Chemistry chapter 19
molarity
the number of moles of a solute dissolved per liter of solution
water
the perfect example of an amphoteric substance
end point
the point at which the indicator used changes colors / different for each indicator
work
to return a system to an order form ____ must be done
conjugate acid and bases
2 substances related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single hydrogen ion
what is the pH of pure water
7
what is a hydronium ion
H3O+
formula for molarity
M= mol/L
titration
a method of determining the concentration of an acidic or basic solution by reacting it with a known volume and a known concentration
neutralization reaction
a reaction in which an acid or a base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt and water
neutral solution
a solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
acidic solution
a solution that contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions
basic solution
a solution that contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions
amphoteric
a substance that can act as both acids and bases
0-6.9
acidic
strong acid
an acid that completely ionizes in an aqueous solution ; produce maximum number of H+
example of buffers
aspirin has buffers to reduce acidity
7.1-14
basic
properties of bases
bitter ; slippery combines with acids in a neutralization reaction to produce salt and water turns red litmus paper blue conductor of electricity
sulfur dioxide
cause of acid rain in the east
acid--base indicators
chemical dyes whose colors are affected by the acidic or basic solutions
concentrated solution
contains a large amount of solute dissolved in a solution
supersaturated solution
contains more solute dissolved in a solution that would normally be dissolved at that temperature
dilute solution
contains small amount of solute dissolved in a solution
strong base
dissasosiates entirely into metal ions and hydroxide ions ; metal hydroxides are strong bases
lack of color in cars , monuments and leafs
effects of acid rain
sodium hydroxide
example of a strong base
vinegar
example of a weak acid
ammonia
example of a weak base
pOH= -log [HO-]
formula for pOH
neutral solution
has a pH of 7 and a pOH of 7 because the concentrations of acids and bases are equal
base
high pH means ___ is present
base
hydrogen acceptor
acid
hydrogen donor
increasing
in the universe entropy naturally _________
a salt
is an an ionic compound made up of the cation from a base and an ion from an acid
acid
low pH means _____ is present
7
neutral
weak acid
only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution
weak base
only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution
conjugate acid
produced when a base accepts a hydrogen from an acid
conjugate base
produced when an acid donates a hydrogen ion to a base
pH of a solution
the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
examples of bases
soap , bleach, ammonia , lye , cleaning products
solution concentrations
solutions made of solute and solvent
buffer
solutions wich resist changes to the pH when limited amounts of an acid or base are added
properties of acids
sour reacts with metals to produce hydrogen gas and salts reacts with carbonate to produce CO2 gas turns blue litmus paper red conductor of electricity
reactants and catalysts
strong acids are essential in industry as _______ and _________
ordered to disordered
systems naturally go from _______ to ________
pH= -log [H+]
the formula for pH
more
the higher the kinetic energy the _____ entropy
basic
the higher the pH the more ______ the solution
acidic
the lower the pH the more _______ the solution
entropy
the measure of the disorder of a system
pOH of a solution
the negative log of the hydroxide ions concentration
examples of acids
vinegar , critic , ascorbic
bases
what are anti-acids made of
neutralizes acid
what does an anti-acid do
neutralizes excess acids and soil
what does lime do for farmers and water
gives off gas
what happens when an acid is added to limestone
reduces acidity
what is the effect of dumping lime into water
weak
when a base is added to water
strong
when an acid is added to water
to decompose food
why does stomach acid have to be high