temp and mass

mean free path varies with

heat

measure of energy

temperature

measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter

KE

measured in Joules (J)

constant random staright hit an object

motion is _______ movig in a ____ pattern. It is assumed that gas particles move in a ___ path until they _____.

solubility

of a gas decreases with temp

elastic collision

one in which no kinetic energy is lost -example:when a ball hits a car

Robert hooke

preopsed the kinetic theory

related to concentration of gas

pressure of gas is

√molar mass B/ molar mass A

rate A/ rate B =

inversely proportional

rate of diffusion is ______________ t the weight of partciles because heavier particles hae a slower velocity

1 / √molar mass

rate of effusion =

pascal (Pa) 1 Pa = 1N ÷ m²

standard unit for pressure

Graham's law of effusion

states that the rate of effusion for a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass

Dalton's law of partial pressures

states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture

magnetohydrodynamics

study of plasma

Absolute zero

temp at which all molecular motion ceases - -273 degrees celsius or 0 K

diffusion

term used to describe the movement of one material through another -high concentration to low concentration

space compressed smaller stopped expand shape

the large amount of ____ btw gas particles allows them to be _____, or pushed, into a ___ volume. Once the oressure is ____, the particles ___ to the orginal _______ .

dispersion forces

weak forces that result from temporary shifts in the density of electrons inelectron clouds

composition (types of atoms present) and arrgenment (structure of the AToms)

what determines the chemical and physical properties of matter?

SMALLER

what moves faster - smaller or heavier particles??

inelastic collision

when they combine -car wreck and cars stick together