CHES Exam

inferential statistics

a procedural system used to obtain conclusions from sets of data that come from systems that are impacted by random variation

Ethical Issues related to Technology-Based Health promotion

beneficence (justify why this technology is best for the participants) transparency (informed consent clear and accurate) equity (special attention should be pad to who has access to the technology modality) confidentiality (protect participant data) special populations

late majority

individuals who take even longer than the early majority, and sometimes only accept innovation after it becomes necessary

early majority

individuals who take their time before deciding to accept innovation

safety

security may be applied in training by providing a safe environment and by allowing questions

primary prevention methods

seek to avoid individual health problems

secondary prevention methods

seek to diminish health problems in a population of individuals

tertiary prevention methods

seek to mitigate the effects of negative health condition on the individual level

needs assessment

the systematic identification of needs within a population and the determination of the degree to which those needs are being met

frequency

the total number of observations within a category

questionnaires

the type of questionnaire, the questions, and the Likert scale must be determined as well as teh method of distribution

health marketing

the use of commercial marketing principles to promote health behavior the creation and delivery of health promotion programs using multidisciplinary, evidence-based strategies to motivate the public toward positive health practices

social marketing

the use of commercial marketing techniques to promote behavior that will improve society. constant effort to sell benefits of positive health behavior to the members of a community. can be used to introduce a population to a health issue, to increase awareness of health services, or to reinforce positive health behaviors

social marketing

the use of marketing principles to promote a product, idea, or attitude. involves setting behavioral goals, uses consumer research and theory, and targets populations

negotiation

the utilization of a third party to aid in conflict resolution

baseline indicator

the value of the indicator prior to implementation

criticality

the worst off benefit the most

perceived benefits

there are benefits to taking action to prevent or control the disease

perceived barriers

there are consequences to taking action against the disease

perceived severity

there are serious consequences to contracting the disease

Education strategies

activities usually associated with classroom-based courses, workshops, or seminars

community mobilization

efforts to involve the target community through advocacy and the building of coalitions

health engineering strategies

efforts to positively alter the elements of the physical environment that affect health

1988

NCHEC incorporated as a nonprofit organization

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

Physiological Needs Safety needs Social belongingness Esteem Self-Actualization

2011

CHES exam revised based on HEJA results MCHES certification first conferred via experience documentation opportunity (EDO) for existing CHES

total implementation

program is implemented in its entirety to the target population from the beginning

six step process of conducting a needs assessment

1. Determine the scope of work and the purpose for the needs assessment 2. gather the data 3. analyze the data 4. identify any factors linked to the health problem 5. identify the focus for the program 6. validate the need before continuing with the planning process

Stages of the Marketing Process

1. Planning (analyze situation, select approaches and determine the role of marketing, set goals and objectives, segment and select priority audiences, design public health offerings, plan evaluation) 2. Development 3. Implementation 4. Assessment

Steps in Designing and Completing a Survey

1. Planning the survey (objectives, resources) 2. Designing the survey 3. Collecting the data 4. Planning data analysis 5. Drawing the sample 6. Conducting the questionnaire 7. Pretesting the questionnaire 8. Revising the questionnaire 9. Administering the survey 10. Preparing the data 11. Verifying 12. Entering data 13. Tabulating 14. Analyzing 15. Recording and reporting

steps for an effective coalition

1. analyze the issue or problem for the focus 2. create awareness of the issue 3. conduct initial coalition planning and recruitment 4. develop resources and funding 5. create infrastructure 6. elect coalition leadership 7. create an action plan

steps needed to ensure a plan is implemented consistently

1. build support of plan 2. develop plan for implementation 3. train those guiding implementation 4. carry out pilot programs or small tests 5. assess each step in implementation 6. promote

Factors that contribute to the success of partnerships

1. determining the needs, capacity, and resources of the organizations as early as possible 2. raising awareness of policy requirements and regulations that are critical to the mutual interests and goals of the potential partners 3. developing alliances through positive relationships with constituency groups

processes of implementation

1. encourage target population to take an interest in the program 2. conducting a resource and task inventory 3. determine the precise set and sequence of activities that will result in success 4. putting plans into action 5. maintain constant evaluation of program to make adjustments and determine whether to terminate program or continue it

commonly recognized steps in the policy making process

1. formulation 2. enactment 3. implementation 4. maintenance/modification

five step process to follow when asked to provide health information

1. honestly assess the needs of the target community 2. determine which information sources will directly meet the needs of the target community 3. access these resources 4.. look over the materials and assess their reliability, validity, and quantity 5. organize the material into an easy-to-understand format

ten strategic planning steps

1. initiate and agree on a planning process 2. clarify organizational mandates 3. identify and understand stakeholders 3. develop/refine mission statement and values 4. assess the environment 5. identify/frame strategic issues 6. formulate tactics to manage strategic issues 7. review and adopt the plan 8. establish an effective organizational vision for the future 9. develop an implementation process 10. reassess the process

four forms of policies

1. laws enacted at any level of government 2. rules and regulations from agencies responsible for implementing laws 3. operational decisions that may be authoritative procedures or protocols 4. judicial decisions

health communication process

1. planning and selecting a strategy (analysis of health issue and the target population; health educators will develop a list of objectives) 2. selecting appropriate materials (message format and venue selection) 3. developing pretesting materials (sample of target population is exposed to program; feedback leads to adjustments) 4. implementation (program is evaluated and larger changes are considered) 5. assessing effectiveness (decision as to whether the goals set in stage 1 are being approached or met) 6. feedback to improve program (all pertinent information is reviewed with an eye towards possible changes)

five phases of implementation

1. population is encouraged to participate in the programs; this phase emphasizes the importance of having adequate staff and a willing target population for a successful program 2: resource and task inventory; essential to have a precise understanding of the resources and manpower that will be required to implement a program; also, the inventory needs to include a description of the sources of resources and manpower 3: a system for overseeing the program is established; it must include clear indicators and a well-defined timetable 4: implementation; may be total or partial 5: program assessment, with special attention to the established indicators

advocacy strategies

1. voting behavior (register to vote and encourage others to do the same) 2. electioneering (contributing to the campaign of a candidate supportive of public health and health education) 3. direct lobbying (contacting a policymaker) 4. grassroots lobbying (town hall meetings, starting a petition) 5. use of internet to access information on health issues 6. media advocacy (responding to members of the media for health related information) 7. social media

PROCEED phases

1: administrative and policy assessment 2: implementation 3: process evaluation 4: impact evaluation 5: outcome evaluation

steps when indicating a plan of action

1: community organization (consultation and cooperation with respected individuals and organizations in community) 2: pretesting (performed to acquire information about prevalent attitudes and health related behaviors) 3: diversity training (staff are encouraged to adjust the health communication message to the various constituents in the community) 4: effective leadership (a strong sense of organization and discipline within the health education program)

MATCH phases

1: goal selection 2: intervention planning 3: program development 4: implementation preparation 5: evaluation

steps in community organizing process

1: recognizing the issue (needs assessment, evaluation of primary and secondary data) 2: entering the community (interviews and observation) 3: establishing priorities and goals 4: selecting strategies for problem solving (establish a tailored message) 5: implementing the plan (may be phased or total) 6: evaluating progress (use of established indicators) 7: maintaining achievements (continuing or discontinuing elements of the program based on evaluation)

PRECEDE phases

1: social assessment 2: epidemiological assessment 3: behavioral assessment 4: educational and ecological assessment

MedlinePlus

National Library of Medicine's website for consumer health informatio

AAHB

American Academy of Health Behavior health behavior scholars. strengthen research foundation of health education profession and encourage the application of research to professional practice seeks to publicize what it considers to be important research findings facilitate communication between research scholars in various fields

AAHE

American Association for Health Education affiliated with the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance aims to assist health educators' efforts to promote wellness in all different environments employ a number of lobbyists in washing to work to influence policy in favor of educators works to establish systematic health programs in schools, colleges, businesses, and other organizations

ACHA

American College Health Association group of academic professionals devoted to preventing disease promote awareness and positive health behaviors on campus principal advocate and leadership organization for college and university health

APHA

American Public Health Association group of researchers and health professionals devoted to preventing disease prevent disease through advocacy and education to be a strong advocate for health education, disease prevention and health promotion directed to individuals, groups and communities in all activities of the association. to set, maintain and exemplify the highest ethical principles and standards of practice on the part of all professionals whose primary purpose is health education and disease prevention

ASHA

American School Health Association education professionals who seek to promote health education in K-12 setting its mission is to promote and support school health programs by providing financial assistance and other resources supports health teacher training to protect and promote the health of children and youth by supporting coordinated school health programs as a foundation for school success

the Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession

Article 1: Responsibility to the public Article 2: Responsibility for the profession Article 3: Responsibility to employers Article 4: Responsibility in the delivery of health education Article 5: Responsibility in research evaluation Article 6: Responsibility in professional preparation

Evaluation Model

Attainment Decision-Making Goal-Free Naturalistic Systems Analysis Utilization-Focused

Application of the Motivational Categories

Attention (capture learner's interest, maintain attention) Relevance (know learner's needs, provide opportunities, tie to past experiences) Confidence (build positive expectations of learning) Satisfaction (provide reinforcement to success)

secondary data sources

CDC (morbidity/mortality report, BRFSS, YRBSS) NCHS (vital records) United States Census Bureau (indicators, statistics) USDHHS (CMS, HRSA, social security) County, City and State health departments Health care system Voluntary health agencies Professional health organizations Robert wood johnson foundation existing records literature

2008

CHES certification program accredited by national commission on certifying agencies

1997

CHES exam offered twice a year

CNHEO

Coalition of National Health Education Organizations fosters connections between nine public health professional organizations aims to use combined strength to make positive changes in health education policy a collaboration of membership organizations mobilizes resources of the health education profession in order to expand and improve health education, regardless of the setting

Findings or Results of Assessment

Current results Gaps Existing strengths Causal analysis

Data Analysis Plan

Data system management Data entry Data verification Quantitative analysis plan Qualitative analysis plan Data transfer

Five Key areas of social determinants of health

Economic stability Education Social and community context Health and health care Neighborhood and built environment

CDC Six Step Framework for Program Evaluation

Engage Stakeholders Describe the Program Focus on the Evaluation Design Gather Credible Evidence Justify Conclusions Ensure use and share lessons learned Standards: Utility Feasibility Propriety Accuracy

Written Reporting of Data

Expected content or sections of report Format of the report Graphics and charts

Nine Events of Instruction (Gagne)

Gain Attention Inform learners of objectives Build on prior knowledge Present the stimulus Provide guidance Provide feedback Assess performance Enhance retention and transfer

Five major factors that contribute to determinant of the health of a population

Genes and biology Health behaviors Social environment or characteristics Physical environment or total ecology Health services or medical care

Five levels of influence for health behaviors

Individual Interpersonal Institutional Community Public Policy

Steps to reduce legal liability

Informed Consent Maintain Privacy (HIPPA) Choose certified instructors Written guidelines for emergency medical procedures Clear participants by health professionals Comply classrooms with building codes and maintain

four basic ways that a health educator can involve citizens in the process of making health decisions

Make sure the health program affects all members of the community Ask for feedback Establish a clear system for getting involved Emphasize the role of community involvement

six stages of marketing process

Market Analysis (inventory of data and resources) Planning (budget, structure, goals, promotional plan, schedules) Development of Testing Materials Implementation Assessing Effectiveness Feedback for refinement

Data Collection and Instrument Development

Question development Data collection method Instrument protocol development Instrument testing and revisions Language requirements Administration of data collection Selection and preparation of data collectors

The Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession

Responsibility to the public responsibility to the profession responsibility to employers responsibility in the delivery of health education responsibility in research and evaluation responsibility in professional preparation

Root Causes of Racial and Ethnic Disparities

Societal Factors Environmental Factors Individual and Behavioral Factors Medical Care Factors

SOPHE

Society for Public Health Education focuses on public health advocacy and professional development sponsors continuing education programs for health professionals publishes Health Education and Behavior and Health Promotion Practice and the newsletter News and Views to provide leadership in facilitating and promoting initiatives to achieve national health and education goals and objectives. the society promotes effective school programs and practices that involve collaboration with parents and community groups to positively impact healthy and active lifestyles

behavioral assessment

a list is made of activities and environmental factors that contribute to the health issue

mission statement

a brief explanation of the general intent of a health education program. it is composed so that members of the community can find out exactly why the health education program has been created. supposed to help members stay on track. statement of the purpose of organization oriented to making decision, priorities, and actions of the organization emphasizes the distinctive purpose and unique reason for being of a program

hawthorne effect

a change in behavior from feeling special

ARCS Motivation Model

a compilation of guidelines from many motivation theories. Provides learners with the necessary time and effort to acquire new knowledge and skills

process evaluation

a comprehensive health education program includes a system for evaluating success of each component after implementation document program feasibility any combination of measures that occurs as a program is implemented to assure or improve the quality of performance or delivery

Health Communication Process Model

a computerized template into which educators can enter specifications to determine the precise menu of services and promotional tools that will be most effective encourages educators to test their message on a small component of the target population before distributing it to the population at large compose a rigorous budget outlining the benefits and cost of a given communication program

logical model

a logical series of statements that link problems the program is attempting to address (conditions), how it will address them (activities), and the expected results (immediate, intermediate, and long-term goals). functions as a guide to planning a program contains the following measures: inputs, outputs, actions, outcomes, and the program impact

project plan or work plan

a detailed road map for how a program will achieve its goals should align with the logic model or broader strategic plan

normative needs

a discrepancy between an individual's or group's current status and that of others, such as smoke free environment in restaurants among different cities

Technical assistance

a dynamic, capacity building process for designing or improving the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of specific programs, research, services, products, or systems

nominal group process

a few representatives from the priority population are asked to respond to questions based on specific needs five to seven people ranking the ideas proposed and then sharing this ranking with the group in a round robin fashion

Record review

a form or checklist should be developed to guide record review and the records selected based on criteria established for the research

Intervention Mapping Approach

a framework for health education intervention development. Composed of: 1. creating a matrix of proximal program objectives 2. selecting theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies 3. designing and organizing a program 4. specifying adoption and implementation plans 5. generating program evaluation plans

1985

a framework for the development of competency-based curricula for entry level health educators published

coalition

a group of diverse organizations and constituencies working together toward a common goal

WebMD

a health information website for the public that provides updated content on a variety of health issues, health news, reference materials, and tools for managing health

health risk appraisal/assessments

a health professional uses the results of interviews and the analysis of records to determine an individuals long-term prognosis; specific factors like blood pressure and medical history are compared to sets of data to make an accurate prediction

null hypothesis

a hypothesis of skepticism which states there is no relationship between variables

Six Sigma

a management approach that focuses on objectives and data collection as well as analysis as mechanisms for reducing or eliminating errors

capacity assessment

a measure of actual and potential individual, group, and community resources that can be inherent to and/or brought to bear for health maintenance and enhancement. the process of mapping community assets is included in this

organizational readiness for change

a members commitment to change and the shared capacity to implement the change

tailored message

a message that has been specifically adapted for the target population

pooled analyses

a method for collecting all the individual data from group of studies, combining them into one large set of data and then analyzing the data as if it came from one big study

qualitative evaluation

a more subjective assessment of the success of the program (interviews, written surveys, direct observation)

critical path method

a network for diagramming technique that helps to determine time needed and the earliest completion time

HON

a nonprofit medical information portal that links to reliable and trustworthy medical sites on the internet

vision statement

a one-sentence or one-phrase statement that describes the long term desired change stemming from the efforts of an organization or program

health disparities

a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage

CQI

a performance management approach that monitors program and service effectiveness with a focus on the positive results over times

perceived susceptibility

a person feels at risk for the disease

lobbyist

a person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest

TRA/TPB

a person's behavior is determined by intention to perform the behavior, and this intention is a function of attitude towards the behavior and subjective norm. it is an attempt to explain the relationship among attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. three constructs: behavioral intention, attitude, and subjective norm

self efficacy

a person's confidence in performing a behavior and overcoming possible barriers to that behavior

strategic plan document

a product of the strategic planning process. the document serves as a road map that can be referred to over time to serve as a reminder, check assumptions, and measure progress

community based organization (CBO)

a public or private nonprofit organization of demonstrated effectiveness that is representative of a community or significant segments of a community and provides educational or related services to individuals in the community

systematic reviews

a published qualitative review of comprehensive synthesis of publications on particular topics. helpful in identifying current gaps in a stream of literature that can be filled with new, data-based health education or promotion research

implementation evaluation

a retrospective determination of whether the program was implemented as designed

expectancy effect

a self-fulfilling prophecy. reflects the idea that expectations placed upon people cause them to act as expected

photovoice

a specific photographic technique to enable people to record and reflect personal and community strengths and concerns as well as to promote critical dialogue and knowledge about personal and community issues through group discussion of photographs and to reach policy makers

intervention strategy

a specific technique or approach used in an intervention to get the desired outcome

program mission statement

a statement of the general focus or purpose of a program. can be a one-sentence statement or a short narrative that broadly defines the program's purpose. identify the scope or focus of the organization or program and are enduring over time

plain language

a strategy for making written and oral information easier to understand. it is one important tool for improving health literacy

conflict resolution

a strategy utilized for resolving issues or problems between two or more individuals

meta-analyses

a systematic statistical method of evaluating data based on numerical results of several independent studies of the same problem

organizational development (OD)

a term that encompasses strategies and interventions that focus on building capacities and well-being within groups and organizations to achieve maximum effectiveness and efficiency. it includes team building, organizational design, fostering strong and ethical organizational cultures, intergroup relations, group problem solving, and managing organizational change

CDCynergy

a tool for developing health communications and interventions. CD-ROM platform. developed by CDC. Often used for social marketing Six Phases: 1. Define and describe the problem 2. Analyze the problem 3. Identify and profile the audience 4. Develop communication strategies 5. Develop evaluation plan 6. Launch the plan and obtain feedback

purpose statement

a tool to identify what is to be learned from the evaluation and the research and serves to focus and steer the collection and analysis of data identifies in detail what health education specialists want to learn over the course of an evaluation project

PERT

a valuable time estimation tool when time needed for individual tasks is uncertain

stakeholder analysis

a vital tool utilized when engaging stakeholders to participate in the assessment process. provides critical information regarding the environment and facilitate negotiation for discussion. highlights the concerns an interests of various stakeholders regarding the areas to be addressed in the project in the planning phase or in the objective of the project once it has begun. helps to identify common ground between stakeholders

BAM! (Body and Mind)

a website developed by the CDC for children ages 9-13 years to help them make good decisions about lifestyle choices. provides support for educators through a number of activities and downloads as well as suggested lesson plans, which include evidence-based rationale for the activities

enabling factors

a willingness within the community to engage in positive health behavior changes

Article 2 of Code of Ethics

abide by a strict moral code monitor the behavior of their peers and intervene when they believe the highest standards are being violated join professional organization publicize own work and work of others

environmental factors

access to health services, socioeconomic, conditions, quality of air, water, and soil

evaluation

according to a previously-established system, the program is evaluated and corrected as necessary

SMART

acronym for writing objectives Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time-sensitive

learning activities

actions which intend to improve knowledge and skills in the target community (designed for the accomplishment of learning objectives)

strategies to implement constructs of social cognitive theory in training

address more than one element of reciprocal determinism; engineer the environment; address individual skill-building; clarify values; understand the need to provide a great deal of practice; utilize practice repetition; enable observational learning; capitalize upon verbal persuasion; use learning in increments; provide skill-training to foster mastery in behavior; self awareness of the physical and emotional responses; enable avenues to regulate and to foster self-control; and encourage use of journaling

HITECH Act

addresses the privacy and security concerns associated with the electronic transmission of health information

CHID (combined health information database)

administered by the national institute of health. contains articles about health education programs in the following fields: alzheimers disease; complementary and alternative medicine; deafness and communication disorders; diabetes; digestive diseases; kidney and urologic diseases; maternal and child health; medical genetics and rare disorders; oral health; and weight control

five generic phases of program implementation

adopt the program identify and prioritize tasks to complete establish a management system put the plans into action end or sustain a program or intervention

health choices

alcohol use, smoking, drug use, sexual activity, etc

stakeholders

all of those individuals with a direct interest of the results a person, group, or institution with interests in a project or policy who may be directly or indirectly affected by the process or outcome individuals or agencies that have a vested interest in the health education program those who affect and are affected by change and those who have an interest in the results and/or what would be done with the results

egalitarian

all persons of equal value; minimize disparities

primary data

all the information collected directly by the health professional from the target individual, group, or community obtained by health educational specialist via survey, interview, focus group, or direct observation of the focused person or population data gathered by health education specialists directly from or about the individual or population of interest. these data answer questions related to the specific needs assessment

quasi-randomized studies

allocate participation in a study based on some scheme, such as an assigned number, either odd or even

early adopters

among the first to adopt innovation; often individuals whose behavior is emulated by others

cultural competence/competency

an ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with people across cultures. comprises awareness of ones own cultural worldview, attitude toward cultural differences, and knowledge of ones orientation affects different professional practices and relationships

coalition

an assemblage of individuals and organizations from different backgrounds but with a common purpose; typically, the members of a coalition are

health communication

an attempt to share information with, influence, and support, a variety of audiences to engage in healthy behaviors or to support health-related policies, and is also vital

clearinghouse

an institution charge with assembling and distributing information

professional association

an organization formed to unite and inform people who work in the same occupation

research

an organized process using the scientific method generating new knowledge

credentialing

an umbrella term that refers to several processes put in place to ensure that persons who deliver a given service have obtained a minimum level of competency

seven steps in forming a coalition

analyzing the problem, generating awareness, establishing planning and recruitment for the coalition, obtaining funding and other resources, establishing infrastructure and leadership, and generating an action plan

lobbying

any attempt to influence specific legislation on behalf of a special interest different from advocacy in that it involves asking policy makers to pass or dismiss a certain policy or piece of legislation

advocacy

any effort to positively alter policies concerning health. the pursuit of influencing outcomes, including public policy and resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions that directly affect people's lives

secondary data

any pertinent information not collected directly by the health professional established data that may or may not be concerning the focused person or population including Vital Records, Disease Registry, U.S. Census, etc. all data maintained by other organizations BRFSS or YRBSS federal agencies that provide this: National center for health statistics CDC United States Department of Health and HUman Services United States Census Bureau data that have already been collected by others that may or may not be directly gathered from the individual or population being assessed.

online database

any systematically organized information accessible on the internet, which may be used by health education specialists to obtain health knowledge and/or resources for the health education process

evidence-based public health

application of observation-theory- and science-based experiments to improve the health of populations refers to application of observation, theory, and science based experiments to improve the health of populations

nominal groups

assembled when a health professional is specifically interested in developing a list of potential solutions to a health problem. five to seven people are assembled and encouraged to rank a group of health issues in order of importance led by a facilitator who is charged with completing the entire process in about an hour

quantitative evaluation

assembles a mass of numerical data for analysis (frequencies of certain behavior, scores of participants on standardized tests, etc)

policy enactment

assess adoption or enactment of the policy

7 areas of responsibility

assess needs, assets and capacity for health education plan health education implement health education conduct evaluation and research related to health education administer and manage health education serve as a health education resource person communicate and advocate for health and health education

policy development

assess the development process

impact evaluation

assessment of the extent to which the program is educating the public, as well as a summary of any general changes in the health-related behavior of the community assess immediate effect of an intervention focuses on immediate and observable effects of a program leading to the desired outcomes

public health model

attempts to quantify problems and often uses epidemiological data. can be more focused on a specific population and can be mindful of limitations of resources. some planning models such as PRECEDE-PROCEED can be used as tools for this approach

behavioral factors

attitude, cultural values, religion, and a general level of education

diet and nutrition applications

available through app stores and websites for computers and mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. encourage people to diet and exercise and some allow for groups of people to share information

Behavioral (lifestyle) factors

behaviors or actions of an individual, groups, or communities. Indicators may include compliance, consumption and utilization patterns, coping, preventive actions, and self-care

placebo effect

behavior change due to belief in treatment effectiveness

project with external validity

can be applied to other, related programs when it is complete

expressed needs

can be observed through individual's use of services, such as an exercise class taken by older adults at a senior center

nominal scores

cannot be ordered hierarchically but are mutually exclusive (i.e. male and female)

logic model

cannot only provide a graphic representation of the program but can also include the organizational mission, the context in which the program operates, and external variables that can influence outcomes

attention

capturing and maintaining interest and attention

three common measures for health communication

change in knowledge change in attitude change in behavior

Health engineering strategies

change the social or physical environment in which people live or work

behavioral objectives

changes in health-related behaviors that are the target of a health education program describe the behaviors or actions that the population will engage in to resolve the problem and lead to attainment of the program goal

learning objectives

changes in knowledge or skill that are the direct result of the successful implementation of a health education program. referred to as impact objectives because they have a direct result on the quality of life of individuals

Foundations

charitable organizations that donate funds or assets for a specific purpose

1989

charter CHES certification phase

evidence-based decision making

choices are not made until a careful objective scrutiny of hard data has been performed

health goals selected phase of MATCH model

choose goals for health status and report prevalence, change possibility, and resources available. choose the target population and report on the prevalence of the health issue in the target group, availability of the target population, and interest in the program, establish goals for health behavior, and establish goals for service access, program resources and any restrictions

alternative hypothesis

claims there is a relationship between variables

2000

code of ethics for health education profession adopted

social media

collaborative projects (e.g. wikis), blogs, content communities, social networking sites, virtual game worlds, and virtual social worlds online interaction or communication that allows users to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content

partnership

collaborators, an effective social marketing campaign will require participation from respected members of community

HaPI (health and psychological instruments)

collection of information regarding data collection tools. houses thousands of surveys, scales, tests, and rating schemes that have been used in previous research experiments. predominantly geared towards measuring pain, quality of life, and drug efficacy

CINAHL (cumulative index for nursing and allied health literature)

collection of nursing articles and other resources for medical professionals. provides access to books, journal articles, dissertations, and conference meetings on a variety of subjects related to nursing and Allied health

tertiary sources

collections of data taken from both primary and secondary sources; commonly found in government publications and organizational summaries

synthesis

combining different resources of information to reach a larger understanding

diffusion of innovations theory

community-level theory that describes the rate at which a new person or activity will spread throughout a group of people innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards constructs related to the innovation: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, observability, and trialability

health behaviors

complex mix of behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors

DHPE

composed of directors of state-level health programs; aims to help working professionals exchange ideas directors of health promotion and education seeks to increase advocacy, training and resource accumulation for health projects publishes The Voice to strengthen, promote and enhance the professional practice of health promotion and public health education nationally and within state health departments

SSDHPER

composed of state department of education employees; intends to nurture connections between professionals Society of State Directors of Health, Physical Education, and recreation state officials responsible for monitoring health and physical education programs in public schools offers training and workshops for students publishes The Society Page

ERIC (education resources information center)

comprehensive education database organized by the institute of education sciences administered by the united states department of education. focuses on scholarly articles related to K-12 education

mission statements

concrete, outcome-oriented statements that provide information about the overarching goals of an organization in a broad context

prioritizing training requests

consider the urgency, objectives, potential impact, range of impact, design and needs, size of audience, requestor and costs of anticipated workload

rater reliability

considers differences among scorers of items and controls for variation due to error introduced by rater perceptions

test-retest reliability

considers evidence of stability over time

Content validity

considers the instruments items of measurement for the relevant areas of interest

MATCH model

consists of five phases, with an emphasis on selecting the appropriate kind of intervention for a particular community. moves from diagnosis to implementation in only five phases. appropriate for health education programs that will require an intervention stands for multilevel approach to community health

interviews

cost is proportionate to the number of people interviewed and the length of each interview. can derive detailed information if performed by a skilled interviewer can be completed by telephone, face to face, electronically, or in groups. require trained interviewers to ensure consistency and accuracy. easy method of collecting data at a moderate cost.

steps in conflict resolution

create an atmosphere for goal accomplishment, clarify perceptions of those involved, focus on needs of individuals and organizations, organizations as separate entities as well as the needs of collective individuals and organizations, build shared positive power, work toward a future orientation, create options, develop goals, objectives, and activities that can be accomplished, and make sure hat all involved benefit

tailoring

creating communication individualized for the receiver to increase the relevance of the information presented

cues to action

cues or triggers that encourage a person to take action

social institutions

cultural, religious, economic, and political

MEDLINE

database assembled by the united states national library of medicine focus on biomedicine, but also contains scholarly articles on public health and medical research

delimitations

decisions made by an evaluator or researcher that ought to be mentioned because they identify the parameters and boundaries set for a study (why some literature is not reviewed, populations or not studied, and certain methods are not used)

program objectives

define exactly what service is to be provided to the community in question. indicates timeframe in which this service is to be delivered. should specifically mention the actions that will directly result in success, and should include a clearly-defined indicator for measuring progress

community-based organization

defined as a public or private nonprofit organization of demonstrated effectiveness that is representative of a community or signifiant segments of community, provides educational or related services to individuals in the community, can help solve a common problem or pursue a common goal, and helps community buy-in

programs

defined as a set of planed activities over time designed to achieve specific objectives

community organizing

defined as building an enduring network of people, who identify with common ideals, and who can engage in social action on the basis of those ideals

voter counting

defines findings as significantly positive, significantly negative, or non-significant

classic meta-analysis

defines questions to be examined, collects studies, codes study features and outcomes, and analyzes relations between study features and outcomes

Healthfinder

department of health and human services website for consumer access to information from governmenal agencies and their partners

policy analysis

describe how the policy options were analyzed in terms of support, health impacts, and budget impacts

policy implementation

describe how the policy was translated into practice

problem identification

describe the content and case of the issues

descriptive studies

describe the occurrence of disease and disability in terms of person, place, and time using prevalence surveys, and other routinely collected data to describe the phenomena exploratory, profiles characteristics of group, focus on what, assumes no hypothesis, requires no comparison group

training level 3

described as the extent to which the participants are using job skills; tools include interviews and observations

training level 4

described as the organizational effects; tools include document review for success indicators

action plan

describes how goals and objectives will be achieved, as well as identifies resources needed and how responsibilities will be assigned

diffusion of innovation theory

describes the way in which a new idea or product is distributed throughout a marketplace five stages: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation five stages of adoption: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, adoption five types of adopters: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards

cost-effectiveness analysis

designed as a comparative tool to judge the relative costs and effects of courses of action to enable the selection of the action that will yield the most for the cost

advocacy initiatives

designed to influence policy and law, often include activities such as education, lobbying, and mobilization

administrative or process objectives

detail the tasks or activities completed by program facilitators for the program to succeed

Environmental factors

determinants outside the individual that can be modified to support behavior, health, and quality of life. Examples include economic factors, physical factors, and public services, as well as the accessibility, affordability, and equity of health services

Health policy

developed by the management in accordance with all pertinent legislation. may be a free-form topic in a community

Community mobilization strategies

directly involve participants in the change process. These strategies include initiatives such as coalition building and lobbying

Conflict resolution

directs individuals and organizations to see the similarities and differences that exist between them and then leads them to focus on reducing or eliminating differences in order to accomplish goals and objectives

partners

either individuals or organizations that bring knowledge, skills, or resources to the table and are willing to share risks, responsibilities, and rewards

internal barriers

dispositional

ordinal scores

do not have a common unit of measurement between them but are hierarchical

non-randomized studies

do not use random allocation of participation, ad group or individuals are assigned arbitrarily

commission

doing something that should not have been done

pre-testing

done to measure the pre-existing knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the target population enables them to develop more sophisticated and appropriate strategies for health education

social health determinants

early childhood development, education level, employment ability and type, food security, access to and quality of healthcare, living conditions and housing, income, discrimination, and social support

informal consulting

educator simply gathers and organizes appropriate professional materials.

health communication

educators try to disseminate health information through the media informs and influences practices, behaviors, or policies in an effort to improve individual or community health

policy advocacy

effort to promote changes in legislation and organizational policy that will lead to better health behaviors effort of individuals and organizations to persuade the government to improve its health policies techniques: letter writing, petitions, PSAs

advocacy

efforts to call attention to a health issue the process of influencing outcomes such as policy decisions in organizations by taking into consideration how the political, economic, social systems impact people's lives

persuasive communication

efforts to encourage a target population to make positive behavior changes by providing information and advice involves tailored health-related messages to meet audience needs and persuade them to adopt healthy attitudes and behaviors

health policy or enforcement strategies

efforts to influence behavior through changes in government or organizational policy

educational strategies

efforts to inform the target population about a specific health issue

program development

elements of health education program are produced; these may include promotional literature, visual aids for presentations, and training manuals for staff

HEALTHPROM

email directory of health educators; emphasizes the health concerns of mothers, newborns, and children in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

secondary prevention

emphasizes early diagnosis of disease or potential injury

interpretation

encompasses understanding the results and the evidence that has been gathered in the process

systems approach

entails breaking the project down into parts that are connected in a logical manner, and studying/analyzing the parts of the project in order to ascertain how these parts perform

cultural competence

entails the aptitude to understand the diversity in culture of populations and to utilize such an aptitude to ensure favorable health outcomes

needs-based

equal opportunity to meet own needs, such as healthy life

Bloom's taxonomy

focuses on the concept that instruction needs to possess higher ordered objectives that are felt to be intellectually demanding knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation

analytic designs

explain etiology and casual associations aim to estimate the strength of a relationship between an exposure and an outcome explanatory, analyzes why a group has characteristics, focuses on why, assumes a hypothesis, requires a comparison group

face validity

extent to which an instrument appears to be measuring what it is supposed to measure

criterion validity

extent to which an instrument correlates with another measure of a variable refers to a measures correlation to another measure of a variable

content validity

extent to which an instrument samples items from the content desired

construct validity

extent to which the concepts of an instrument relate to the concepts of a particular theory ensures that the concepts of an instrument relate to the concepts of a particular theory

skills of a liaison

facilitation presentation data collection meeting management resource evaluation networking report writing

Enabling factors

factors that make possible a change in behavior

environmental conditions

family community, culture, physical environment, and social environment

reinforcing factors

feedback and encouragement resulting from a changed behavior, perhaps from significant others

pilot testing

field testing; all elements of the program are implemented, but on small scale; program participants must be similar to members of the target population utilizes: focus groups, interviews, questionnaires, and readability tests requires the inclusion of people who possess similar traits/characteristics of the target population; gatekeepers, opinion leaders, and community influences

smoking cessation applications

financial calculators (keep track of savings) timers (help decrease frequency) self-hypnosis (music/visualization) virtual reality (virtual cigarettes) calendars (days w/o smoking)

financial resources

financial cost and how it will be covered

purse strings

financial resources that will be required to support the marketing campaign

elaboration likelihood model

finding out how much the audience cares about an issue will help health education specialists craft effective messages. a person who feels directly impacted by a topic will be more likely to pay attention to a message and want the details a person who is not engaged in a topic will need peripheral stimuli

1990

first CHES exam given

theory of reasoned action/ theory of planned behavior

focus on relationships between attitudes, behaviors, and intentions. added behavioral control construct. recognize behavioral intention as key in determining behavior and assume that behavior change is influenced by a person's attitude towards the outcome and the social or subjective norms of people important in the person's life

primary prevention

focused on protecting people from developing a disease or injury

TQM

focuses on customer satisfaction through continuous improvements of organization processes

epidemiological model

focuses on epidemiological data (death rates, birth rates, prevalence rates)

American School Health Association (ASHA)

focuses on health education in grades K-12 particularly the connection between health education and overall academic success

tertiary prevention

focuses on rehabilitation after the diagnosis of disease or injury

the asset model

focuses on strengths of a community, organization, or population and looks to find ways to use existing assets to improve health

health related community service strategies

free or low-cost services or screenings

nine events that lead to learning

gaining attention, informing the learner of the objectives, building on prior knowledge, presenting the stimulus, providing guidance, eliciting performance, providing feedback, assessing performance, and enhancing retention and transfer

goal

general statement of long-term ambitions. need to be clearly defined and measurable.

goals

general, long-term statements of desired program outcomes and provide the direction upon which all objectives are based represent a more global vision

external validity

generalizability of the results beyond the participants; if we do this again with a different group, we will get the same results.

biological factors

genetics, sex, and age

steps to creating an environment conducive to learning

getting management or stakeholder support, identifying resources to support implementation, and obtaining buy-in from implementation staff and the audience

five characteristics of credible indicators

given in specific measurable terms, appropriate for population being serves, feasible given data collection resources and skills, and valid and reliable to stakeholders

advocacy plan

goals, organizational considerations, constituents, allies, opponents, targets, and tactics

phasing in

gradual implementation of all program elements to target population; programs can be gradually applied to a larger population, a larger geographic area, or can gradually provide more service

delphi panel

group process that generates a consensus by using a series of mailed or emailed questionnaires decision makers, staff, and program participants a questionnaire is given to the group with one or two broad questions. based on those responses and the analysis, a new questionnaire is given with more specific questions. then analyzed and another question

Article 4 of Code of Ethics

have a full repertoire of instructional strategies and materials to make their work effective in different contexts keep in mind any legal issues, especially those related to diversity furnish informed consent forms

interval scores

have common units of measurement between scores, but no true zero

2015

health education practice analysis results released

social marketing model

health education specialists listen to the needs and wants of the consumer by looking at the marketing mix, traditionally consisting of 4 P's: product (health behavior, program , or idea) price (financial, physical, psychological, time) place (how and where learning will take place) promotion (approach used to reach the audience) fifth P: partners- importance of mobilizing resources by working with other organizations

Article 1 of Code of Ethics

health educator are meant to teach people ways to improve their own health and the health of members of their community give adequate autonomy to teach individual (not to use coercive methods) no discrimination respect privacy

external consulting

health educator is providing information or guidance to an organization that they normally do not work with. the health educator will organize all the health-related information pertinent to the topic of interest to the organization and then develop a program to resolve whatever problems exist

2010

health educator job analysis results released revised framework, a competency based framework for health education specialists 2010, published revised study guide material, the health education specialist: a companion guide for professional excellence 6th edition, published

formal consulting

health educator will sign a contract with the client and will perform consulting services and will take a much more involved approach to recommending and assisting with the implementation of health solutions

observation

health professional watches target individual or community to obtain information; the health professional must be trained to keep accurate records

administrative and policy assessment

health professionals calculate the resources that are required and available for implementation of the health education program

educational and ecological assessment

health professionals determine the extent to which educational factors, like health awareness and promotion, contribute to the health issue determine predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors

community forum

health professionals gather a number of representatives from the target community to discuss the health issue in question. occasionally it will be initiated by a keynote speaker or presentation by a group of experts ideally the reps will be from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds good for getting the word out about important health issues

process questions

help the evaluator understand phenomena, such as internal and external forces that affect program activities

steps for a consultative evaluation

identification of evaluation questions and criteria assessment of how well the questions meet the criteria timely distribution of the findings

Code of Ethics

helps to ensure that the integrity and ethos of the profession are upheld has difficult ethical challenges emerge

gantt method

helps to monitor health education implementation by illustrating a timeline that shows important activities and outputs that are considered important identifiers of the implementation process

methodology

how the evaluation or research plan was carried out

reciprocal determinism

how the person, environment, and behavior interact and influence each other

resources for the conduct of an assessment

human resources, supplies, incentives, travel costs

Gagne's Theory of Instruction

identifies categories of learning (verbal information, cognitive strategies, intellectual skills, and attitudes) nine events of instruction that provide conditions for learning

critical chain scheduling

identifies constraints and builds in time buffers

epidemiological assessment

identifies the health issues exhibited by the target population and the behaviors and risks associated with said health problems; it also enables a baseline to be set for health educational priorities assembled data is scrutinized for patterns and trends; experts determine the correlation between health problems and the environment in which the community lives

marketing plan

identify the audiences, messages, and the communication methods to be used

steps for identifying the information needed for dissemination

identify the need match the need to likely source pursue lead judge the quality and quantity of information found organize the available material in a format most useful to the user

policy assessment

important when determining the extent of available policies in the process of health education. requires that an assessment of the mission of the health education plan or process be compatible with existing regulations and policies and the amount of flexibility contained in such

social groups

include organizational groups and groups of individuals within organizations

ethical principles

include respect for autonomy, the persons right to self determination

Health related community service strategies

include services, tests, or treatments to improve the health of the priority population

cost analysis

includes accumulation, examination, and manipulation of cost data for comparisons and projections

The Community Guide

includes evidence on topics including alcohol, cancer, physical activity, obesity and tobacco. developed and continually updated by the task force

informed consent

includes: nature and purpose of the program any inherent risks or dangers associated with participation any possible discomfort that may be experienced from participation in the program expected benefits of participation alternative programs or procedures that would accomplish the same results option of discontinuing participation at any time

well planned health education programs

incorporate collected data about the health issues addressed and/or about similar programs and organize at the grassroots level to involve the populations that will be affected

strategies to implement TTM stages of change

increase awareness; make the risks personal; emphasize self-efficacy; aid in development of definitive plans; establish short term goals; give specific resources, give feedback and positive reinforcement; aid insolving problems; give opportunities for social support; aid in establishing coping strategies; provide reminders of benefits; describe the pros and cons of change for the individual; establish self awareness of behaviors that are problematic; utilize empathy/family interventions

contemplation

individual acknowledges a problem but is not yet ready to change

maintenance

individual avoids recidivism, in part by recognizing the benefits of the new behavior

action

individual begins to change behavior

preparation/commitment

individual decides to change and begins to assemble relevant information

precontemplation

individual does not recognize a problem

Predisposing factors

individual knowledge and affective traits

health belief model

individual-level model first developed by social psychologists in the United States Public Health Service to understand why individuals did not act on information about prevention or disease detection. six major constructs: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self efficacy

interpersonal channels

individuals are much more receptive to information received through direct, one-on-one communication. counseling or consulting. health hotline. brochures or pamphlets, want to have graphs or charts or powerpoint presentation to back up

self assessments

individuals complete questions regarding health history and create and assessment risk when used in comparison to an established database data is compared to a database of individuals with similar characteristics which provides a risk assessment for a number of diseases

awareness stage of diffusion of innovation

individuals or communities are introduced to the innovation

evaluation stage of diffusion of innovation

individuals or communities consider the consequences of the innovation and decide whether or not to give it a try

adoption stage of diffusion of innovation

individuals or communities elect to continue using the innovation

interest stage of diffusion of innovation

individuals or communities endeavor to find out more about the innovation

trial stage of diffusion of innovation

individuals or communities use the innovation

innovators

individuals who are open to new ideas, and are the first to accept and utilize the innovation

laggards

individuals who continue to resist innovation

telephone surveys

inexpensive to perform and capable of assembling a great deal of information, obviously can only be performed on target population with telephones, high response rate, slightly lest honestly than mail surveys

regulatory policies

influence the actions and decisions of others

quantitative data

information that can be expressed in numerical terms, counted, or compared on a scale. improvement in a child's reading level is measured by a reading test for example

qualitative data

information that is difficult to measure, count, or express in numerical terms. for example, a participant's impression about the fairness of a program rule/requirement

goal-free model

instruments that provide all outcomes

systems analysis model

instruments that serve to quantify the program's effects

childrens health insurance program

insurance coverage for children who are low income and uninsured and not covered by Medicaid

medicare

insurance for those 65 and older and younger people with disabilities

targeted message

intended to reach some specific subgroup of the general population, usually based on a set of demographic characteristics shared by its members

resource inventories

interviews are performed and records are scrutinized to determine which health services are being administered in a target community; a resource inventory depends on the accuracy of records assess the availability and quality of health services in a particular community only as accurate as records have been maintained

five important sections of research reports

introduction literature review methodology results conclusions/recommendations/summary

the social model

investigates social or political issues that influence health

ARCS motivation model

involves attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. comprised of many motivational theories. purpose is to give learners time and motivation to gain knew knowledge

community capacity inventory

involves developing a written list of the skills and talents of individual community members, associations, and other resources in the neighborhood as a whole community asset maps map local resources and is a visual representation of the physical assets of a community that may constitute important physical and social support structures for achieving community goals

state-of-the-art health education practice

involves focus on definitive health goals and the concomitant outcomes in behavior. addresses individual values and group norms that support health-enhancing behaviors focus on increasing personal perception of risk and harmfulness of engaging in specific health risk behaviors and reinforcing protective factors focus on social pressure and peer influences building individual competence

medicaid

jointly funded federal and state insurance for people with low income

relevance

knowing the needs of the learners and giving chances to pair activities of learning to motives for learning

strategic planning

laying out of long-term goals and the tasks it will take to accomplish them. include reference to all aspects of the program. developing strategies to reach a defined set of objectives designed to fulfill the mission of an organization encompasses individual, group, community, environment, policy, and other systems-level factors that support or impinge upon the successful implementation of an organizational mission

news release

leads with the most important information and is written in a succinct, terse stye. contains all important information including who is involved, nature of event, where and when. contain contact information

Bloom's Taxonomy

learning in the cognitive domain should apply the higher order processes instead of lower order objectives that are traditionally seen

training level 2

learning. includes the extent of attitude change, knowledge gained, or increase in skills, and uses a pre and post-survey

pedometers

less sophisticated than fitness trackers, they have many advantages such as being small, easy to use, and relatively inexpensive

individual factors

level of education, social status, and education on health issues

goal selection

long term health goal and secondary behavioral and environmental goals are defined

formative evaluation

looks at an ongoing process of evaluation from planning through implementation involves evaluation of activities to generate information that will guide improvements for a program or health promotion efforts

Article 5 of Code of Ethics

make sure that all participants in a health program are there voluntarily and have filled out any relevant informed consent documents make sure credit for research and evaluation is given to the appropriate party

adaptation

making changes to health education messages, materials, or programs to make them more suitable for a population of interest

Health policy and enforcement strategies

mandate actions through laws, regulations, policies or rules

actual needs

may be inferred through the discrepancy of services provided to one community group as compared to another such as bicycling and walking lanes

intermediate outcomes

measured in terms of changes in behaviors related to disease or health status

long-term outcomes

measured in terms of fundamental changes in conditions leading to morbidity or mortality

social assessment

measures the perception of the target population's quality of life and aids in the identification of the social conditions that will benefit from health education a collection of pertinent information is assembled, should include all salient facts about the health issue in question define the quality of life in priority population

indicators

methods of evaluation should be specific and explicit in the objectives of the program information or statistics that provide evidence of progress towards outcomes

psychographics

more complex variables that describe individuals such as personalities, lifestyles, attitudes, and interests

qualitative research

more subjective and focused on the accumulation of subjective information. interviews and observation

nominal data

mutually exclusive exhaustive data

interval data

mutually exclusive exhaustive ordered data in which the distance between categories can be measured but with no absolute zero

ratio data

mutually exclusive exhaustive ordered data in which the distance between categories can be measured with absolute zero

ordinal data

mutually exclusive exhaustive ordered data in which the distance between categories cannot be measured

2005

national health educator competencies update project results released

1978

national task force on the preparation and practice of health educators established 1981 role delineation project conducted

self-actualization

need for personal fulfillment and may be met by challenging the learner

grant proposal

needs to include a title page, abstract/executive summary, table of contents, introduction, background, proposed program description (including objectives, activities, evaluation plan, and timeline), resources, references, personnel and budget

Effective leadership

negotiating, mediating, planning proactively, designing programs, and communicating effectively to prevent or minimize its effect on the organization's climate and performance

termination

new behavior is fully learned and habitual; almost no risk of recidivism

project with internal validity

not affected by things outside of its purview

omission

not doing something that should have been done

Television

not good at delivering a long, tailored message appropriate for short, succinct messages that can be whittled down to 1 or 2 main ideas can be expensive

direct observation

observers must be selected and trained as to how to observe and when and how to record observations

social desirability threat

occurs when the participant tries to respond in a manner that they think the evaluator desires

allocative policies

offer benefits to some distinct class of individuals

in-person surveys

often performed door to door, expensive to perform, but known for high response rate and attention to detail only performed after the objectives of the survey have been clearly defined. must be well trained. can ask subjects to elaborate on particular points to elicit helpful details.

outcomes

often stepwise and labeled short-term, intermediate, or long-term

mail surveys

one of the most common; written surveys are sent through the mail to members of the target community. must be written in comprehensible language, responses are typically honest, but the response rate is low

variables

operational forms of a construct. they designate how the construct will be measured in designated scenarios

voluntary health agencies

organizations that deal with health needs and may rely heavily on donations or volunteers to function

outcome evaluation

overall evaluation of the extent to which the health education program achieved its original goals determines whether long-term program goals were met focused on the ultimate goal, product, or policy and is often measured in terms of health status, morbidity, and mortality

implementation preparation

participants in the health education program are selected and trained, program is put into action

system structure

parts of the systems, actors, and interconnections between the parts

six constructs of the health behavior model

perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy

Needs Assessments

performed to obtain health information about an individual or group. Most include: the individual or group's current knowledge of health, their attitude towards health, recommendations for health education, and any relevant socio-economic practices the basic point is to determine what kind of health education would be most beneficial for a given individual or community

categories of determinants of health

policy-making, health care services, social factors, individual behavior, biology/genetics

quantitative research

performed using accepted and standardized systems of measurement. easier to analyze and organize mathematically. most scientific research is this type

Delphi panel

performed when it's impossible to gather all the individuals needed for a survey in the same place at the same time. questionnaires are sent out to each member and responses are analyzed, results will determine subsequent questions. three to five questionnaires total. small number of participants

autonomy

personal right to self-determination and choice

limitations

phenomena the evaluator or researcher cannot control that place restrictions on methodology and ultimately conclusions. (time, nature of data collection, instruments, sample)

equipment and supplies

physical items needed

space

physical space needed

Maslow's Hierarchy

physiologic, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs

justifying a program with evidence

population data accreditation reports claims refusal data LOS and other census data infection/sentinel event rates needs assessment results staffing shortages public health problems, trends

stages of change in TTM

precontemplation (not planning to change) contemplation (planning to change in next 6 months) preparation (plan to take action in next 30 days) action (behavior change for 6 months) maintenance (behavior change for over 6 months with efforts to prevent relapse) termination (no risk of relapse)

reinforcing factors

presence of positive feedback for the purpose of solidifying positive changes in health behavior

results

presents evidence tested against the stated hypothesis or research questions, presents the statistical findings, and also includes a discussion of what the findings mean

five methods to collect impact evaluation data

pretest/post-test, participant demonstration, participant role-playing, participation observation, and participant interviews

fitness trackers

primarily track activity and calories burned, but some can also count the hours of sleep, the heart rate, and the skin temperature, making them useful for both fitness and cardiac monitoring issues to consider: type of display waterproofing battery life syncing ability continuous or intermittent tracking

four p's of discipline

product, promotion, place, and price

community diagnosis

professional opinion of the health of the individual or community based on community analysis; special consideration to health problems as they relate to available health services

processes

program components, activities, delivery and time frame

intervention

program. set of learning activities, delivery plan, and evaluation activities designed to achieve the desired outcomes of the program. may use single or multiple strategies to accomplish objectives.

social cognitive theory

promotes the concept that learning is an interplay between the person, environment, and cognitive and behavioral factors. integrates/approaches to behavioral change by using cognitive, behavioral, and environmental aspects interaction is called reciprocal determinism constructs: behavioral capability, expectations, self-control, emotional coping responses, reciprocal determinism, and self efficacy

health communication strategies

promotion and dissemination of health issues through the media

longer-term evaluation questions

provide vial links between intervention activities, products and services rendered, and changes in risk factors, morbidity, or mortality

gantt charts

provide visual representations of tasks and the time needed for each tasks as well as overlapping tasks

Guide to Community Preventive Services

provides a summary of what is known about the effectiveness, economic efficiency, and feasibility of interventions to promote community health and prevent disease. Includes evidence-based recommendations for programs and policies to promote population-based health

environmental assessment

provides information as to the environmental risks contributing to the health problem, ranks the importance of the factors, changeability, identifies a target population, and illustrates the environmental factors

behavioral and environmental assessment

provides information regarding potential risk factors for the health problem, ranks the importance of the behavior, ranks change factors impacting the behavior, enables the selection of behaviors to target, and illustrates the behavioral factors

community forums

public meetings. bring together people in a particular population to discuss their perceptions of the community's health problems

four p's of social marketing

publics, partnerships, policy advocacy, and purse strings

training personnel topics

purpose, method (step by step instructions and ample practice for consistency), rights of those involved (privacy and confidentiality, agree to participate and refuse), timeline (reasonable goals set), legal guidelines, ethical issues, data storage (paper versus electronic)

surveys

questions need to be specific and a large number of respondents need to be assembled must have a clear and appropriate objective, typically one that is established by all of those individuals with a direct interest in the results placed into terms that can be understood and responded to by a large number of individuals in the target community used to determine the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, skills, and health status of a priority population should use well-constructed questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability, have a high response rate, and have been administered to a valid sample

RE-AIM

reach effectiveness adoption implementation maintenance can be used for policy evaluation

training level 1

reaction. are the feelings of the participants regarding the training and involve using surveys and feedback forms?

earned media

receiving free news placement

nine constructs of the social cognitive theory

reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy, behavioral capability, outcome expectation, outcome expectancies, performance self-control, observational learning, environment and situations, and reinforcement

Community Health Model

recognizes that there are six social conditions that impact health outcomes. neighborhood conditions, learning opportunities, development of community and available employment, current norms, customs and established community processes, social cohesion, and health education and health promotion

community organization

recognizing the problem in the community, utilizing health education specialists to organize the target population and stakeholders, assessing the community, establishing priorities, choosing interventions and means of interpretation, and analyzing and continually assessing the formulated plan of action

social determinants

reflect social factors and the physical conditions in the environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work, and age. they impact a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes conditions in which people are born, live, work, play, and age that affect their health risks, health, daily functioning, and quality of life

training objectives

relate to both the knowledge and skills that staff members and volunteers need to be able to implement health education/promotion interventions successfully

Program or outcome objectives

related to the ultimate goals but are specific, measurable statements of what the educator wants to accomplish at a given time

ratio scores

represent data with common measurements between each score and a true zero

formal consulting

requires a contract or written agreement between two parties, the client and consultant. hired for their expertise in a particular area for which the client needs assistance, advice, direction, etc.

timeline

requires making a list of all tasks and the steps involved and then placing the tasks in sequential order

informed consent

requires that the person be competent to give consent; has been apprised of risks, benefits, and alternatives; comprehends the information provided; and gives consent without coercion agreement to voluntarily and willingly participate in a study based on a full disclosure of what constitutes participation in the study, as well as identifies the risks and benefits involved in participation

culturally sensitive

requires understanding and respecting beliefs of different cultures

resource sensitive

resources are scarce

Article 3 of Code of Ethics

respect desires of their bosses and strive to do their very best to serve the interest of the organization with which they are affiliated be clear with employers any possible conflicts of interest give honest evaluations of their work

fundamental concepts for human subjects protection

respect for persons beneficence justice

implementation

results of the assessments performed in the PRECEDE process are put into action; a comprehensive health education program includes attention to the social and behavioral influences on health process of putting health education program plans into action the initiation of those activities which intends to bring about a specific change in health and the target population five phases

2006

revised framework, a competency-based framework for health educators

2007

revised study guide, the health education specialist: a companion guide for profession excellence, 6th edition published CHES exam revised based on CUP results

Gagne's theory of instruction

separates learning into categories; verbal information, cognitive strategies, intellectual skills, and attitudes. nine events that lead to learning

genetic factors

serve to contribute to either a lesser or greater risk for certain health outcomes as opposed to causing certain health outcomes definitively can either enhance or compromise health

community empowerment interventions

serve to establish a wide change in health behaviors on a community level by creating organized communities that elaborate upon their health problems, determine the causes of their health problems, and subsequently work at appropriate individual and collective actions to alter such causes

institutional review board

serves as a general supervisor for health research. makes sure that research subjects are treated with respect and care. approves proposals for future research. it safeguards the interests of health researchers and subjects alike. tries to prevent researchers from being blindsided by accusations of negligence or liability composed of researchers and community members or stakeholders who review proposed research for compliance with federal regulations governing research involving human subjects

budget

serves as a working document that aids the organization in effectively operating and evaluating the proper use of funds

the educational and ecological assessment

serves to identify causes linked to the health status or problem and to illustrate areas for change that require health education

culture of organization

set of beliefs and behaviors that it deems acceptable and appropriate. established by strong leaders who represent the core values they wish to see promoted in the program.

theory

set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables, in order to explain and predict the events or situations

policies

sets of rules and objectives to guide activities

organizational leadership

sets up administrative structures that allow the goals of the organization to be realized. establishes channels of communication. needs to make sure that there is a clear chain of command in the organization.

outcomes

short-term changes or long-term changes

learning or instructional objectives

short-term, specific descriptions of awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and skills in relation to the content being taught

ethical issues

should always be considered during the process of assessment (including informed consent and feedback as well as security of data and confidentiality)

sustainability

should be an issue dealt with in all phases of planning for a health education plan or promotion. issues to be consider related to this include: need, resources, support, currency

the plan of instruction

should focus on continuity, sequence, and integration. should provide the scope and sequence or bigger picture for what the program will look like

the plan for action

should sequence the units or modules for the specific health education course or workshop being facilitated

social marketing

simply the application of commercial marketing principles to a health related problem the process of persuading a target audience to adopt changes in their health behavior using marketing principles in planning, implementation, and evaluation of health education programs designed to bring about social change the ultimate objective of marketing is to influence action

external barriers

situational or institutional

social conditions

social institutions, surroundings, and social relationships

social relationships

social status or position, social groups, and networks

environmental objectives

some change in the physical or social environment that will positively affect health environmental or nonbehavioral influences on a health problem. the factors include social, physical, psychological, policy, and service environments

short-term outcomes

sometimes described as impact- quantifiable changes in knowledge, skills, and access to resources that happen if planned activities are successfully carried out

focus group

specially-chosen collections of individuals brought together to answer questions and assess a presentation on a particular health issue. led by a facilitator. objectives must be explicit beforehand because of time consuming and expensive skilled facilitator usually leads focus groups and encourages participants to talk to one another, ask questions, give examples, and provide comments regarding a particular topics designed so that participants share opinions and explain the reasons underlying those opinions can be as small as two people are as large as the facilitator can manage

objectives

specific achievements that must be attained in order to eventually meet the goals. have to be capable of measurement, and the system for measuring progress should be established during the planning phase. should include mention of who is responsible for each task, the length of time in which the task is to be completed, and the source of materials and resources for the completion of the task

evaluation questions

specifically developed questions

transtheoretical model

stages of changes model. planned interventions can reach people where they are in their motivation for a particular behavior. constructs: stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, and self efficacy

objectives

statements that describe, in measurable terms, the changes in behavior, attitude, knowledge, skills, or health status that will occur in the intervention group in the result of the program small, specific steps that enable the goal to be met

esteem

status and achievement and may be met in training by recognizing achievements and positive reinforcement for learning

information processing theory

suggests health education specialists should keep communication simple, include no more than 2-3 main messages, and break information into small chunks

confidentiality

supported by HIPPA which requires that all personal information about a patient must be kept private and secure

indicator

system for evaluating progress

literature review

systematic method of locating, synthesizing and interpreting a collection of work by researchers and practitioners helps health education specialists understand the existing body of knowledge on the topic and populations as well as identify information gaps to be included in the needs assessment

logic models

take a variety of forms but generally depict aspects of a program such as inputs, outputs, and outcomes

policy-making

takes place at the local, state, and federal levels, and impacts individuals and entire communities and populations

intervention planning

target and objectives of intervention are established; intervention approach is selected based on the circumstances in which it will be performed

publics

target audience of social marketing campaign

paid media

television, radio, print, billboards, transit or digital advertising

2013

the CHES certification program is re-accredited and the MCHES certification program received accreditation by NCAA

numeracy

the ability to understand number

outputs

the activities, services, ad products that will reach the participants of a program as a result of carefully leveraging resources through skillful planning

project management

the application of knowledge, skills, and techniques to execute projects effectively and efficiently

predisposing factors

the assumptions and beliefs of the community concerning health issues

Health equity

the attainment of the highest level of health for all people. achieving health equity requires valuing everyone equally with focused and ongoing societal efforts to address avoidable inequalities, historical and contemporary injustices,and the elimination of heath and health care disparities

mean

the average, relative center of a normally distributed distribution

legislative advocacy

the branch of health advocacy wherein educators work with lawmakers to make positive changes in government health policy example: telling politicians about dangers of a certain kind of insulation, in the hopes that they will ban this product from being sold

self-efficacy

the confidence one has in performing a behavior

secondary analysis

the databases to be mined should be selected and the criteria for research established, including key words, timeframes and populations

reliability

the degree to which a program is likely to achieve similar results when implemented in similar conditions the consistency, dependability, and stability of the measurement process

health literacy

the degree to which an individual has the capacity to obtain, communicate, and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health decisions

validity

the degree to which an instrument of measurement is applied to the appropriate object the degree to which a test or assessment measures what it is supposed to measure.

measurement validity

the degree to which instrument measures what the evaluator wants it to measure

internal validity

the degree to which the program caused the change that was measured; were changes in participants due to program or chance?

health communication

the dissemination of health related information in a target community

curriculum and instructional resources

the educational materials and curriculum

media advocacy

the effort to use media exposure to generate support for a change in health policy more appropriate for simple messages that can be described in a short format need to be composed at a level that can be understood by non-experts

target indicator

the expected value of an indicator at a specific point in time

fidelity

the extent to which delivery of an intervention adheres to the protocol or program model originally developed activity logs, document reviews, observations, reports, surveys, or interviews are used to measure this

negligence

the failure to act in a careful or reasonable manner

utilitarian

the greatest good for the greatest number; the end justifies the means

data collection procedures

the health education specialist must consider the purpose of the data collection, the audience for which the data are intended, the types of questions to be answered, the scope of the research, and the resources available to carry out data collection

culture

the ideas, beliefs, values, customs, and norms that are learned from family and community that are passed down to subsequent generations the patterned ways of thought and behavior that characterize a social group and are learned through socialization processes

HEDIR

the international electronic mail directory for health educators. contact knowledgable professionals all over the world. gain access to the professional expertise of colleagues in ever conceivable field of health education

paradigm

the mindset or beliefs of how the systems work and refer to goals, policies and structure

Eta Sigma Gamma

the national health education honorary that seeks to promote high professional standards among health educators developed to promote professional development and raise standards among health professionals

physiologic needs

the necessity of food, water, and warmth may be applied by providing breaks, snacks, meals

love

the need to belong and may be addressed by creating positive group dynamics and acceptance

median

the number that is in the center of an ordered data set

mode

the number that occurs most often in a data set

administrative objectives

the organizational activities that will directly result in the success of the program. it might be to send out letters of inquiry to all local experts and important members of the community for example

personnel

the person or people who will help with implementation

consultation

the process by which the knowledge of one person s used to help another make better decisions

community analysis

the process of assembling information about the target individual, group, or community; includes general health summary and evaluation of available health care

dissemination

the process of communicating procedures, findings, or lessons learned from an evaluation o relevant audiences in a timely, unbiased, and consistent fashion

program planning

the process of identifying needs, establishing priorities, diagnosing causes of problems, assessing and allocating resources, and determining barriers to achieving objectives

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

the purpose of his is to protect personal health information. in order for health data to be used, individual permission must be granted with some exceptions

inputs

the resources, contributions, activities, and other investments that go into a program

leadership

the skills needed to incorporate local rules and policies to allow an organization to be successful in a particular setting

service needs

those things health professionals believe a given population must have to be able to do in order to resolve a health problem

service demands

those things people say they must have or be able to do in order to resolve their health problem

impact objectives

those things that must be done to lay the foundations for the achievement of the ultimate objectives of the health education program. behavioral and learning are the two most common kinds of these

effective evaluation report aspects

timely provision of the report effective summary detailed summary of how the stakeholders were involved list of strengths and limitations/weaknesses of the findings should utilize illustrations and various examples and stories

ESG

to foster professional competence and dedication of members in the health education profession

organizational/community channels

town meeting, local conference, sponsoring an event. if an active contributor to community, more likely to attract interest from citizens. endorsements from community help.

Article 6 of Code of Ethics

treat their students with respect and to seek out instructional methods that can best deliver important information learning environment needs to be inclusive and welcoming course material needs to be current and accurate

pilot study

trial run

veracity

truth telling. part of informed consent and is essential to health education

evidence-based research

type of research in which the researcher is aware of certain evidence before exploring the subject.

defining the priority population

understanding demographic qualities of the population such as age, sex, ethnicity, and income. geography, environmental conditions, culture and social aspects, size of population, and shared characteristics within the community help define this

cultural sensitivity

understanding, valuing, and respecting the similarities and differences between culturally-based attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

Health communication strategies

use all types of communication channels to change behavior

six components for effective public health program implementation

use innovation to develop the evidence base use a limited number of high priority, evidence-based interventions use effective program management use partnerships and coalitions communicate accurate and timely information obtain resources and support

mass media

used to draw attention to a health issue and advocate change in policy. most effective when simple and to the point. better at inspiring short-term than long-term. not good for complex changes

observations

used to gather data through direct surveillance of the population. accomplished through watching and recording specific behaviors of the population being studied.

program evaluation and review technique

used to generate an illustration to facilitate scheduling and to show the project timeline or the project management plan

HIAs (health impact assessments)

used to objectively evaluate the potential health effects of a project or policy before it is developed or implemented provide recommendations to increase positive health outcomes and minimize adverse health outcomes

the rapid model

used when time and money are lacking for a needs assessment. this model offers some basic information but is often lacking in detail

summative evaluation

useful in the application of the findings of the evaluation when considering policy analysis or program development often associated with measures or judgments that enable the investigator to draw conclusions from impact and outcome evaluations includes activities taken to create a judgment on a program's performance and whether specific goals and objectives were met

attainment model

uses evaluation standards and instruments that primarily target the objectives and goals of the program

decision-making model

uses instruments that focus upon the elements that yield context, input, processes, and products to use when making decisions

PSA

usually between 15 and 30 seconds long and need to be direct and succinct. useful in delivering one or two pieces of information to a broad audience. memorable slogans most useful three common characteristics: must streamline its message careful production target a very specific contingent

ecological approaches

utilize the various dimensions to affect behavior change. ecological perspectives take into consideration five levels of influence on health behavior; intrapersonal, institutional, community, and public policy

descriptive statistics

utilized to describe data and to decrease a large quantity of data into a few elemental measurements that entirely describe data distribution

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

utilizes interventions that are designed to impact individuals at the stage of which they are regarding change. stages of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and change processes

PRECEDE-PROCEDE model

utilizes: social assessment, epidemiological assessment, behavioral and environmental assessment, educational and ecological assessment, and administrative and policy assessment. consists of nine phases running from needs assessment and diagnosis to implementation and evaluation. this method is generally used when implementing long-term program for a specific population Predisposing, reinforcing, enabling constructs in educational/ecological diagnosis and evaluation- policy, regulatory, and organizational constructs in educational and environmental development needs are identified, plans are constructed, programs are activated, and evaluations are made currently the most used formal planning model in health education

internet

websites, blogs. chat rooms and newsgroups that focus on health-related issues. space is unlimited so as much detail as you would like. purchasing space is inexpensive; need to establish credentials though

perceived needs

what individuals in a community state that they want, such as more healthy food choices in a school vending machine

unit of analysis

what or who is being studied or evaluated

the health belief model

when individuals acquire more information about a health problem, they are more likely to change their behavior. six core beliefs 1. individual must believe that he or she could potentially be affected by the health problem 2. individual must believe that the health problem is a significant threat 3. the individual must believe that the benefits of preventive behavior are greater than the costs associated 4. the individual must believe that he or she is capable of changing his or her behavior 5. individual must be encouraged to change behavior 6. individual must believe that he or she will be able to perform the new behavior

surroundings

workplace, neighborhood, cities and the built environment

Newspapers

write a letter to the editor. compose an editorial. press conference and news reporters. print media is losing its popularity but is the best way to distribute detailed information to a large audience