Chemistry Chapter 17

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specific heat capacity

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance 1 °C symbol- C unit- J/g x c

∆Hvap

Heat of vaporization which is heat required to change 1g of liquid to gas. Q= m x _____

the forward and reverse reactions are proceeding at the same rate

In a state of chemical equilibrium,

reverse reaction is favored

Keq<1

neither reaction is favored

Keq=1

forward reaction is favored

Keq>1

specific heat

Q=mXCX∆t What is C?

mass (grams)

Q=mXCX∆t What is m?

change in temperature

Q=mXCX∆t What is ∆t?

heat absorbed

Q=mXCX∆t what is Q?

phase diagram

a graph of pressure versus temperature that shows in which phase a substance exists under different conditions of temperature and pressure.

temperature

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. It doesn't depend on the amount of water in the sample. symbol-t unit is °C

reversible reaction

a reaction in which the product can react to form the reactant

activated complex

a short-lived, unstable arrangement of atoms that can break apart and reform the reactants or can form products; also sometimes referred to as the transition state.

catalyst

a substance that changes the rate of the reaction without being permanently altered

enzymes

act as catalysts in our body

no shift in equilibrium

addition of a catalyst, the system will shift....

away from added chemical

additionl of a chemical, the system will shift....

toward the side with the greater number of gas particles

decrease in pressure, the system will shift....

toward the source of energy

decrease in temperature, the system will shift....

Kinetic energy

energy in motion

endothermic

exothermic or endothermic? Kinetic energy is converted into potential energy

exothermic

exothermic or endothermic? combustion

endothermic

exothermic or endothermic? evaporation

endothermic

exothermic or endothermic? heat seems to disappear

exothermic

exothermic or endothermic? products are more stable than reactants

nature of the reactant, concentration of the reactants, temperature, catalyst, and surface area

factors affecting the reaction rate

∆Hfus

heat of fusion which is heat required to change 1g of solid to liquid. Q= m x _____

The enzymes lower the required energy for an effective collision

how is it possible for body sugars to burn inside your body at a normal body temperature?

toward the side with the smaller number of gas particles

increase in pressure, the system will shift....

away from the source of energy

increase in temperature, the system will shift....

lowering the amount of the energy to achieve effective collision

increase the rate of reaction by....

temperature of the reactant

increasing temperature of a reactant causes a more effective collision which increases the rate of the reaction

concentration of the reactants

increasing the concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions, which leads to an increased rate of reaction

increase the concentration of reactants which increases effective collision

increasing the pressure of the reactants (gas only)....

surface area of reactants

increasing the surface area causes a more effective collision which also increases the rate of the reaction

or is oxidized at normal body temperature, which is 37*C

inside our body sugar burns.......

Double arrows

means the equation is reversible

activation energy

minimum amount of energy required by reacting particles in order to form the activated complex and lead to a reaction.

only when temperatures are above 600*C

outside the body sugar burns......

collision theory

particles must first collide in an effective collision and the particles must collide with the correct orientation and the proper amount of energy.

endothermic

physical or chemical change in which a system absorbs heat from its surroundings. example- melting KE-> PE

exothermic

physical or chemical change in which system gives off heat to its surroundings. PE-> KE

toward the removed chemical

removal of a chemical, the system will shift....

brackets around a formula

represent concentration

Le Chatelier's Principle

states that when a stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, the system reacts to reduce the stress

potential energy

stored energy. Potential energy can't be measured, only the change of potential energy can be measured

reaction rates

the rate at which the reactants disappear and the products appear

systems and surroundings

the specific part of the universe containing the reaction or process being studied. Includes everything in the universe except the system.

nature of the reactants

the stability of the reactants, type of bonds involved, and the states of matter

chemical kinetics

the study of reaction rates

if the volume is decreased, the gas molecules are closer together and have a greater chance of making an effective collision

use the collision theory to explain: a mixture of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas reacts faster when the volume they occupy is decreased.

An increase in temperature causes the particles to move faster increasing the chance of an effective collision

use the collision theory to explain: an increase in temperature increases the reaction rate

Iron filings have a greater surface area than the nail, and this exposes a greater area of contact between the reactant

use the collision theory to explain: iron filings rust faster than iron wire

Reaction rates will determine how quickly products are formed. The faster products are formed, the higher the profit

use the collision theory to explain: why do you think that industrial chemists are concerned with reaction rates

rate

what is equal in a state of equilibrium?

product decreases and the reactants increase

when an equilibrium system shifts to the left....

product increases and the reactants decrease

when an equilibrium system shifts to the right....


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