Chemistry Chapter 13.1 and 13.2
kinetic
"to move"
hydrogen bond
1 H₂ bond with a electronegative atom and 1 lone pair
1/2 (kg)(m/s)²
1 J =
101.3 kPa 760 mm Hg 760 torr 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch or lb/in²)
1 atm =
7.501 mm Hg 7.501 torr .145 psi .009869 atm
1 kPa =
solid, liquid, gas, plasma
4 PHASES of matter
significant attraction flow easily random evenly distributed gas particles diffusion effusion
Bcuz there are no _____ forces of ___ btw gas particles, gases ___ past another. This ____ motion allows gases to mix until they are ____. the movement of _____ past one another is called ____. the process of allwing a gas to escape from a more concentrated container is called ______.
Gas particles exert pressure when they collide with the walls of their container.
Describe pressure as it relates to the behavior of gases
mass per unit volume solids particles space
Gases hav low density (____ per __ ____) in comparsion to ____. the difference is partly due to the mass of the ____ and also bcuz there is a great deal of ____ btw gas particles so there are less particles.
Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647)
Italian physicst who was the 1st to demonstrate that air exerted pressure -designed barometer
proportional
KE is ______ to temperature
Kelvin =C = 273.15
SI unit for temp -no degree symbol
small no attrative repulsive
Size is very ______. It is assumed there are ____ significant ____ or ____ forces among gas particles.
manometer = used to measure gas in a closed container barometer = to measure atomshperic pressure
Whats the difference btw a barometer and a manometer?
Ludwig Boltsman and James Maxwell in 1860
Who derived kinetic molecular theory?
mass (m)
amount of matter in a substance -kg
dipole-dipole force
attraction btw oppsitevly charged regions of plar molecules
mean free path
average distance a molecule travels between collisions -oxygen collides with another molecule 4.5 × 10⁹ times a second
covalent
b of a = + nuclei and shared electrons (H₂)
metallic
b of a = metal cations and mobile electtrons (Fe)
dipole - dipole forces
b of a = oppositely charged regions of polar molecules
dispersion force
b of a = shifts in density of electrons in electron cloud
ionic
basis of attraction = cations and anions (NaCl)
fluid
can easily flow
intermolecular forces
can hold together identical particles such as water particles in a drop of H₂O
physical property
characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition
plasma
composed of electronsand posistive ions at very high temps
hydrogen bond
d-d attraction that occurs btw molecules containing a H atom bonded to a small, higjly electronegative atom with at least one lone electron pair
pressure
defined as force per unit area
kinetic-molecular theory
describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in motion
intramolecular forces
does not account for all attractions between particles
conserved mass velocity energy particle
energy is _____, it is assumed that ____ and ____ impact the ____ level of a gas _____.
one atomsphere
equAL to 760 mm Hg of 760 torr or 101.3 kPa -measures air pressure
one pascal
equal to a force of one newton per square meter -SI unit for pressure
gas
form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container, fill the container's entire volume, and is easily compressed
Greek word KAOS
gas comes from the word
solubility
increases with temp
barometer
instrument uised to measure atmospheric pressure
velocity (v)
m/s -speed and direction of motion
temp and mass
mean free path varies with
heat
measure of energy
temperature
measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter
KE
measured in Joules (J)
constant random staright hit an object
motion is _______ movig in a ____ pattern. It is assumed that gas particles move in a ___ path until they _____.
solubility
of a gas decreases with temp
elastic collision
one in which no kinetic energy is lost -example:when a ball hits a car
Robert hooke
preopsed the kinetic theory
related to concentration of gas
pressure of gas is
√molar mass B/ molar mass A
rate A/ rate B =
inversely proportional
rate of diffusion is ______________ t the weight of partciles because heavier particles hae a slower velocity
1 / √molar mass
rate of effusion =
pascal (Pa) 1 Pa = 1N ÷ m²
standard unit for pressure
Graham's law of effusion
states that the rate of effusion for a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass
Dalton's law of partial pressures
states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture
magnetohydrodynamics
study of plasma
Absolute zero
temp at which all molecular motion ceases - -273 degrees celsius or 0 K
diffusion
term used to describe the movement of one material through another -high concentration to low concentration
space compressed smaller stopped expand shape
the large amount of ____ btw gas particles allows them to be _____, or pushed, into a ___ volume. Once the oressure is ____, the particles ___ to the orginal _______ .
dispersion forces
weak forces that result from temporary shifts in the density of electrons inelectron clouds
composition (types of atoms present) and arrgenment (structure of the AToms)
what determines the chemical and physical properties of matter?
SMALLER
what moves faster - smaller or heavier particles??
inelastic collision
when they combine -car wreck and cars stick together