Chemistry in Context 4.

In which example is the entropy of the initial state lower than the entropy of the final state?

A pot of water boils to produce water vapor at 100 degree C. Remember - Entropy is in the disorder. Solids have the least amount of entropy (as there is hardly any disorder), then it goes liquid with a little more entropy, and gas with the highest amount of entropy.

In which example is the entropy of the initial state lower than the entropy of the final state?

A pot of water boils to produce water vapor at 100 degrees C

B

Any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy a. has high activation energy. b. is an endothermic process. c. is an exothermic process. d. is a catalyzed process

Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect? Energy from the sun is reflected back into the atmosphere. Energy from the sun is absorbed by the earth. Energy from the sun is absorbed by the atmosphere. Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere.

Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere

Which is a correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics? Entropy of the universe is constantly increasing. Nature allows the conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy, but not vice versa. Heat is the only form of energy that can be converted into work with 100% efficiency. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change form.

Entropy of the universe is constantly increasing.

Which is a correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics?

Entropy of the universe is constantly increasing. Remember - the law specifically explains the fact that the entropy of an isolated system is always increasing.

The measure of how much energy is dispersed in a given process is called the?

Entropy. Remember - This is in relation to the 2nd law of thermodynamics.

Assume that an extremely inefficient electrical utility company delivers electrical energy to your home from a natural gas-burning power plant with an overall efficiency of only 31% and your furnace is 85% efficient in converting electrical energy into heat energy. What mass of natural gas the power plant must burn if heating your home requires 3.5 107 kJ? The heat of combustion of natural gas is 50.1 kJ/g. A. 2650 kg B. 8550 kg C. 2250 kg D. 10,100 kg

A. 2650 kg ( You should find the energy required at 100% efficiency then scale up to the higher number required due to the inefficient plant. That is the number to use to convert to amount of fuel needed. )

In the year 2000, which two energy sources contributed almost equally to our total energy usage.

Coal and Natural Gas.

To what degree is coal implicated in CO2 emissions?

Coal combustion produces more CO2 per kilojoule of heat released than either petroleum or natural gas. As of 2009, coal combustion accounted for about 40% of global CO2emissions.

What types of grades of coal are there?

Coal occurs in varying grades, but all grades are better fuels than wood because they contain a higher percentage of carbon and a lower percentage of oxygen

Which is an advantage of using coal over petroleum as a source of energy in the United States?

Coal reserves in the United States are far greater than petroleum reserves.

Smokestacks at these plants release sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide into the air.

Coal-Burning Plants

The major source of energy in the Unites States during the years of 1900 to 1950 was?

Coal.

Why is the mileage a vehicle gets less when burning E85 than 100% gasoline?

Ethanol has a lower heat combustion.

B

Combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with______ to release energy and form products. a. nitrogen b. oxygen c. methane d. hydrogen

B

Compounds with the same molecular formulas but different molecular structures are called a. isotopes. b. isomers. c. isobars. d. allotropes.

Which of these statements about biodiesel is not true?

Biodiesel has been withdrawn from several states due to health concerns

Which of these statements about biodiesel is not true?

Biodiesel has been withdrawn from several states due to health concerns. Remember - Biodiesel is made from renewable resources, can be used in diesel engines, and is non toxic.

The general term for plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops, or other biological material is...

Biomass

The general term for plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultral crops, or other biological material is

Biomass.

The first law of thermodynamics states that?

Energy is neither created nor destroyed. Remember - This could also be called the "conversion of energy."

The diagram below shows a simplified version of a factioining column used in the petroleum industry. The position marked _______ corresponds to the cracker where large molecules are broken into smaller ones.

C

What is the chemical formula for coal?

C135H96O9NS

Although carbon dioxide is the primary compound discussed with respect to global warming; of the common atmospheric components the global warming potential (GWP) of a carbon dioxide molecule is very low. Which statement best explains this pair of facts? CO2 molecules are highly symmetrical. CO2 has a low molar mass. CO2 exists in relatively high concentrations. CO2 is formed in the combustion of fossil fuels.

CO2 exists in relatively high concentrations.

What is in coal?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

Most of the electricity in the U.S. is produced by converting the energy in fossil fuels to electricity. Fill in the different types of energy along the path of this transformation. _____________ ----------> Burner -----> ____________ -------->Turbine-------> _____________ -----------> Generator ----------> ____________

Chemical potential energy (fuel molecules); kinetic energy; mechanical energy; electrical energy

A

According to current estimates, the fuel in greatest abundance on earth is a.coal. b natural gas. c petroleum. d uranium.

The energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction is called the?

Activation Energy. Remember - Enzymes and Catalysts can decrease the activation energy of a reaction.

The "doping" of a semiconductor to improve its performance means

Adding small amounts of other elements to the pure semiconductor to change the freedom of electron motion throughout the crystal.

B

Advertising claims sometimes state that adding something mechanical to a car's engine will allow it to recover 100% of the energy that comes from burning gasoline. You should be skeptical of such claims because they violate the a. first law of thermodynamics. b. second law of thermodynamics. c. law of conservation of matter. d. activation energy requirements of all chemical reactions

In their fourth and most recent report published in 2007, the vast majority of scientists agreed on several key points. Which of the following is NOT one of those points? If the rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not curtailed, our water resources, food supply, and even our health will suffer. Human activities (primarily the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation) are responsible for much of the recent warming. The Earth is getting warmer. All of the above were mentioned as key points.

All of the above were mentioned as key points.

B

Alternative energy sources are currently being researched in effort to replace our dependence on fossil fuels. Which is not a current research effort in this regard? a. obtaining alternative fuels from renewable sources such as garbage b. reintroducing the use of tetraethyl lead to increase the octane rating of gasoline c. converting coal into gaseous and liquid fuels similar to petroleum products d. increasing the use of farm product biomass, such as corn, to produce ethanol.

Which factor did NOT play a major role in the formation of fossil fuels from plant matter?

An abundance of sunlight. Remember - fossil fuels were formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.

Which is produced in the greatest amount from a barrel of petroleum? asphalt and road oil gasoline home heating oil lubricants and waxes

gasoline

_______________ is a byproduct of biodiesel production, which has applications, or can be converted to other alcohols.

glycerol

octet rule

have a share in 8 outer electrons

____________ is energy that flows from a hotter to a colder object

heat

In an exothermic chemical reaction

heat is released as the reaction proceeds.

The _____________________ is the quantity of heat that is given off when a specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen

heat of combustion

_________________ is a consequence of motion at the molecular level, whereas ___________________ is a measure of the average speed of that motion.

heat; temperature

What is bituminous?

high grade of coal

What is anthracite?

highest grade of coal

alkanes

hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms

Definition of alakanes:

hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms

Petroleum (crude oil) is a complex mixture of thousands of substances, the majority of which are

hydrocarbons.

isomer

molecules with the same molecular formula but with different chemical structures and different properties

in exothermic, the reactants have _________ energy and the products have ___________ energy in comparison

more (potential) energy; less (potential) energy

What is a safer version of mining?

mountaintop mining

work is _________________

movement against a force work = force x distance

Fuel and oxidizer are considered what in combustion?

reactants

Alternative energy sources are currently being researched in effort to replace our dependence on fossil fuels. Which is not a current research effort in this regard? obtaining alternative fuels from renewable sources such as garbage reintroducing the use of tetraethyl lead to increase the octane rating of gasoline converting coal into gaseous and liquid fuels similar to petroleum products increasing the use of farm product biomass, such as corn, to produce ethanol.

reintroducing the use of tetraethyl lead to increase the octane rating of gasoline

Which law of thermodynamics states that the entropy, or randomness, of the universe is increasing?

second

A

In the petroleum industry, what does a refinery do? a.It separates crude oil into fractions consisting of compounds with similar boiling points. b. It separates crude oil from the coal with which it is almost always found. c. It mixes natural gas or coal with crude oil in order to remove the impurities from the crude oil. d. It produces the machinery by which crude oil is removed from the ground

How do temperature and activation energy relate to affect a reaction?

Increasing temperature provides particles with more kinetic energy, so the activation energy is more easily overcome.

The energy of motion is called _________ energy.

Kinetic. Remember - Potential energy is the energy that is being stored.

What international agreement attempted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Kyoto Protocol Montreal Protocol Oslo Accords Nuremburg Treaty

Kyoto Protocol

D

Over the very long run, the energy source that has the greatest potential to meet humanity's needs is a. coal. b. hydropower. c. renewable biomass. d. solar (the sun).

C

Oxygenated gasolines are blends of petroleum-derived compounds with oxygen-containing compounds. Which of the following oxygenated compounds has been discontinued in some states because of potential health risks? a.ethanol b. methanol c. MTBE d. methane

C

In a refinery, the components of petroleum are separated by a. combustion reactions. b. crystallization. c. fractional distillation. d. isomerization.

In a refinery, the components of petroleum are separated by...

Fractional Distillation

In a refinery, the components of petroleum are separated by

Fractional Distillation Remember - Fractional Distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions.

Which of the following is not a step in fractional distillation of crude oil?

Fractions are mixed with natural gas to enrich the hydrocarbon content (Remember that this process starts with the whole oil fraction and separates it.)

Which of the following is NOT a step in fractional distillation of crude oil?

Fractions are mixed with natural gas to enrich the hydrocarbon content. Remember - Steps include: the oil being pumped into a large vessel and heated, the compounds vaporize as the temperature increases, and after the gas phase, compounds travel up the tall distillation tower.

Which example is both a type of nuclear radiation and electromagnetic radiation?

Gamma Radiation

In general, a modern plug-in hybrid vehicle is less polluting than a standard vehicle because it runs on both a

Gasoline engine and an electric motor run by a rechargeable battery.

A gasoline's octane rating is a measure of the

Gasoline's resistance to causing knocking in a vehicle's engine.

Which is produced in the greatest amount in the greatest amount from a barrel of petroleum?

Gasoline.

Cracking is

The breaking of larger molecules into smaller ones. Remember - This is one of the major catalyst in the Petroleum refining process.

Semiconductors are more effective than metals as converters of solar radiation into electricity because

The energy contained in sunlight gives the valence electrons in the semiconductor atoms the extra energy they need to "flow" throughout the solid.

C

The energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction is called the a.heat of combustion. b.bond energy. c.activation energy. d. renewable energy.

D

The energy of motion is called _____ energy: a. electrical b. mechanical c. potential d. kinetic

C

The energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of ____ energy a. electrical b. mechanical c. potential d. kinetic

A

The energy that flows from warmer body to a colder body is called: a. heat b. temperature c. Potential d. work

second law of thermodynamics

The entropy (randomness) of the universe is increasing.

What is the primary determinant of the voltage developed by a battery?

The nature of the materials in the reaction

Why is soft lignite, brown coal, the lowest grade coal?

The plant matter from which it originated underwent the least amount of change, and its chemical composition is similar to that of wood or peat. Consequently, the amount of energy released when lignite is burned is only slightly greater than that of wood

The conclusion that it is impossible to completely convert heat into work without making other changes in the universe is?

The second law of thermodynamics. (Remember - There is no perfect machine.)

The conclusion that it is impossible to completely convert heat into work without making other changes in the universe is?

The second law of thermodynamics. Remember - There is no perfect machine.

What do the components of coal come from?

The smaller amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur come from the ancient plant material and other substances present when the plants were buried

What are the drawbacks to coal?

Underground mining dangerous and expensive, acid mine damage makes water uninhabitable and not potable, dirty fuel (mercury and soot), produces carbon dioxide

What is chemically removing SO2 before it goes up the smokestack called? How is this done?

Wet scrubbing. This is accomplished by reacting the SO2 with a mixture of ground limestone and water.

What is the relationship between oxygen and energy?

Generally speaking, the more oxygen a fuel contains, the less energy per gram it releases on combustion. In other words, oxygen-containing fuels lie lower on the potential energy scale

The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere is: CO2 H2O vapor N2 CH4

H2O vapor

The energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body is called

Heat

How is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant?

Heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine

How is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant? Heat warms wires causing electrons to move through them more rapidly. Heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine. Heat warms the fins on a turbine, causing them to spin. Heat generates strong magnetic fields through which the wires of a turbine move.

Heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine.

How is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant?

Heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine. Remember - A power station is just a thing that converts fuel to energy.

In an exothermic chemical reaction

Heat is released as the reaction proceeds. Remember - "Exo" means out of.

Which source of renewable energy has seen the greatest growth in the last decade?

Wind

Soft lignite (brown coal) is the lowest grade of coal. Since it has undergone the least change since burial, its chemical composition - and hence its heat of combustion - is most similar to that of

Wood.

calorimeter

a device used to experimentally measure the quantity of heat energy released in a combustion reaction

The energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body is called?

Heat. Remember - Temperature tells about the direction of heat.

B

How is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant? a.Heat warms wires causing electrons to move through them more rapidly. b.Heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine. c. Heat warms the fins on a turbine, causing them to spin. d. Heat generates strong magnetic fields through which the wires of a turbine move.

Which conclusion was considered "very likely" in the 2007 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change? Human-caused emissions are the main factor causing warming since 1950. The observed warming of the past 100 years is due solely to climate variability. The Arctic Sea ice thickness decreased approximately 40% during late summer/early fall. Summer droughts have increased.

Human-caused emissions are the main factor causing warming since 1950.

Petroleum (crude oil) is a complex mixture of thousands of substances, the majority of which are

Hydrocarbons

Petroleum (crude oil) is a complex mixture of thousands of substances, the majority of which are

Hydrocarbons Remember - Hydrocarbons are a compound of both hydrogen and carbon, and make up the majority of both Petroleum and Natural Gas.

Which equation best represents the reduction half-reaction within the galvanic cell shown below?

I

Identify possible consequences of global warming. I. A rise in sea level II. An increase in average relative humidity III. An increase in forest growth in the Northern Hemisphere IV. A weakening of ocean currents I and III only I and IV only I, II, and IV only I, II, III, and IV

I, II, III, and IV

In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models? I. Cooling effect of atmospheric aerosols II. Smoke, haze, and cloud cover III. Change in land use IV. Combustion of fossil fuels IV only II and III only III and IV only I, II, III, and IV

I, II, III, and IV

Which increases the efficiency of a photovoltaic or solar cell? I. Replacing crystalline silicon with its non-crystalline form II. Increasing the number of alternating p- and n-type layers of semiconductors III. Decreasing the thickness of each alternating p- and n-type layer of semiconductor

I, II, and III

Which argument(s) for the increasing use of solar energy is/are valid? I. Solar cells are becoming cheaper and increasingly more efficient II. The cost of generating electricity from fossil fuels is increasing III. Limited and uncertain supply and the increasing requirements for pollution control are raising the cost of using fossil fuels

I,II, and III

Which substances are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol? I. argon II. carbon dioxide III. nitrogen IV. nitrous oxide V. sulfur hexafluoride I, II, and III only I and III only II, IV, and V only II and V only

II,IV, and V

Which equation represents the whole chemical reaction within the galvanic cell shown below?

III

A chemical reaction accompanied by a release of energy is called a/an ________ reaction.

Exothermic

A chemical reaction accompanied by a release of energy is called a/an _______ reaction.

Exothermic Remember - "Exo" means out of.

T/F: the energy that is lost through entropy sometimes allows a system to be 100% efficient.

FALSE. This is the small amount of energy that is lost and *never allows any system to be 100% efficient.

Which of the following are ways that aerosols may affect climate? Scattering incoming radiation Nucleation of clouds Absorbing incoming radiation All of the above

all of the above

bond energy

amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a specific chemical bond

A _______________ lowers the activation energy for a reaction by providing an alternate pathway. This causes the reaction to proceed faster than an uncatalyzed process.

catalyst

During petroleum refining, catalysts play an extremely important role during the cracking and reforming processes. environmental cleanup of oil wells. extraction of the oil from the earth. physical separation of the various components of the petroleum.

cracking and reforming process

During petroleum refining, catalysts play an extremely important role during the

cracking and reforming processes.

A process of separating out various compounds by heating them to their boiling points, collecting the vapor and condensing it

distillation

The process by which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected is known as

distillation.

Definition of Alkenes:

feature at least one double bond, and alkynes contain at least one triple bond

What is the lowest grade of carbon?

soft lignite, or brown coal

Over the very long run, the energy source that has the greatest potential to meet humanity's needs is coal. hydropower. renewable biomass. solar (the sun).

solar

condensed structural formula

some bonds are not shown rather the structural formula is understood to contain an appropriate number of bonds

potential energy

stored energy of the energy of position

Molecules with linear structures have stronger/weaker?? London dispersion forces. This corresponds to higher/lower?? boiling points than their linear isomers.

stronger; higher

catalytic reforming

the atoms within a molecule are rearranged

definition of energy

the capacity to do work

combustion

the chemical process of burning the reaction of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light

greenhouse effect

the natural process by which atmospheric gases trap a major portion (80%) of the infrared radiation radiated by earth

The O-to-O-to-O bond angle in an ozone (O3) molecule is not exactly 120° because ozone molecules are linear so the bond angle is 180°. ozone molecules are tetrahedral so the bond angle is approximately 109°. the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs. the electrons in the double bond occupy more space that the nonbonding electron pair.

the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs.

anaerobic bacteria

those that can function without the use of molecular oxygen

Fracking is used to obtain what from what?

to obtain natural gas or petroleum from hard rock formations such as shales

Determine the shape or geometry of PH3. (Hint: Use the Periodic Table to arrive at the electron configuration for phosphorous.) tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal bent trigonal planar

trigonal pyramid

Oil is not found in underground pools, but where?

within the pores of geologic rock formations such as sandstone.

The conclusion that it is impossible to completely convert heat into work without making other changes in the universe is based on erroneous observations. the concept that increasing entropy characterizes all changes in the universe. another way of stating that all energy is either thermal energy or heat. the second law of thermodynamics.

the second law of thermodynamics

Do HW #5 Question 6 - figure it out!!!

Do HW #5 Question 6 - figure it out!!!

First law of thermodynamics

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be transformed from one form to another.

What sort of energy is associated with energy from wind?

Kinetic Energy

Combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with _____ to release energy and form products.

Nitrogen.

Waste created at these power plans must be stored indefinitely.

Nuclear Plants

Combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with ________ to release energy and form products.

OXYGEN

Which of the following has the highest boiling point?

Octane. Remember - This is about 257 degree F.

The energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of ________ energy.

Potential

The energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of _______ energy.

Potential. Remember - Kinetic is the energy of motion while potential energy is being stored.

Which is a common characteristic of both nuclear and conventional electric power plants?

Steam Turbines

The energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction is called the __________

activation energy

the energy necessary to initiate a chemical reaction

activation energy

A single serving bag of snack chips contains 79.0 Cal. Assuming that all of the energy from eating these chips goes toward keeping your heart beating, how many hours can these chips sustain a heartbeat of 78 beats per minute? Note: 1 Cal = 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ and each heartbeat requires approximately 1 J of energy.

answer: 71 hours (see notes for how-to)

climate mitigation

any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the long term risk and hazards of climate change to human life, property, or the environment

exothermic

any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat

endothermic

any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen absorb heat radiated by Earth. atmospheric nitrogen absorbs ultraviolet radiation radiated by Earth atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth. greenhouse gases absorb ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, warming the molecules.

atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth.

If it takes more energy to break bonds than form new ones, then the reaction is __________________ overall

endothermic

___________: the heat added to reactants is greater than the heat evolved by formation of products

endothermic

_______________ reaction = positive energy difference

endothermic

A calorie is defined as exactly 4.184 J. Therefore 1.000 Cal is exactly?

4184 J. 1 cal = 1000 Cal

definition of kinetic energy

energy due to movement

definition of potential energy:

energy due to position or composition (stored energy)

Which is produced in the greatest amount from a barrel of petroleum?

gasoline

Find the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O. 29.02 g/mol 45.06 g/mol 46.07 g/mol 110.0 g/mol

46.07 g/mol

The energy of motion is called _________ energy. electrical mechanical potential kinetic

kinetic

Which of the following is not a "clean coal" technology already in use?

"Sequestration" to capture and store CO2 before it is emitted into the atmosphere (Remember that clean coal is about reduction of pollution, not greenhouse gases)

Consider these three compounds. (1) H6C2O1, (2) H4C1O1, (3) H6C2O1. Which are isomers?

1 and 3 only. Remember - an isomer is a compound with the same chemical formulas, but they have the ability to create different molecular structures.

Which of the following is NOT a "clean coal" technology already in use?

"Sequestration" to capture and store CO2 before it is emitted into the atmosphere. Remember - Technology already in use include: coal washing, gasification, and wet scrubbing.

For similar light intensity, compact fluorescent bulbs use about 25% of the energy of incandescent bulbs. Let's say you replaced a bulb of 75 W with a fluorescent bulb and that your utility charges $0.15/kW-hour. How many dollars would you save in electricity in the 10,000−hour lifetime of the bulb?

$84.37 (see notes for how-to)

Given the following reaction what is the energy of this reaction: N2 + O2 ⟹ 2NO? Use the following bond energies N≡N = 946 kJ/mol, O=O = 498 kJ/mol; N=O = 607 kJ/mol

+230 kJ (endothermic)

What energy change is associated with the reaction to obtain one mole of H2 from one mole of water vapor? The balanced equation is 2 H2O(g) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) and the relevant bond energies are: H — H = 436 kJ/mol; H — O = 467 kJ/mol; O — O = 146 kJ/mol; OO = 498 kJ/mol.

+249 kJ

Use the equation to help you calculate the heat of combustion of ethylene, C2H4. The bond energies are: C - H 416 kJ/mol; C - C 356 kJ/mol; C = C 598 kJ/mol; O = O 498 kJ/mol; C = O 803 kJ/mol; H - O 467 kJ/mol.

-1324 kJ/mol.

Use the equation to help you calculate the heat of combustion of ethylene, C2H4. The bond energies are: C H 416 kJ/mol; C C 356 kJ/mol; CC 598 kJ/mol; OO 498 kJ/mol; CO 803 kJ/mol; H — O 467 kJ/mol. The heat of combustion of ethylene is _________________

-1324 kJ/mol. (remember it's reactants - products)

Consider the following equation that describes the complete combustion of propane. The bond energies are: C — H 416 kJ/mol; C — C 356 kJ/mol; O O 498 kJ/mol; C O 803 kJ/mol; H — O 467 kJ/mol. Which is the net energy released on complete combustion of propane?

-2024 kJ/ mol

Consider the following equation that describes the complete combustion of propane. The bond energies are: C H 416 kJ/mol; C C 356 kJ/mol; O O 498 kJ/mol; C O 803 kJ/mol; H O 467 kJ/mol. Which is the net energy released on complete combustion of propane?

-2024 kJ/mol.

Consider the following equation that describes the complete combustion of propane, C3H8. The bond energies are: C H 416 kJ/mol; C C 356 kJ/mol; O O 498 kJ/mol; C O 803 kJ/mol; H O 467 kJ/mol. Which is the amount of energy gained on making all the bonds in carbon dioxide and water according to the equation?

-8554 kJ/mol.

The following molecules contain only single bonds. NH3(g) + 3F2(g) → NF3(g) + 3 HF(g) The bond energies are: N — H 391 kJ/mol; F — F 158 kJ/mol; N — F 272 kJ/mol; H — F 566 kJ/mol. Which is the heat evolved or absorbed per mole of NH3 that reacts with F2?

-867 kJ/mol (Remember - take the sum of all bonds formed minus all bonds broken aka reactants - products)

The following molecules contain only single bonds. NH3(g) + 3F2(g) → NF3(g) + 3 HF(g) The bond energies are: N - H 391 kJ/mol; F - F 158 kJ/mol; N - F 272 kJ/mol; H - F 566 kJ/mol. Which is the heat evolved or absorbed per mole of NH3 that reacts with F2?

-867 kJ/mol.

What is the best grade of coal?

. Anthracite has a relatively high carbon content and a low sulfur content, both of which make it the most desirable grade of coal. Unfortunately, the deposits of anthracite are relatively small, and the supply of it in the United States is almost exhausted.

Consider these three compounds (1)H12C5 (2) H10C4 (3)H12C5. Which are isomers?

1 and 3 only. Remember- an isomer is a compound with the same chemical formulas, but they have the ability to create different molecular structures.

1 kilocalorie = ????J or ????? Cal

1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories (cal) = 1 Ca; (1 dietary carlorie) 1 calorie = 4.184 J

The United States production of petroleum has steadily decreased since

1985. Remember - The coal reserves are far greater than the petroleum reserves.

List examples of exothermic processes: (4)

1. a mammal metabolizing food 2. the reaction in a chemical "hot pack" for warming hands in winter 3. burning candle 4. setting off a firework

List examples of endothermic processes: (4)

1. water evaporating 2. the reaction in a chemical "cold pack" for treating injuries 3. ice melting photosynthesis -- plants using sunlight to turn CO2 into plant material

Rank the grades of coal by their relative desirabilities, starting with the most desirable coal at the top of the list

1.) anthracite 2.) bituminous 3.) lignite

According to the label on a soft drink, one serving provides 145 kcal. If all of this energy is used to lift 1.0 kg blocks, how many blocks can be lifted 6.0 meters?

1.0 x 10^4 blocks (see notes for how-to)

Calculate the mass of 25,000 molecules of nitrogen gas. (1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules) 5.81 × 10-19 g 1.16 × 10-18 g 7.00 × 105 g 5.38 × 1026 g

1.16 × 10-18 g

Calculate the mass of 2.50 × 104 molecules of nitrogen gas. 5.81 × 10¯19 g 1.16 × 10¯18 g 7.00 × 105 g 5.38 × 1026 g

1.16x10-18g

What percentage of a radioactive isotope would remain after three half-lives?

12.5 percent

The net United States import of petroleum drastically decreased during the years

1977 to 1982. Remember - Petroleum has also steadily decreased since 1985.

A coal-burning power plant generates electrical power at a rate of 250 megawatts (MW), or 2.50 × 108 J/s. The plant has an overall efficiency of 37% for the conversion of heat to electricity. Given this efficiency, how much heat energy in joules is produced in one year of operation??

2.1 x 10^16 J (see notes for how-to)

How many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd) atoms? 1.61 × 1024 6.02 × 1023 2.26 × 1023 2.12 × 1021

2.26 × 1023

Approximately what percentage of the electrical energy generated in the United States is produced from nuclear energy?

20 percent

The energy equivalent of a certain cheeseburger is approximately 525 Cal. Since 1 Cal is 4.184 kJ this corresponds to?

2200 kJ 525 Cal x 4.184 kJ = 2196 (2200) kJ

The energy equivalent of a certain cheeseburger is approximately 525 Cal. Since 1 Cal is 4.184 kJ this corresponds to

2200 kJ (2,916.6 ~ 2,200 kJ)

Octane (C8H18) is one of the principal components of gasoline. How many moles of CO2 are produced during the combustion of 3.0 mol of octane? Unbalanced equation: C8H18 + O2 → CO2 + H2O 3.0 8.0 24 26

24

If you have 200.0 g of radioisotope with a half-life of 5 days, how much isotope would remain after 15 days?

25.0 g

Assume that an extremely inefficient electrical utility company delivers electrical energy to your home from a natural gas-burning power plant with an overall efficiency of only 31% and your furnace is 85% efficient in converting electrical energy into heat energy. What mass of natural gas the power plant must burn if heating your home requires 3.5 × 107 kJ? The heat of combustion of natural gas is 50.1 kJ/g.

2650 kg

For the compound FeCl3, what is the oxidation state of Fe?

3+

Hydrogen gas (H2) is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. How many molecules are present in 1.0 kg of hydrogen gas? 3.0 × 1023 6.0 × 1023 3.0 × 1026 6.0 × 1026

3.0 × 1026

Although coal is a complex mixture of substances, its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96O9NS. Using this formula, predict the amount of CO2 released from the combustion of 1.00 × 106 metric tons of coal (about the annual average for a coal-fired power plant). 1 metric ton = 1 × 103 kg 3.66 × 109 kg 3.11 × 109 kg 8.50 × 108 kg 3.11 × 105 kg

3.11 × 109 kg

If a particular utility burned 8.00 million tons of coal that was 2.00% sulfur by weight, how many tons of sulfur dioxide was emitted?

3.20 x 10^5 ton SO2 (see notes for how to)

Calculate the amount of energy that is saved by replacing a 75-watt incandescent light bulb with an 18-watt fluorescent bulb during the 1500-hour life of the incandescent bulb. One watt is the equivalent of one joule of energy used per second.

308,000 kJ (18 x 1500 x 3600) - (17 x 1500 x 3600) = 308,000,000

Calculate the amount of energy that is saved by replacing a 75-watt incandescent light bulb with an 18-watt fluorescent bulb during the 1500-hour life of the incandescent bulb. One watt is the equivalent of one joule of energy used per second. 308,000 kJ 405,000 kJ 97,200 kJ 27 kJ

308,000 kj

LP gas (liquid propane, C3H8) is the fuel used in gas grills as well as a main source of heat energy for many rural residences. What is the mass of 5.83 × 1017 molecules of liquid propane? 2.57 × 1019 g 6.41 × 1018 g 4.27 × 10¯5 g 6.89 × 10¯7 g

4.27 × 10¯5 g

As of 2007, what is the maximum efficiency of a multijunction solar cell?

40 percent

Petroleum generates about ______-______% more energy per gram than coal

40-60%

Consider the following equation that describes the complete combustion of propane, C3H8. The bond energies are: C H 416 kJ/mol; C C 356 kJ/mol; O O 498 kJ/mol; C O 803 kJ/mol; H O 467 kJ/mol. Which is the total amount of energy required to break all of the bonds in propane?

4040 kJ/mol

Consider the following equation that describes the complete combustion of propane, C3H8. The bond energies are: C H 416 kJ/mol; C C 356 kJ/mol; O O 498 kJ/mol; C O 803 kJ/mol; H O 467 kJ/mol. Which is the total amount of energy required to break all of the bonds in propane?

4040 kJ/mol.

A calorie is defined as exactly 4.184 J. Therefore 1.000 Cal is exactly 41.84 J. 418.4 J. 1000 J. 4184 J.

4184 J

A calorie is defined as exactly 4.184 J. Therefore 1.000 Cal is exactly

4184 J (Remember that a Cal = 1000 cal or 1000kJ)

Mercury (Hg) is present in trace amounts in coal, ranging from 50 to 200 ppb. A typical power plant burns 1.8 million tons of coal per year. Calculate tons of mercury in the coal based on the lower (50 ppb) and higher (200 ppb) concentrations. Mercury at 50ppb = _________ tons Hg Mercury at 200 pub = ________ tons Hg

50 ppb = 0.09 tons Hg 200 ppb = 0.36 tons Hg

The heat of combustion of ethane, C2H6, is 1560 kJ/mol. What is the heat of combustion of ethane, in kJ per gram?

51.9 kJ/g. 1560 / ((2 x 12.01) + (6 x 1.01))

If a snack cake contains 450 food Calories and Dr. Wattenburger is able to burn 250 Calories by running for one-half an hour, how lunch must she run to completely burn off the snack cake?

54 Minutes. 450 / (250 / 30) = 54

If a snack cake contains 450 food Calories and Dr. Wattenburger is able to burn 250 Calories by running for one-half an hour, how long must she run to completely burn off the snack cake? 54 minutes 18 minutes 1.21 hours You can't tell

54 minutes

avogadros number

6.02x10^23

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years. If you started with 100.0 g of carbon-14, how much would remain after 4 half-lives?

6.25g

In this figure, the energy difference (in kJ/) for each fuel is its energy content. Calculate the energy content of methane in kJ/mol. Express your answer as a positive number. Energy difference for methane = -50.1 kJ/g methane = CH4

8.04 x 10^2

The heat of combustion of methane, CH4, is 50.1 kJ/g. How much meat would be generated if 1.00 mol of methane undergoes complete combustion?

804 kJ. (12.01 + (4 x 1.01)) x 50.1

The heat of combustion of methane, CH4, is 50.1 kJ/g. How much heat would be generated if 1.00 mol of methane undergoes complete combustion? 0.32 kJ 3.12 kJ 601 kJ 804 kJ

804kj

he greenhouse and enhanced greenhouse effects refer to the return of approximately ___ percent and greater than ___ percent of the heat radiated by Earth. 40; 40 50; 50 60; 60 80; 80

80;80

How much carbon is in coal?

85%

Consider the following equation that describes the complete combustion of propane, C3H8. The bond energies are: C H 416 kJ/mol; C C 356 kJ/mol; O O 498 kJ/mol; C O 803 kJ/mol; H O 467 kJ/mol. Which is the amount of energy gained on making all the bonds in carbon dioxide and water according to the equation?

8554 kJ/ mol

Chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy in

A Galvanic Cell

Which of these is not a realistic risk associated with nuclear power plants?

A Nuclear Explosion

D

A calorie is defined as exactly 4.184 J. Therefore 1.000 Cal is exactly a. 41.84J b. 418.4 J c. 1000 J D. 4184 J Remember that 1 Cal = 1000 calories

c

A chemical reaction accompanied by a release of energy is called a/an ______ reaction. a.endothermic b.catalyzed c.exothermic d. fast

A

A gasoline's octane rating is a measure of the a.gasoline's resistance to causing knocking in a vehicle's engine. b. pollutants produced by burning the gasoline in a vehicle's engine. c. energy content of the gasoline. d. purity of the gasoline.

Which feature or process is unique to nuclear power plants when compared to conventional coal-burning power plants?

Control Rods

During petroleum refining, catalysts play an extremely important role during the

Cracking and Reforming Process. Remember - The process of breaking higher hydrocarbons with high boiling points into a variety of lower hydrocarbons that are more volatile (low boiling) and Reforming involves the conversion of open chain (aliphatic) hydrocarbons and/or cycloalkanes in the presence of a catalyst.

A

Cracking is a. the breaking of larger molecules into smaller ones. b. the combination of small molecules to form larger molecules. c. any reaction that is accompanied by the release of heat. d. any reaction that is accompanied by the absorption of heat.

In this electrochemical cell, the reduction half reaction is

Cu2+(aq) + 2 e¯ → Cu(s)

Which is a fossil fuel? A. wood B. uranium C. ethanol D. natural gas

D. natural gas

Both the Clinton and G.W. Bush administrations were unwilling to sign the Kyoto Protocol. What was their primary objection to the treaty? The target emission levels are not sufficiently low to affect the greenhouse effect. The treaty does not include a provision for trading emission allowances. Developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions. Enforcement of the treaty will be impossible.

Developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of using coal for energy production? Mountaintop mining Mercury in fly ash Mining explosions Difficult transportation due to instability

Difficult transportation due to instability

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of using coal for energy production?

Difficult transportation due to instability. Remember - Drawbacks include: mountaintop mining, mercury in fly fish, and mining explosions.

The process by which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected is known as

Distillation

The process by which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected is known as

Distillation Remember - Distillation is the act of purifying liquid liquid by heating and cooling.

A

During petroleum refining, catalysts play an extremely important role during the a.cracking and reforming processes. b. environmental cleanup of oil wells. c. extraction of the oil from the earth. d. physical separation of the various components of the petroleum

In the famous equation E = mc2, the symbols represent...

E = energy, m = mass, c = speed of light

Which group of economies is predicted to have the larges consumption in 2025?

Emerging Economies. Remember - Emerging Economies is when the economy is moving towards advancement.

B

In a typical power plant, the combustion of a fuel is used to boil water. The steam then causes a turbine to spin. At this stage, the potential energy of the fuel has been transformed into _________ energy of the spinning turbine. a.kinetic b.mechanical c. electrical d.potential

C

In an exothermic chemical reaction: a. the mass of the products is greater than the mass of reactants b. the mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants c. heat is released as the reaction proceeds d. Heat is absorbed as the reaction proceeds

Any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

Is an endothermic process. Remember - "Endo" means into.

Based on this reaction, and its energy profile, CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) the reaction (Image is of energy (heat) being released).

Is exothermic. Remember - "Exo" means out of, and "Endo" means into.

Compounds with the same chemical formulas, but different molecular structure are called

Isomers.

What is the effect of the absorption of infrared energy on matter? It excites bonding electrons. It increases molecular rotation. It breaks chemical bonds. It increases the vibration of chemical bonds.

It increases the vibration of chemical bonds.

Which is not a known advantage of natural gas over other fossil fuels? It burns more completely than other fossil fuels. It burns more cleanly than other fossil fuels. It is far more abundant than any other fossil fuel. Sulfur dioxide is rarely produced by burning natural gas.

It is far more abundant than any other fossil fuel.

Which is not a known advantage of natural gas over other fossil fuels?

It is far more abundant than any other fossil fuel. Remember - Natural gas has far less pollution, and fewer greenhouse gases.

In the petroleum industry, what does a refinery do?

It separates crude oil into fractions consisting of compounds with similar boiling points.

In the petroleum industry, what does a refinery do? It separates crude oil into fractions consisting of compounds with similar boiling points. It separates crude oil from the coal with which it is almost always found. It mixes natural gas or coal with crude oil in order to remove the impurities from the crude oil. It produces the machinery by which crude oil is removed from the ground.

It separates crude oil into fractions consisting of compounds with similar boiling points.

The energy of motion is called ________ energy.

Kinetic

In which example is the entropy of the initial state greater than the entropy of the final state?

Liquid water freezes into ice. Remember that an increase in entropy means an increase in disorder in the system.

In which example is the entropy of the initial state greater than the entropy of the final state?

Liquid water freezes into ice. Remember - Entropy is often described as the degree of disorder in a reaction. Representing the unavailability of thermal energy.

Rank the hydrocarbons in order from lowest to highest boiling point

Lowest = methane < propane < pentane < (octane = highest)

Oxygenated gasolines are blends of petroleum-derived compounds with oxygen-containing compounds. Which of the following oxygenated compounds has been discontinued in some states because of potential health risks?

MTBE

Oxygenated gasolines are blends of petroleum-derived compounds with oxygen-containing compounds. Which of the following oxygenated compounds has been discontinued in some states because of potential health risks? ethanol methanol MTBE methane

MTBE

Oxygenated gasolines are blends of petroleum-derived compounds with oxygen-containing compounds. Which of the following oxygenated compounds have been discontinued in some states because of potential health risks?

MTBE Remember - MTBE is an oxygenates, flammable, colorless, and dissolves easily in water.

Which group of economies is predicted to have the largest energy consumption in 2010?

Mature Market Economies. Remember - This is where the country's population has stabilized, or declined, and the economic growth has begun to decrease.

Which of the following is a proper use for a calorimeter?

Measuring the heat of combustion. Remember - Calorimeter is the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity.

Very small mercury batteries have been made and used in a multitude of applications. Why have they been replaced by other kinds of batteries for most applications?

Mercury is poisonous and difficult to dispose of

The heat energy released or absorbed by a chemical reaction is generally determined by the difference between the energy that?

Must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products.

Which is a fossil fuel?

Natural Gas. Remember - A fossil fuel is defined as a natural fuel such as coal or gas.

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a greenhouse gas. Why is O3 not assigned a Global Warming Potential (GWP)? Ozone molecules absorb only low energy infrared frequencies. Ozone molecules have a low molecular weight. Tropospheric ozone concentrations are not changed by human activity. Ozone has a relatively short lifetime in the troposphere and its distribution is not uniform around the world.

Ozone has a relatively short lifetime in the troposphere and its distribution is not uniform around the world.

B

Petroleum (crude oil) is a complex mixture of thousands of substances, the majority of which are a.carbohydrates. b. hydrocarbons. c. natural gases. d. proteins.

Sunlight (solar radiation) may be turned directly into electricity using ______ cells.

Photovoltaic

Which type of renewable energy has most commonly been adapted for use on an individual home basis?

Photovoltaic

The burning characteristics of a gasoline can be improved by converting the octane it contains into isooctane. This conversion requires the use of expensive catalysts such as

Platinum and Palladium. Remember - Platinum is a precious metal, and Palladium is a platinum group metal.

The current through a wire is most closely related to the...

Rate of electron flow through a wire

The diagram below shows a simplified version of a fractioning column used in the petroleum industry. The compounds that are obtained at position D are?

Refinery Gases.

Alternative energy sources are currently being researched in effort to replace our dependence on fossil fuels. Which is not a current research effort in this regard?

Reintroducing the use of tetraethyl lead to increase the octane rating of gasoline

Alternative energy sources are currently being researched in effort to replace our dependence on fossil fuels. Which is NOT a current research effort in this regard?

Reintroducing the use of tetraethyl lead to increase the octane rating of gasoline. Remember - they are obtaining alternative fuels, concerting coal into gaseous and liquid fuels that are similar, and increasing the use of farm product biomass.

Review HW Problem #10

Review HW Problem #10

Advertising claims sometimes state that adding something mechanical to a car's engine will allow it to recover 100% of the energy that comes from burning gasoline. You should be skeptical of such claims because they violate the

Second Law of Thermodynamics. Remember - Thermodynamically defined process consists of transfers of matter and energy between bodies of matter and radiation.

Argon, which comprises almost 1% of the atmosphere, is approximately 27 times more abundant than CO2, but does not contribute to global warming. Which explanation accounts for this fact? Single atoms do not have bonds, therefore do not vibrate. Argon's vibrational energy is not excited by infrared radiation. Argon atoms are concentrated too high in the troposphere to interact with the earth's radiant energy. Argon is not an anthropogenic pollutant.

Single atoms do not have bonds, therefore do not vibrate.

D

Soft lignite (brown coal) is the lowest grade of coal. Since it has undergone the least change since burial, its chemical composition—and hence its heat of combustion—is most similar to that of a. natural gas. b. petroleum. c. water. d. wood.

Over the very long run, the energy source that has the greatest potential to meet humanity's needs is

Solar (The Sun)

Over the long run, the energy source that has the greatest potential to meet humanity's need is

Solar (the sun)

Whenever a substance is oxidized...

Some other substance may be reduced

Fission is the process of creating energy by...

Splitting large nuclei to form smaller, more stable nuclei

The property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow is the

Temperature

The property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow is the?

Temperature.

D

The conclusion that it is impossible to completely convert heat into work without making other changes in the universe is: a. based on erroneous observations b. the concept that increasing entropy characterizes all changed in the universe c. another way of stating that all energy is either thermal energy or heat d. the second law of thermodynamics

A

The degree of randomness in position or energy is called the a. entropy. b.activation energy. c.heat of combustion. d. potential energy

What condition must be met for a battery to be rechargeable?

The electrochemical reaction of the battery must be reversible.

D

The first law of thermodynamics states that: a. energy is the capacity to do work b. doing work is defined as causing movement against a resisting force c. heat flows from a warmer to a cooler body d. energy is neither created nor destroyed

A

The general term for plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops, or other biological material is a. biomass. b. cornstarch. c. diesel. d. fossil fuel.

B

The heat energy released or absorbed by a chemical reaction is generally determined by the difference between the energy that a. must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that must be put in to make the bonds in the products. b. must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products. c. is released upon breaking the bonds in the reactants and the energy that must be put in to make the bonds in the products. c.is released upon breaking the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products.

How is wind energy related to the Sun?

The heat of the Sun drives large-scale movements of air

Why are bituminous and anthracite higher grades of coal?

The higher grades of coal, bituminous and anthracite, have been exposed to higher pressures and temperatures for longer periods of time in the earth. During that process, they lost more oxygen and moisture and became a good deal harder, more mineral than vegetable. These grades of coal contain a higher percentage of carbon than lignite

D

The process by which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected is known as a.combustion. b.cracking. c crystallization. d. distillation.

Which common process on earth is endothermic?

The production of oxygen by photosynthesis. Remember - Endothermic is defined as a process requiring the absorption of heat.

B

The property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow is the: a. mass b. temperature c. volume d. density

A

Which common process on earth is endothermic? a. the production of oxygen by photosynthesis b. ozone decomposing into O2 in the upper atmosphere c. water freezing to form ice at 0C d. the reaction of wood with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and ash

D

Which factor did not play a major role in the formation of fossil fuels from plant matter? a.high temperatures b. high pressures c. an absence of O2 d. an abundance of sunlight

A

Which is a correct statement of the second law of thermodynamics? a. In any natural process, the entropy of the universe must increase. b. Nature allows the conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy, but not vice versa. c. Heat is the only form of energy that can be converted into work with 100% efficiency. d. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change form.

D

Which is a fossil fuel? a.wood b. uranium c. ethanol d. natural gas

C

Which is an advantage of using coal over petroleum as a source of energy in the United States? a. As a solid, coal is easier to transport than a liquid such as petroleum. b. Carbon makes up a smaller proportion of coal than it does of petroleum. c. Coal reserves in the United States are far greater than petroleum reserves. d. Coal is the source of many more different fuels with a wide range of properties than is petroleum.

C

Which is not a known advantage of natural gas over other fossil fuels? a. It burns more completely than other fossil fuels. b It burns more cleanly than other fossil fuels. c.It is far more abundant than any other fossil fuel. d.Sulfur dioxide is rarely produced by burning natural gas.

B

Which is produced in the greatest amount from a barrel of petroleum? a. asphalt and road oil b. gasoline c. home heating oil d. lubricants and waxes

Which is an oxidation half-reaction?

Zn → Zn2+ + 2 e¯

How to obtain ethanol from corn?

a "soup" of corn kernels and water is made. Then, enzymes are used to catalyze the breakdown of starch molecules to make glucose, a sugar. The last step involves fermentation to convert glucose to ethanol, followed by purification by distillation.

entropy

a measure of how much energy gets dispersed in a given process

temperature

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and/or molecules present in a substance

albedo

a measure of the reflectivity of a surface

global warming potential

a number that represents the relative contribution of a molecule of the atmospheric gas to global warming

catalytic cracking

a process in which a catalyst are used to crack larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at relatively low temperatures thus reducing energy use

thermal cracking

a process that breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones by heating them to a high temperature

distillation

a separation process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected

joule

a unit of energy equal to .239 cal

hich factor did not play a major role in the formation of fossil fuels from plant matter? high temperatures high pressures an absence of O2 an abundance of sunlight

abundance of sunlight

carbon footprint

an estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases emissions in a given frame of time

Another important biofuel is ________________, which is generated from fats and oils, such as waste cooking oil.

biodiesel

Which of these statements about biodiesel is not true? Biodiesel is made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is non-toxic and biodegradable. Biodiesel can be used in diesel engines without major modifications. Biodiesel has been withdrawn from several states due to health concerns.

biodiesel has been withdrawn from several states due to health concerns

renewable fuels derived from biological sources

biofuel

renewable fuels derived from a biological source such as trees, grasses, or agricultural crops.

biofuels

What are two higher grades of coal?

bituminous and anthracite

_____________________ is the amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a chemical bond.

bond energy

Scientists have correlated average global temperature with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using ice cores from Antarctica. How is the carbon dioxide level determined? by measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped air bubbles in the ice layers by measuring the 18O/16O ratio in the CO2 molecules by extrapolating the CO2 level from the temperature of the ice by extrapolating the CO2 level from the average global temperature

by measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped air bubbles in the ice layers

What is wet scrubbing?

chemically removing SO2 before it goes up the smokestack. This is accomplished by reacting the SO2 with a mixture of ground limestone and water.

What is removing sulfur and other mineral impurities from the coal before it is burned called?

coal washing

What are three ways of making coal safer?

coal washing, gasification, and wet scrubbing

hydrocarbons

compounds made up only of the elements hydrogen and carbon

mole

containing an avogradros number of objects

What is gasification?

convert coal to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The resulting gas burns at a lower temperature, thus reducing the generation of nitrogen oxides.

A process known as ____________ is used to separate crude oil into its various components. what are the steps?

distillation; As the temperature of the boiler increases, hydrocarbons with higher boiling points begin to vaporize. Eventually, the vaporized components travel up the distillation tower and are collected.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is the capacity to do work. doing work is defined as causing movement against a resisting force. heat flows from a warmer body to a cooler body. energy is neither created nor destroyed.

energy is neither created nor destroyed

The first law of thermodynamics states that

energy is neither created nor destroyed.

kinetic energy

energy of motion

The measure of how much energy is dispersed in a given process is called the

entropy

burning coal is an example of what type of a reaction? Exothermic or endothermic?

example of an exothermic reaction

If more energy is released by forming new bonds relative to breaking bonds, then the reaction is _________________.

exothermic

The heat of combustion for the combustion of propane, C3H8 + 5O2 ⟹ 3CO2 + 4H2O , is equal to -2,200 kJ. This is an example of a(n) ____________ reaction.

exothermic

_________: the heat added to reactants is less than the heat evolved with products

exothermic

_______________ reaction = negative energy difference

exothermic

The process of burning natural gas is (exothermic or endothermic??) cause heat is ________________

exothermic; heat is given off

decaying plant life from millions of years ago

fossil fuels

greenhouse gases

gases capable of absorbing and emitting infrared radiation which therefore warm the atmosphere

What is converting coal to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called?

gasification

global warming

increase in average global temperature as a result of the enhanced greenhouse effect

As alakanes (hydrocarbons) become larger/longer (more carbons) the boiling point _____________.

increases

anthropogenic

influences which stem from human activites such as industry transportation and mining

carbon capture and storage

involves separating CO2 from other combustion products rand storing it in a variety of geologic locations

Any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

is an endothermic process

heat

is the kinetic energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder one

A(n) ________________ is a molecule with the same formula but different chemical structure.

isomer

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different chemical structures and properties are known as _______________________.

isomers.

Predict the geometry of nitrous oxide, N2O (atomic order N Picture N Picture O). linear bent trigonal pyramidal trigonal planar

linear

In what example is the entropy of the initial state greater than the entropy of the final state?

liquid water freezes into ice

Intermolecular forces known as __________________ are broken between liquid molecules during vaporization of hydrocarbons. The stronger these forces, the ?higher/lower? the boiling point of the liquid.

london dispersion; higher

What is soft lignite or brown coal?

lowest grade coal

The heat energy released or absorbed by a chemical reaction is generally determined by the difference between the energy that _______________

must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products (Remember that making bonds releases energy and breaking them requires energy input)

The heat energy released or absorbed by a chemical reaction is generally determined by the difference between the energy that

must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products.

The heat energy released or absorbed by a chemical reaction is generally determined by the difference between the energy that must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that must be put in to make the bonds in the products. must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products. is released upon breaking the bonds in the reactants and the energy that must be put in to make the bonds in the products. is released upon breaking the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products.

must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products.

Where is most of the carbon on earth stored? in the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks in the forests and soil in surface water in the atmosphere

n the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks

the tendency for atoms to give/take or share electrons to get eight valence electrons

octet rule

combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with______ to release energy and form products. nitrogen oxygen methane hydrogen

oxygen

Combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with ________ to release energy and form products.

oxygen (Remember that this gas is considered a fuel for any combustion)

The burning characteristics of a gasoline can be improved by converting the octane it contains into isooctane. This conversion requires the use of expensive catalysts such as biological enzymes. gold and titanium. platinum and palladium. ultraviolet radiation.

platinum and palladium.

The energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of ______ energy. electrical mechanical potential kinetic

potential

food is potential/kinetic energy before it is ingested or digested?

potential

Two types of energy:

potential energy and kinetic energy

In an exothermic chemical reaction heat is _______________

released as the reaction proceeds. (Remember - "Exo" means out of.)

What is coal washing?

removing sulfur and other mineral impurities from the coal before it is burned

What is mountaintop mining?

safer version of mining, scraping away the overlying vegetation and then blasting off the top several hundred feet of a mountain to reveal the underlying coal seam

The property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow is the mass. temperature. volume. density.

temperature

_____________ is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and/or molecules in a substance

temperature

climate adaption

the ability of a system to adjust to climate change to moderate potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences

calorie

the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celcius

second law of thermodynamics

the entropy of the universe is constantly increasing

radiative forcings

the factors that influence the balance of earths incoming and outgoing radiation

the first law of thermodynamics

the law of conservation of energy, stating that energy is neither created nor destroyed

atomic mass

the mass in grams of the same number of atoms that are found in an element

molar mass

the mass of avogadros number or one more of whatever particles are specified

if the temperature is high enough, what will happen to the molecules of a liquid?

the molecules will separate and become a gas

photosynthesis

the process by which green plants and some bacteria capture the energy of sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water

enhanced greenhouse effect

the process which atmospheric gasses trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by the earth

Which common process on earth is endothermic?

the production of oxygen by photosynthesis

Which common process on earth is endothermic? the production of oxygen by photosynthesis ozone decomposing into O2 in the upper atmosphere water freezing to form ice at 0°C the reaction of wood with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and ash

the production of oxygen by photosynthesis

global atmospheric lifetime

the time required for a gas added to the atmosphere to be removed

Soft lignite (brown coal) is the lowest grade of coal. Since it has undergone the least change since burial, its chemical composition—and hence its heat of combustion—is most similar to that of natural gas. petroleum. water. wood.

wood