Chemistry chapter 19

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molarity

the number of moles of a solute dissolved per liter of solution

water

the perfect example of an amphoteric substance

end point

the point at which the indicator used changes colors / different for each indicator

work

to return a system to an order form ____ must be done

conjugate acid and bases

2 substances related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single hydrogen ion

what is the pH of pure water

7

what is a hydronium ion

H3O+

formula for molarity

M= mol/L

titration

a method of determining the concentration of an acidic or basic solution by reacting it with a known volume and a known concentration

neutralization reaction

a reaction in which an acid or a base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt and water

neutral solution

a solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

acidic solution

a solution that contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

basic solution

a solution that contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

amphoteric

a substance that can act as both acids and bases

0-6.9

acidic

strong acid

an acid that completely ionizes in an aqueous solution ; produce maximum number of H+

example of buffers

aspirin has buffers to reduce acidity

7.1-14

basic

properties of bases

bitter ; slippery combines with acids in a neutralization reaction to produce salt and water turns red litmus paper blue conductor of electricity

sulfur dioxide

cause of acid rain in the east

acid--base indicators

chemical dyes whose colors are affected by the acidic or basic solutions

concentrated solution

contains a large amount of solute dissolved in a solution

supersaturated solution

contains more solute dissolved in a solution that would normally be dissolved at that temperature

dilute solution

contains small amount of solute dissolved in a solution

strong base

dissasosiates entirely into metal ions and hydroxide ions ; metal hydroxides are strong bases

lack of color in cars , monuments and leafs

effects of acid rain

sodium hydroxide

example of a strong base

vinegar

example of a weak acid

ammonia

example of a weak base

pOH= -log [HO-]

formula for pOH

neutral solution

has a pH of 7 and a pOH of 7 because the concentrations of acids and bases are equal

base

high pH means ___ is present

base

hydrogen acceptor

acid

hydrogen donor

increasing

in the universe entropy naturally _________

a salt

is an an ionic compound made up of the cation from a base and an ion from an acid

acid

low pH means _____ is present

7

neutral

weak acid

only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution

weak base

only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution

conjugate acid

produced when a base accepts a hydrogen from an acid

conjugate base

produced when an acid donates a hydrogen ion to a base

pH of a solution

the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration

examples of bases

soap , bleach, ammonia , lye , cleaning products

solution concentrations

solutions made of solute and solvent

buffer

solutions wich resist changes to the pH when limited amounts of an acid or base are added

properties of acids

sour reacts with metals to produce hydrogen gas and salts reacts with carbonate to produce CO2 gas turns blue litmus paper red conductor of electricity

reactants and catalysts

strong acids are essential in industry as _______ and _________

ordered to disordered

systems naturally go from _______ to ________

pH= -log [H+]

the formula for pH

more

the higher the kinetic energy the _____ entropy

basic

the higher the pH the more ______ the solution

acidic

the lower the pH the more _______ the solution

entropy

the measure of the disorder of a system

pOH of a solution

the negative log of the hydroxide ions concentration

examples of acids

vinegar , critic , ascorbic

bases

what are anti-acids made of

neutralizes acid

what does an anti-acid do

neutralizes excess acids and soil

what does lime do for farmers and water

gives off gas

what happens when an acid is added to limestone

reduces acidity

what is the effect of dumping lime into water

weak

when a base is added to water

strong

when an acid is added to water

to decompose food

why does stomach acid have to be high


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