CHES Exam
inferential statistics
a procedural system used to obtain conclusions from sets of data that come from systems that are impacted by random variation
Ethical Issues related to Technology-Based Health promotion
beneficence (justify why this technology is best for the participants) transparency (informed consent clear and accurate) equity (special attention should be pad to who has access to the technology modality) confidentiality (protect participant data) special populations
late majority
individuals who take even longer than the early majority, and sometimes only accept innovation after it becomes necessary
early majority
individuals who take their time before deciding to accept innovation
safety
security may be applied in training by providing a safe environment and by allowing questions
primary prevention methods
seek to avoid individual health problems
secondary prevention methods
seek to diminish health problems in a population of individuals
tertiary prevention methods
seek to mitigate the effects of negative health condition on the individual level
needs assessment
the systematic identification of needs within a population and the determination of the degree to which those needs are being met
frequency
the total number of observations within a category
questionnaires
the type of questionnaire, the questions, and the Likert scale must be determined as well as teh method of distribution
health marketing
the use of commercial marketing principles to promote health behavior the creation and delivery of health promotion programs using multidisciplinary, evidence-based strategies to motivate the public toward positive health practices
social marketing
the use of commercial marketing techniques to promote behavior that will improve society. constant effort to sell benefits of positive health behavior to the members of a community. can be used to introduce a population to a health issue, to increase awareness of health services, or to reinforce positive health behaviors
social marketing
the use of marketing principles to promote a product, idea, or attitude. involves setting behavioral goals, uses consumer research and theory, and targets populations
negotiation
the utilization of a third party to aid in conflict resolution
baseline indicator
the value of the indicator prior to implementation
criticality
the worst off benefit the most
perceived benefits
there are benefits to taking action to prevent or control the disease
perceived barriers
there are consequences to taking action against the disease
perceived severity
there are serious consequences to contracting the disease
Education strategies
activities usually associated with classroom-based courses, workshops, or seminars
community mobilization
efforts to involve the target community through advocacy and the building of coalitions
health engineering strategies
efforts to positively alter the elements of the physical environment that affect health
1988
NCHEC incorporated as a nonprofit organization
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
Physiological Needs Safety needs Social belongingness Esteem Self-Actualization
2011
CHES exam revised based on HEJA results MCHES certification first conferred via experience documentation opportunity (EDO) for existing CHES
total implementation
program is implemented in its entirety to the target population from the beginning
six step process of conducting a needs assessment
1. Determine the scope of work and the purpose for the needs assessment 2. gather the data 3. analyze the data 4. identify any factors linked to the health problem 5. identify the focus for the program 6. validate the need before continuing with the planning process
Stages of the Marketing Process
1. Planning (analyze situation, select approaches and determine the role of marketing, set goals and objectives, segment and select priority audiences, design public health offerings, plan evaluation) 2. Development 3. Implementation 4. Assessment
Steps in Designing and Completing a Survey
1. Planning the survey (objectives, resources) 2. Designing the survey 3. Collecting the data 4. Planning data analysis 5. Drawing the sample 6. Conducting the questionnaire 7. Pretesting the questionnaire 8. Revising the questionnaire 9. Administering the survey 10. Preparing the data 11. Verifying 12. Entering data 13. Tabulating 14. Analyzing 15. Recording and reporting
steps for an effective coalition
1. analyze the issue or problem for the focus 2. create awareness of the issue 3. conduct initial coalition planning and recruitment 4. develop resources and funding 5. create infrastructure 6. elect coalition leadership 7. create an action plan
steps needed to ensure a plan is implemented consistently
1. build support of plan 2. develop plan for implementation 3. train those guiding implementation 4. carry out pilot programs or small tests 5. assess each step in implementation 6. promote
Factors that contribute to the success of partnerships
1. determining the needs, capacity, and resources of the organizations as early as possible 2. raising awareness of policy requirements and regulations that are critical to the mutual interests and goals of the potential partners 3. developing alliances through positive relationships with constituency groups
processes of implementation
1. encourage target population to take an interest in the program 2. conducting a resource and task inventory 3. determine the precise set and sequence of activities that will result in success 4. putting plans into action 5. maintain constant evaluation of program to make adjustments and determine whether to terminate program or continue it
commonly recognized steps in the policy making process
1. formulation 2. enactment 3. implementation 4. maintenance/modification
five step process to follow when asked to provide health information
1. honestly assess the needs of the target community 2. determine which information sources will directly meet the needs of the target community 3. access these resources 4.. look over the materials and assess their reliability, validity, and quantity 5. organize the material into an easy-to-understand format
ten strategic planning steps
1. initiate and agree on a planning process 2. clarify organizational mandates 3. identify and understand stakeholders 3. develop/refine mission statement and values 4. assess the environment 5. identify/frame strategic issues 6. formulate tactics to manage strategic issues 7. review and adopt the plan 8. establish an effective organizational vision for the future 9. develop an implementation process 10. reassess the process
four forms of policies
1. laws enacted at any level of government 2. rules and regulations from agencies responsible for implementing laws 3. operational decisions that may be authoritative procedures or protocols 4. judicial decisions
health communication process
1. planning and selecting a strategy (analysis of health issue and the target population; health educators will develop a list of objectives) 2. selecting appropriate materials (message format and venue selection) 3. developing pretesting materials (sample of target population is exposed to program; feedback leads to adjustments) 4. implementation (program is evaluated and larger changes are considered) 5. assessing effectiveness (decision as to whether the goals set in stage 1 are being approached or met) 6. feedback to improve program (all pertinent information is reviewed with an eye towards possible changes)
five phases of implementation
1. population is encouraged to participate in the programs; this phase emphasizes the importance of having adequate staff and a willing target population for a successful program 2: resource and task inventory; essential to have a precise understanding of the resources and manpower that will be required to implement a program; also, the inventory needs to include a description of the sources of resources and manpower 3: a system for overseeing the program is established; it must include clear indicators and a well-defined timetable 4: implementation; may be total or partial 5: program assessment, with special attention to the established indicators
advocacy strategies
1. voting behavior (register to vote and encourage others to do the same) 2. electioneering (contributing to the campaign of a candidate supportive of public health and health education) 3. direct lobbying (contacting a policymaker) 4. grassroots lobbying (town hall meetings, starting a petition) 5. use of internet to access information on health issues 6. media advocacy (responding to members of the media for health related information) 7. social media
PROCEED phases
1: administrative and policy assessment 2: implementation 3: process evaluation 4: impact evaluation 5: outcome evaluation
steps when indicating a plan of action
1: community organization (consultation and cooperation with respected individuals and organizations in community) 2: pretesting (performed to acquire information about prevalent attitudes and health related behaviors) 3: diversity training (staff are encouraged to adjust the health communication message to the various constituents in the community) 4: effective leadership (a strong sense of organization and discipline within the health education program)
MATCH phases
1: goal selection 2: intervention planning 3: program development 4: implementation preparation 5: evaluation
steps in community organizing process
1: recognizing the issue (needs assessment, evaluation of primary and secondary data) 2: entering the community (interviews and observation) 3: establishing priorities and goals 4: selecting strategies for problem solving (establish a tailored message) 5: implementing the plan (may be phased or total) 6: evaluating progress (use of established indicators) 7: maintaining achievements (continuing or discontinuing elements of the program based on evaluation)
PRECEDE phases
1: social assessment 2: epidemiological assessment 3: behavioral assessment 4: educational and ecological assessment
MedlinePlus
National Library of Medicine's website for consumer health informatio
AAHB
American Academy of Health Behavior health behavior scholars. strengthen research foundation of health education profession and encourage the application of research to professional practice seeks to publicize what it considers to be important research findings facilitate communication between research scholars in various fields
AAHE
American Association for Health Education affiliated with the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance aims to assist health educators' efforts to promote wellness in all different environments employ a number of lobbyists in washing to work to influence policy in favor of educators works to establish systematic health programs in schools, colleges, businesses, and other organizations
ACHA
American College Health Association group of academic professionals devoted to preventing disease promote awareness and positive health behaviors on campus principal advocate and leadership organization for college and university health
APHA
American Public Health Association group of researchers and health professionals devoted to preventing disease prevent disease through advocacy and education to be a strong advocate for health education, disease prevention and health promotion directed to individuals, groups and communities in all activities of the association. to set, maintain and exemplify the highest ethical principles and standards of practice on the part of all professionals whose primary purpose is health education and disease prevention
ASHA
American School Health Association education professionals who seek to promote health education in K-12 setting its mission is to promote and support school health programs by providing financial assistance and other resources supports health teacher training to protect and promote the health of children and youth by supporting coordinated school health programs as a foundation for school success
the Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession
Article 1: Responsibility to the public Article 2: Responsibility for the profession Article 3: Responsibility to employers Article 4: Responsibility in the delivery of health education Article 5: Responsibility in research evaluation Article 6: Responsibility in professional preparation
Evaluation Model
Attainment Decision-Making Goal-Free Naturalistic Systems Analysis Utilization-Focused
Application of the Motivational Categories
Attention (capture learner's interest, maintain attention) Relevance (know learner's needs, provide opportunities, tie to past experiences) Confidence (build positive expectations of learning) Satisfaction (provide reinforcement to success)
secondary data sources
CDC (morbidity/mortality report, BRFSS, YRBSS) NCHS (vital records) United States Census Bureau (indicators, statistics) USDHHS (CMS, HRSA, social security) County, City and State health departments Health care system Voluntary health agencies Professional health organizations Robert wood johnson foundation existing records literature
2008
CHES certification program accredited by national commission on certifying agencies
1997
CHES exam offered twice a year
CNHEO
Coalition of National Health Education Organizations fosters connections between nine public health professional organizations aims to use combined strength to make positive changes in health education policy a collaboration of membership organizations mobilizes resources of the health education profession in order to expand and improve health education, regardless of the setting
Findings or Results of Assessment
Current results Gaps Existing strengths Causal analysis
Data Analysis Plan
Data system management Data entry Data verification Quantitative analysis plan Qualitative analysis plan Data transfer
Five Key areas of social determinants of health
Economic stability Education Social and community context Health and health care Neighborhood and built environment
CDC Six Step Framework for Program Evaluation
Engage Stakeholders Describe the Program Focus on the Evaluation Design Gather Credible Evidence Justify Conclusions Ensure use and share lessons learned Standards: Utility Feasibility Propriety Accuracy
Written Reporting of Data
Expected content or sections of report Format of the report Graphics and charts
Nine Events of Instruction (Gagne)
Gain Attention Inform learners of objectives Build on prior knowledge Present the stimulus Provide guidance Provide feedback Assess performance Enhance retention and transfer
Five major factors that contribute to determinant of the health of a population
Genes and biology Health behaviors Social environment or characteristics Physical environment or total ecology Health services or medical care
Five levels of influence for health behaviors
Individual Interpersonal Institutional Community Public Policy
Steps to reduce legal liability
Informed Consent Maintain Privacy (HIPPA) Choose certified instructors Written guidelines for emergency medical procedures Clear participants by health professionals Comply classrooms with building codes and maintain
four basic ways that a health educator can involve citizens in the process of making health decisions
Make sure the health program affects all members of the community Ask for feedback Establish a clear system for getting involved Emphasize the role of community involvement
six stages of marketing process
Market Analysis (inventory of data and resources) Planning (budget, structure, goals, promotional plan, schedules) Development of Testing Materials Implementation Assessing Effectiveness Feedback for refinement
Data Collection and Instrument Development
Question development Data collection method Instrument protocol development Instrument testing and revisions Language requirements Administration of data collection Selection and preparation of data collectors
The Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession
Responsibility to the public responsibility to the profession responsibility to employers responsibility in the delivery of health education responsibility in research and evaluation responsibility in professional preparation
Root Causes of Racial and Ethnic Disparities
Societal Factors Environmental Factors Individual and Behavioral Factors Medical Care Factors
SOPHE
Society for Public Health Education focuses on public health advocacy and professional development sponsors continuing education programs for health professionals publishes Health Education and Behavior and Health Promotion Practice and the newsletter News and Views to provide leadership in facilitating and promoting initiatives to achieve national health and education goals and objectives. the society promotes effective school programs and practices that involve collaboration with parents and community groups to positively impact healthy and active lifestyles
behavioral assessment
a list is made of activities and environmental factors that contribute to the health issue
mission statement
a brief explanation of the general intent of a health education program. it is composed so that members of the community can find out exactly why the health education program has been created. supposed to help members stay on track. statement of the purpose of organization oriented to making decision, priorities, and actions of the organization emphasizes the distinctive purpose and unique reason for being of a program
hawthorne effect
a change in behavior from feeling special
ARCS Motivation Model
a compilation of guidelines from many motivation theories. Provides learners with the necessary time and effort to acquire new knowledge and skills
process evaluation
a comprehensive health education program includes a system for evaluating success of each component after implementation document program feasibility any combination of measures that occurs as a program is implemented to assure or improve the quality of performance or delivery
Health Communication Process Model
a computerized template into which educators can enter specifications to determine the precise menu of services and promotional tools that will be most effective encourages educators to test their message on a small component of the target population before distributing it to the population at large compose a rigorous budget outlining the benefits and cost of a given communication program
logical model
a logical series of statements that link problems the program is attempting to address (conditions), how it will address them (activities), and the expected results (immediate, intermediate, and long-term goals). functions as a guide to planning a program contains the following measures: inputs, outputs, actions, outcomes, and the program impact
project plan or work plan
a detailed road map for how a program will achieve its goals should align with the logic model or broader strategic plan
normative needs
a discrepancy between an individual's or group's current status and that of others, such as smoke free environment in restaurants among different cities
Technical assistance
a dynamic, capacity building process for designing or improving the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of specific programs, research, services, products, or systems
nominal group process
a few representatives from the priority population are asked to respond to questions based on specific needs five to seven people ranking the ideas proposed and then sharing this ranking with the group in a round robin fashion
Record review
a form or checklist should be developed to guide record review and the records selected based on criteria established for the research
Intervention Mapping Approach
a framework for health education intervention development. Composed of: 1. creating a matrix of proximal program objectives 2. selecting theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies 3. designing and organizing a program 4. specifying adoption and implementation plans 5. generating program evaluation plans
1985
a framework for the development of competency-based curricula for entry level health educators published
coalition
a group of diverse organizations and constituencies working together toward a common goal
WebMD
a health information website for the public that provides updated content on a variety of health issues, health news, reference materials, and tools for managing health
health risk appraisal/assessments
a health professional uses the results of interviews and the analysis of records to determine an individuals long-term prognosis; specific factors like blood pressure and medical history are compared to sets of data to make an accurate prediction
null hypothesis
a hypothesis of skepticism which states there is no relationship between variables
Six Sigma
a management approach that focuses on objectives and data collection as well as analysis as mechanisms for reducing or eliminating errors
capacity assessment
a measure of actual and potential individual, group, and community resources that can be inherent to and/or brought to bear for health maintenance and enhancement. the process of mapping community assets is included in this
organizational readiness for change
a members commitment to change and the shared capacity to implement the change
tailored message
a message that has been specifically adapted for the target population
pooled analyses
a method for collecting all the individual data from group of studies, combining them into one large set of data and then analyzing the data as if it came from one big study
qualitative evaluation
a more subjective assessment of the success of the program (interviews, written surveys, direct observation)
critical path method
a network for diagramming technique that helps to determine time needed and the earliest completion time
HON
a nonprofit medical information portal that links to reliable and trustworthy medical sites on the internet
vision statement
a one-sentence or one-phrase statement that describes the long term desired change stemming from the efforts of an organization or program
health disparities
a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage
CQI
a performance management approach that monitors program and service effectiveness with a focus on the positive results over times
perceived susceptibility
a person feels at risk for the disease
lobbyist
a person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest
TRA/TPB
a person's behavior is determined by intention to perform the behavior, and this intention is a function of attitude towards the behavior and subjective norm. it is an attempt to explain the relationship among attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. three constructs: behavioral intention, attitude, and subjective norm
self efficacy
a person's confidence in performing a behavior and overcoming possible barriers to that behavior
strategic plan document
a product of the strategic planning process. the document serves as a road map that can be referred to over time to serve as a reminder, check assumptions, and measure progress
community based organization (CBO)
a public or private nonprofit organization of demonstrated effectiveness that is representative of a community or significant segments of a community and provides educational or related services to individuals in the community
systematic reviews
a published qualitative review of comprehensive synthesis of publications on particular topics. helpful in identifying current gaps in a stream of literature that can be filled with new, data-based health education or promotion research
implementation evaluation
a retrospective determination of whether the program was implemented as designed
expectancy effect
a self-fulfilling prophecy. reflects the idea that expectations placed upon people cause them to act as expected
photovoice
a specific photographic technique to enable people to record and reflect personal and community strengths and concerns as well as to promote critical dialogue and knowledge about personal and community issues through group discussion of photographs and to reach policy makers
intervention strategy
a specific technique or approach used in an intervention to get the desired outcome
program mission statement
a statement of the general focus or purpose of a program. can be a one-sentence statement or a short narrative that broadly defines the program's purpose. identify the scope or focus of the organization or program and are enduring over time
plain language
a strategy for making written and oral information easier to understand. it is one important tool for improving health literacy
conflict resolution
a strategy utilized for resolving issues or problems between two or more individuals
meta-analyses
a systematic statistical method of evaluating data based on numerical results of several independent studies of the same problem
organizational development (OD)
a term that encompasses strategies and interventions that focus on building capacities and well-being within groups and organizations to achieve maximum effectiveness and efficiency. it includes team building, organizational design, fostering strong and ethical organizational cultures, intergroup relations, group problem solving, and managing organizational change
CDCynergy
a tool for developing health communications and interventions. CD-ROM platform. developed by CDC. Often used for social marketing Six Phases: 1. Define and describe the problem 2. Analyze the problem 3. Identify and profile the audience 4. Develop communication strategies 5. Develop evaluation plan 6. Launch the plan and obtain feedback
purpose statement
a tool to identify what is to be learned from the evaluation and the research and serves to focus and steer the collection and analysis of data identifies in detail what health education specialists want to learn over the course of an evaluation project
PERT
a valuable time estimation tool when time needed for individual tasks is uncertain
stakeholder analysis
a vital tool utilized when engaging stakeholders to participate in the assessment process. provides critical information regarding the environment and facilitate negotiation for discussion. highlights the concerns an interests of various stakeholders regarding the areas to be addressed in the project in the planning phase or in the objective of the project once it has begun. helps to identify common ground between stakeholders
BAM! (Body and Mind)
a website developed by the CDC for children ages 9-13 years to help them make good decisions about lifestyle choices. provides support for educators through a number of activities and downloads as well as suggested lesson plans, which include evidence-based rationale for the activities
enabling factors
a willingness within the community to engage in positive health behavior changes
Article 2 of Code of Ethics
abide by a strict moral code monitor the behavior of their peers and intervene when they believe the highest standards are being violated join professional organization publicize own work and work of others
environmental factors
access to health services, socioeconomic, conditions, quality of air, water, and soil
evaluation
according to a previously-established system, the program is evaluated and corrected as necessary
SMART
acronym for writing objectives Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time-sensitive
learning activities
actions which intend to improve knowledge and skills in the target community (designed for the accomplishment of learning objectives)
strategies to implement constructs of social cognitive theory in training
address more than one element of reciprocal determinism; engineer the environment; address individual skill-building; clarify values; understand the need to provide a great deal of practice; utilize practice repetition; enable observational learning; capitalize upon verbal persuasion; use learning in increments; provide skill-training to foster mastery in behavior; self awareness of the physical and emotional responses; enable avenues to regulate and to foster self-control; and encourage use of journaling
HITECH Act
addresses the privacy and security concerns associated with the electronic transmission of health information
CHID (combined health information database)
administered by the national institute of health. contains articles about health education programs in the following fields: alzheimers disease; complementary and alternative medicine; deafness and communication disorders; diabetes; digestive diseases; kidney and urologic diseases; maternal and child health; medical genetics and rare disorders; oral health; and weight control
five generic phases of program implementation
adopt the program identify and prioritize tasks to complete establish a management system put the plans into action end or sustain a program or intervention
health choices
alcohol use, smoking, drug use, sexual activity, etc
stakeholders
all of those individuals with a direct interest of the results a person, group, or institution with interests in a project or policy who may be directly or indirectly affected by the process or outcome individuals or agencies that have a vested interest in the health education program those who affect and are affected by change and those who have an interest in the results and/or what would be done with the results
egalitarian
all persons of equal value; minimize disparities
primary data
all the information collected directly by the health professional from the target individual, group, or community obtained by health educational specialist via survey, interview, focus group, or direct observation of the focused person or population data gathered by health education specialists directly from or about the individual or population of interest. these data answer questions related to the specific needs assessment
quasi-randomized studies
allocate participation in a study based on some scheme, such as an assigned number, either odd or even
early adopters
among the first to adopt innovation; often individuals whose behavior is emulated by others
cultural competence/competency
an ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with people across cultures. comprises awareness of ones own cultural worldview, attitude toward cultural differences, and knowledge of ones orientation affects different professional practices and relationships
coalition
an assemblage of individuals and organizations from different backgrounds but with a common purpose; typically, the members of a coalition are
health communication
an attempt to share information with, influence, and support, a variety of audiences to engage in healthy behaviors or to support health-related policies, and is also vital
clearinghouse
an institution charge with assembling and distributing information
professional association
an organization formed to unite and inform people who work in the same occupation
research
an organized process using the scientific method generating new knowledge
credentialing
an umbrella term that refers to several processes put in place to ensure that persons who deliver a given service have obtained a minimum level of competency
seven steps in forming a coalition
analyzing the problem, generating awareness, establishing planning and recruitment for the coalition, obtaining funding and other resources, establishing infrastructure and leadership, and generating an action plan
lobbying
any attempt to influence specific legislation on behalf of a special interest different from advocacy in that it involves asking policy makers to pass or dismiss a certain policy or piece of legislation
advocacy
any effort to positively alter policies concerning health. the pursuit of influencing outcomes, including public policy and resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions that directly affect people's lives
secondary data
any pertinent information not collected directly by the health professional established data that may or may not be concerning the focused person or population including Vital Records, Disease Registry, U.S. Census, etc. all data maintained by other organizations BRFSS or YRBSS federal agencies that provide this: National center for health statistics CDC United States Department of Health and HUman Services United States Census Bureau data that have already been collected by others that may or may not be directly gathered from the individual or population being assessed.
online database
any systematically organized information accessible on the internet, which may be used by health education specialists to obtain health knowledge and/or resources for the health education process
evidence-based public health
application of observation-theory- and science-based experiments to improve the health of populations refers to application of observation, theory, and science based experiments to improve the health of populations
nominal groups
assembled when a health professional is specifically interested in developing a list of potential solutions to a health problem. five to seven people are assembled and encouraged to rank a group of health issues in order of importance led by a facilitator who is charged with completing the entire process in about an hour
quantitative evaluation
assembles a mass of numerical data for analysis (frequencies of certain behavior, scores of participants on standardized tests, etc)
policy enactment
assess adoption or enactment of the policy
7 areas of responsibility
assess needs, assets and capacity for health education plan health education implement health education conduct evaluation and research related to health education administer and manage health education serve as a health education resource person communicate and advocate for health and health education
policy development
assess the development process
impact evaluation
assessment of the extent to which the program is educating the public, as well as a summary of any general changes in the health-related behavior of the community assess immediate effect of an intervention focuses on immediate and observable effects of a program leading to the desired outcomes
public health model
attempts to quantify problems and often uses epidemiological data. can be more focused on a specific population and can be mindful of limitations of resources. some planning models such as PRECEDE-PROCEED can be used as tools for this approach
behavioral factors
attitude, cultural values, religion, and a general level of education
diet and nutrition applications
available through app stores and websites for computers and mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. encourage people to diet and exercise and some allow for groups of people to share information
Behavioral (lifestyle) factors
behaviors or actions of an individual, groups, or communities. Indicators may include compliance, consumption and utilization patterns, coping, preventive actions, and self-care
placebo effect
behavior change due to belief in treatment effectiveness
project with external validity
can be applied to other, related programs when it is complete
expressed needs
can be observed through individual's use of services, such as an exercise class taken by older adults at a senior center
nominal scores
cannot be ordered hierarchically but are mutually exclusive (i.e. male and female)
logic model
cannot only provide a graphic representation of the program but can also include the organizational mission, the context in which the program operates, and external variables that can influence outcomes
attention
capturing and maintaining interest and attention
three common measures for health communication
change in knowledge change in attitude change in behavior
Health engineering strategies
change the social or physical environment in which people live or work
behavioral objectives
changes in health-related behaviors that are the target of a health education program describe the behaviors or actions that the population will engage in to resolve the problem and lead to attainment of the program goal
learning objectives
changes in knowledge or skill that are the direct result of the successful implementation of a health education program. referred to as impact objectives because they have a direct result on the quality of life of individuals
Foundations
charitable organizations that donate funds or assets for a specific purpose
1989
charter CHES certification phase
evidence-based decision making
choices are not made until a careful objective scrutiny of hard data has been performed
health goals selected phase of MATCH model
choose goals for health status and report prevalence, change possibility, and resources available. choose the target population and report on the prevalence of the health issue in the target group, availability of the target population, and interest in the program, establish goals for health behavior, and establish goals for service access, program resources and any restrictions
alternative hypothesis
claims there is a relationship between variables
2000
code of ethics for health education profession adopted
social media
collaborative projects (e.g. wikis), blogs, content communities, social networking sites, virtual game worlds, and virtual social worlds online interaction or communication that allows users to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content
partnership
collaborators, an effective social marketing campaign will require participation from respected members of community
HaPI (health and psychological instruments)
collection of information regarding data collection tools. houses thousands of surveys, scales, tests, and rating schemes that have been used in previous research experiments. predominantly geared towards measuring pain, quality of life, and drug efficacy
CINAHL (cumulative index for nursing and allied health literature)
collection of nursing articles and other resources for medical professionals. provides access to books, journal articles, dissertations, and conference meetings on a variety of subjects related to nursing and Allied health
tertiary sources
collections of data taken from both primary and secondary sources; commonly found in government publications and organizational summaries
synthesis
combining different resources of information to reach a larger understanding
diffusion of innovations theory
community-level theory that describes the rate at which a new person or activity will spread throughout a group of people innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards constructs related to the innovation: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, observability, and trialability
health behaviors
complex mix of behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors
DHPE
composed of directors of state-level health programs; aims to help working professionals exchange ideas directors of health promotion and education seeks to increase advocacy, training and resource accumulation for health projects publishes The Voice to strengthen, promote and enhance the professional practice of health promotion and public health education nationally and within state health departments
SSDHPER
composed of state department of education employees; intends to nurture connections between professionals Society of State Directors of Health, Physical Education, and recreation state officials responsible for monitoring health and physical education programs in public schools offers training and workshops for students publishes The Society Page
ERIC (education resources information center)
comprehensive education database organized by the institute of education sciences administered by the united states department of education. focuses on scholarly articles related to K-12 education
mission statements
concrete, outcome-oriented statements that provide information about the overarching goals of an organization in a broad context
prioritizing training requests
consider the urgency, objectives, potential impact, range of impact, design and needs, size of audience, requestor and costs of anticipated workload
rater reliability
considers differences among scorers of items and controls for variation due to error introduced by rater perceptions
test-retest reliability
considers evidence of stability over time
Content validity
considers the instruments items of measurement for the relevant areas of interest
MATCH model
consists of five phases, with an emphasis on selecting the appropriate kind of intervention for a particular community. moves from diagnosis to implementation in only five phases. appropriate for health education programs that will require an intervention stands for multilevel approach to community health
interviews
cost is proportionate to the number of people interviewed and the length of each interview. can derive detailed information if performed by a skilled interviewer can be completed by telephone, face to face, electronically, or in groups. require trained interviewers to ensure consistency and accuracy. easy method of collecting data at a moderate cost.
steps in conflict resolution
create an atmosphere for goal accomplishment, clarify perceptions of those involved, focus on needs of individuals and organizations, organizations as separate entities as well as the needs of collective individuals and organizations, build shared positive power, work toward a future orientation, create options, develop goals, objectives, and activities that can be accomplished, and make sure hat all involved benefit
tailoring
creating communication individualized for the receiver to increase the relevance of the information presented
cues to action
cues or triggers that encourage a person to take action
social institutions
cultural, religious, economic, and political
MEDLINE
database assembled by the united states national library of medicine focus on biomedicine, but also contains scholarly articles on public health and medical research
delimitations
decisions made by an evaluator or researcher that ought to be mentioned because they identify the parameters and boundaries set for a study (why some literature is not reviewed, populations or not studied, and certain methods are not used)
program objectives
define exactly what service is to be provided to the community in question. indicates timeframe in which this service is to be delivered. should specifically mention the actions that will directly result in success, and should include a clearly-defined indicator for measuring progress
community-based organization
defined as a public or private nonprofit organization of demonstrated effectiveness that is representative of a community or signifiant segments of community, provides educational or related services to individuals in the community, can help solve a common problem or pursue a common goal, and helps community buy-in
programs
defined as a set of planed activities over time designed to achieve specific objectives
community organizing
defined as building an enduring network of people, who identify with common ideals, and who can engage in social action on the basis of those ideals
voter counting
defines findings as significantly positive, significantly negative, or non-significant
classic meta-analysis
defines questions to be examined, collects studies, codes study features and outcomes, and analyzes relations between study features and outcomes
Healthfinder
department of health and human services website for consumer access to information from governmenal agencies and their partners
policy analysis
describe how the policy options were analyzed in terms of support, health impacts, and budget impacts
policy implementation
describe how the policy was translated into practice
problem identification
describe the content and case of the issues
descriptive studies
describe the occurrence of disease and disability in terms of person, place, and time using prevalence surveys, and other routinely collected data to describe the phenomena exploratory, profiles characteristics of group, focus on what, assumes no hypothesis, requires no comparison group
training level 3
described as the extent to which the participants are using job skills; tools include interviews and observations
training level 4
described as the organizational effects; tools include document review for success indicators
action plan
describes how goals and objectives will be achieved, as well as identifies resources needed and how responsibilities will be assigned
diffusion of innovation theory
describes the way in which a new idea or product is distributed throughout a marketplace five stages: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation five stages of adoption: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, adoption five types of adopters: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards
cost-effectiveness analysis
designed as a comparative tool to judge the relative costs and effects of courses of action to enable the selection of the action that will yield the most for the cost
advocacy initiatives
designed to influence policy and law, often include activities such as education, lobbying, and mobilization
administrative or process objectives
detail the tasks or activities completed by program facilitators for the program to succeed
Environmental factors
determinants outside the individual that can be modified to support behavior, health, and quality of life. Examples include economic factors, physical factors, and public services, as well as the accessibility, affordability, and equity of health services
Health policy
developed by the management in accordance with all pertinent legislation. may be a free-form topic in a community
Community mobilization strategies
directly involve participants in the change process. These strategies include initiatives such as coalition building and lobbying
Conflict resolution
directs individuals and organizations to see the similarities and differences that exist between them and then leads them to focus on reducing or eliminating differences in order to accomplish goals and objectives
partners
either individuals or organizations that bring knowledge, skills, or resources to the table and are willing to share risks, responsibilities, and rewards
internal barriers
dispositional
ordinal scores
do not have a common unit of measurement between them but are hierarchical
non-randomized studies
do not use random allocation of participation, ad group or individuals are assigned arbitrarily
commission
doing something that should not have been done
pre-testing
done to measure the pre-existing knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the target population enables them to develop more sophisticated and appropriate strategies for health education
social health determinants
early childhood development, education level, employment ability and type, food security, access to and quality of healthcare, living conditions and housing, income, discrimination, and social support
informal consulting
educator simply gathers and organizes appropriate professional materials.
health communication
educators try to disseminate health information through the media informs and influences practices, behaviors, or policies in an effort to improve individual or community health
policy advocacy
effort to promote changes in legislation and organizational policy that will lead to better health behaviors effort of individuals and organizations to persuade the government to improve its health policies techniques: letter writing, petitions, PSAs
advocacy
efforts to call attention to a health issue the process of influencing outcomes such as policy decisions in organizations by taking into consideration how the political, economic, social systems impact people's lives
persuasive communication
efforts to encourage a target population to make positive behavior changes by providing information and advice involves tailored health-related messages to meet audience needs and persuade them to adopt healthy attitudes and behaviors
health policy or enforcement strategies
efforts to influence behavior through changes in government or organizational policy
educational strategies
efforts to inform the target population about a specific health issue
program development
elements of health education program are produced; these may include promotional literature, visual aids for presentations, and training manuals for staff
HEALTHPROM
email directory of health educators; emphasizes the health concerns of mothers, newborns, and children in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
secondary prevention
emphasizes early diagnosis of disease or potential injury
interpretation
encompasses understanding the results and the evidence that has been gathered in the process
systems approach
entails breaking the project down into parts that are connected in a logical manner, and studying/analyzing the parts of the project in order to ascertain how these parts perform
cultural competence
entails the aptitude to understand the diversity in culture of populations and to utilize such an aptitude to ensure favorable health outcomes
needs-based
equal opportunity to meet own needs, such as healthy life
Bloom's taxonomy
focuses on the concept that instruction needs to possess higher ordered objectives that are felt to be intellectually demanding knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation
analytic designs
explain etiology and casual associations aim to estimate the strength of a relationship between an exposure and an outcome explanatory, analyzes why a group has characteristics, focuses on why, assumes a hypothesis, requires a comparison group
face validity
extent to which an instrument appears to be measuring what it is supposed to measure
criterion validity
extent to which an instrument correlates with another measure of a variable refers to a measures correlation to another measure of a variable
content validity
extent to which an instrument samples items from the content desired
construct validity
extent to which the concepts of an instrument relate to the concepts of a particular theory ensures that the concepts of an instrument relate to the concepts of a particular theory
skills of a liaison
facilitation presentation data collection meeting management resource evaluation networking report writing
Enabling factors
factors that make possible a change in behavior
environmental conditions
family community, culture, physical environment, and social environment
reinforcing factors
feedback and encouragement resulting from a changed behavior, perhaps from significant others
pilot testing
field testing; all elements of the program are implemented, but on small scale; program participants must be similar to members of the target population utilizes: focus groups, interviews, questionnaires, and readability tests requires the inclusion of people who possess similar traits/characteristics of the target population; gatekeepers, opinion leaders, and community influences
smoking cessation applications
financial calculators (keep track of savings) timers (help decrease frequency) self-hypnosis (music/visualization) virtual reality (virtual cigarettes) calendars (days w/o smoking)
financial resources
financial cost and how it will be covered
purse strings
financial resources that will be required to support the marketing campaign
elaboration likelihood model
finding out how much the audience cares about an issue will help health education specialists craft effective messages. a person who feels directly impacted by a topic will be more likely to pay attention to a message and want the details a person who is not engaged in a topic will need peripheral stimuli
1990
first CHES exam given
theory of reasoned action/ theory of planned behavior
focus on relationships between attitudes, behaviors, and intentions. added behavioral control construct. recognize behavioral intention as key in determining behavior and assume that behavior change is influenced by a person's attitude towards the outcome and the social or subjective norms of people important in the person's life
primary prevention
focused on protecting people from developing a disease or injury
TQM
focuses on customer satisfaction through continuous improvements of organization processes
epidemiological model
focuses on epidemiological data (death rates, birth rates, prevalence rates)
American School Health Association (ASHA)
focuses on health education in grades K-12 particularly the connection between health education and overall academic success
tertiary prevention
focuses on rehabilitation after the diagnosis of disease or injury
the asset model
focuses on strengths of a community, organization, or population and looks to find ways to use existing assets to improve health
health related community service strategies
free or low-cost services or screenings
nine events that lead to learning
gaining attention, informing the learner of the objectives, building on prior knowledge, presenting the stimulus, providing guidance, eliciting performance, providing feedback, assessing performance, and enhancing retention and transfer
goal
general statement of long-term ambitions. need to be clearly defined and measurable.
goals
general, long-term statements of desired program outcomes and provide the direction upon which all objectives are based represent a more global vision
external validity
generalizability of the results beyond the participants; if we do this again with a different group, we will get the same results.
biological factors
genetics, sex, and age
steps to creating an environment conducive to learning
getting management or stakeholder support, identifying resources to support implementation, and obtaining buy-in from implementation staff and the audience
five characteristics of credible indicators
given in specific measurable terms, appropriate for population being serves, feasible given data collection resources and skills, and valid and reliable to stakeholders
advocacy plan
goals, organizational considerations, constituents, allies, opponents, targets, and tactics
phasing in
gradual implementation of all program elements to target population; programs can be gradually applied to a larger population, a larger geographic area, or can gradually provide more service
delphi panel
group process that generates a consensus by using a series of mailed or emailed questionnaires decision makers, staff, and program participants a questionnaire is given to the group with one or two broad questions. based on those responses and the analysis, a new questionnaire is given with more specific questions. then analyzed and another question
Article 4 of Code of Ethics
have a full repertoire of instructional strategies and materials to make their work effective in different contexts keep in mind any legal issues, especially those related to diversity furnish informed consent forms
interval scores
have common units of measurement between scores, but no true zero
2015
health education practice analysis results released
social marketing model
health education specialists listen to the needs and wants of the consumer by looking at the marketing mix, traditionally consisting of 4 P's: product (health behavior, program , or idea) price (financial, physical, psychological, time) place (how and where learning will take place) promotion (approach used to reach the audience) fifth P: partners- importance of mobilizing resources by working with other organizations
Article 1 of Code of Ethics
health educator are meant to teach people ways to improve their own health and the health of members of their community give adequate autonomy to teach individual (not to use coercive methods) no discrimination respect privacy
external consulting
health educator is providing information or guidance to an organization that they normally do not work with. the health educator will organize all the health-related information pertinent to the topic of interest to the organization and then develop a program to resolve whatever problems exist
2010
health educator job analysis results released revised framework, a competency based framework for health education specialists 2010, published revised study guide material, the health education specialist: a companion guide for professional excellence 6th edition, published
formal consulting
health educator will sign a contract with the client and will perform consulting services and will take a much more involved approach to recommending and assisting with the implementation of health solutions
observation
health professional watches target individual or community to obtain information; the health professional must be trained to keep accurate records
administrative and policy assessment
health professionals calculate the resources that are required and available for implementation of the health education program
educational and ecological assessment
health professionals determine the extent to which educational factors, like health awareness and promotion, contribute to the health issue determine predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors
community forum
health professionals gather a number of representatives from the target community to discuss the health issue in question. occasionally it will be initiated by a keynote speaker or presentation by a group of experts ideally the reps will be from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds good for getting the word out about important health issues
process questions
help the evaluator understand phenomena, such as internal and external forces that affect program activities
steps for a consultative evaluation
identification of evaluation questions and criteria assessment of how well the questions meet the criteria timely distribution of the findings
Code of Ethics
helps to ensure that the integrity and ethos of the profession are upheld has difficult ethical challenges emerge
gantt method
helps to monitor health education implementation by illustrating a timeline that shows important activities and outputs that are considered important identifiers of the implementation process
methodology
how the evaluation or research plan was carried out
reciprocal determinism
how the person, environment, and behavior interact and influence each other
resources for the conduct of an assessment
human resources, supplies, incentives, travel costs
Gagne's Theory of Instruction
identifies categories of learning (verbal information, cognitive strategies, intellectual skills, and attitudes) nine events of instruction that provide conditions for learning
critical chain scheduling
identifies constraints and builds in time buffers
epidemiological assessment
identifies the health issues exhibited by the target population and the behaviors and risks associated with said health problems; it also enables a baseline to be set for health educational priorities assembled data is scrutinized for patterns and trends; experts determine the correlation between health problems and the environment in which the community lives
marketing plan
identify the audiences, messages, and the communication methods to be used
steps for identifying the information needed for dissemination
identify the need match the need to likely source pursue lead judge the quality and quantity of information found organize the available material in a format most useful to the user
policy assessment
important when determining the extent of available policies in the process of health education. requires that an assessment of the mission of the health education plan or process be compatible with existing regulations and policies and the amount of flexibility contained in such
social groups
include organizational groups and groups of individuals within organizations
ethical principles
include respect for autonomy, the persons right to self determination
Health related community service strategies
include services, tests, or treatments to improve the health of the priority population
cost analysis
includes accumulation, examination, and manipulation of cost data for comparisons and projections
The Community Guide
includes evidence on topics including alcohol, cancer, physical activity, obesity and tobacco. developed and continually updated by the task force
informed consent
includes: nature and purpose of the program any inherent risks or dangers associated with participation any possible discomfort that may be experienced from participation in the program expected benefits of participation alternative programs or procedures that would accomplish the same results option of discontinuing participation at any time
well planned health education programs
incorporate collected data about the health issues addressed and/or about similar programs and organize at the grassroots level to involve the populations that will be affected
strategies to implement TTM stages of change
increase awareness; make the risks personal; emphasize self-efficacy; aid in development of definitive plans; establish short term goals; give specific resources, give feedback and positive reinforcement; aid insolving problems; give opportunities for social support; aid in establishing coping strategies; provide reminders of benefits; describe the pros and cons of change for the individual; establish self awareness of behaviors that are problematic; utilize empathy/family interventions
contemplation
individual acknowledges a problem but is not yet ready to change
maintenance
individual avoids recidivism, in part by recognizing the benefits of the new behavior
action
individual begins to change behavior
preparation/commitment
individual decides to change and begins to assemble relevant information
precontemplation
individual does not recognize a problem
Predisposing factors
individual knowledge and affective traits
health belief model
individual-level model first developed by social psychologists in the United States Public Health Service to understand why individuals did not act on information about prevention or disease detection. six major constructs: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self efficacy
interpersonal channels
individuals are much more receptive to information received through direct, one-on-one communication. counseling or consulting. health hotline. brochures or pamphlets, want to have graphs or charts or powerpoint presentation to back up
self assessments
individuals complete questions regarding health history and create and assessment risk when used in comparison to an established database data is compared to a database of individuals with similar characteristics which provides a risk assessment for a number of diseases
awareness stage of diffusion of innovation
individuals or communities are introduced to the innovation
evaluation stage of diffusion of innovation
individuals or communities consider the consequences of the innovation and decide whether or not to give it a try
adoption stage of diffusion of innovation
individuals or communities elect to continue using the innovation
interest stage of diffusion of innovation
individuals or communities endeavor to find out more about the innovation
trial stage of diffusion of innovation
individuals or communities use the innovation
innovators
individuals who are open to new ideas, and are the first to accept and utilize the innovation
laggards
individuals who continue to resist innovation
telephone surveys
inexpensive to perform and capable of assembling a great deal of information, obviously can only be performed on target population with telephones, high response rate, slightly lest honestly than mail surveys
regulatory policies
influence the actions and decisions of others
quantitative data
information that can be expressed in numerical terms, counted, or compared on a scale. improvement in a child's reading level is measured by a reading test for example
qualitative data
information that is difficult to measure, count, or express in numerical terms. for example, a participant's impression about the fairness of a program rule/requirement
goal-free model
instruments that provide all outcomes
systems analysis model
instruments that serve to quantify the program's effects
childrens health insurance program
insurance coverage for children who are low income and uninsured and not covered by Medicaid
medicare
insurance for those 65 and older and younger people with disabilities
targeted message
intended to reach some specific subgroup of the general population, usually based on a set of demographic characteristics shared by its members
resource inventories
interviews are performed and records are scrutinized to determine which health services are being administered in a target community; a resource inventory depends on the accuracy of records assess the availability and quality of health services in a particular community only as accurate as records have been maintained
five important sections of research reports
introduction literature review methodology results conclusions/recommendations/summary
the social model
investigates social or political issues that influence health
ARCS motivation model
involves attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. comprised of many motivational theories. purpose is to give learners time and motivation to gain knew knowledge
community capacity inventory
involves developing a written list of the skills and talents of individual community members, associations, and other resources in the neighborhood as a whole community asset maps map local resources and is a visual representation of the physical assets of a community that may constitute important physical and social support structures for achieving community goals
state-of-the-art health education practice
involves focus on definitive health goals and the concomitant outcomes in behavior. addresses individual values and group norms that support health-enhancing behaviors focus on increasing personal perception of risk and harmfulness of engaging in specific health risk behaviors and reinforcing protective factors focus on social pressure and peer influences building individual competence
medicaid
jointly funded federal and state insurance for people with low income
relevance
knowing the needs of the learners and giving chances to pair activities of learning to motives for learning
strategic planning
laying out of long-term goals and the tasks it will take to accomplish them. include reference to all aspects of the program. developing strategies to reach a defined set of objectives designed to fulfill the mission of an organization encompasses individual, group, community, environment, policy, and other systems-level factors that support or impinge upon the successful implementation of an organizational mission
news release
leads with the most important information and is written in a succinct, terse stye. contains all important information including who is involved, nature of event, where and when. contain contact information
Bloom's Taxonomy
learning in the cognitive domain should apply the higher order processes instead of lower order objectives that are traditionally seen
training level 2
learning. includes the extent of attitude change, knowledge gained, or increase in skills, and uses a pre and post-survey
pedometers
less sophisticated than fitness trackers, they have many advantages such as being small, easy to use, and relatively inexpensive
individual factors
level of education, social status, and education on health issues
goal selection
long term health goal and secondary behavioral and environmental goals are defined
formative evaluation
looks at an ongoing process of evaluation from planning through implementation involves evaluation of activities to generate information that will guide improvements for a program or health promotion efforts
Article 5 of Code of Ethics
make sure that all participants in a health program are there voluntarily and have filled out any relevant informed consent documents make sure credit for research and evaluation is given to the appropriate party
adaptation
making changes to health education messages, materials, or programs to make them more suitable for a population of interest
Health policy and enforcement strategies
mandate actions through laws, regulations, policies or rules
actual needs
may be inferred through the discrepancy of services provided to one community group as compared to another such as bicycling and walking lanes
intermediate outcomes
measured in terms of changes in behaviors related to disease or health status
long-term outcomes
measured in terms of fundamental changes in conditions leading to morbidity or mortality
social assessment
measures the perception of the target population's quality of life and aids in the identification of the social conditions that will benefit from health education a collection of pertinent information is assembled, should include all salient facts about the health issue in question define the quality of life in priority population
indicators
methods of evaluation should be specific and explicit in the objectives of the program information or statistics that provide evidence of progress towards outcomes
psychographics
more complex variables that describe individuals such as personalities, lifestyles, attitudes, and interests
qualitative research
more subjective and focused on the accumulation of subjective information. interviews and observation
nominal data
mutually exclusive exhaustive data
interval data
mutually exclusive exhaustive ordered data in which the distance between categories can be measured but with no absolute zero
ratio data
mutually exclusive exhaustive ordered data in which the distance between categories can be measured with absolute zero
ordinal data
mutually exclusive exhaustive ordered data in which the distance between categories cannot be measured
2005
national health educator competencies update project results released
1978
national task force on the preparation and practice of health educators established 1981 role delineation project conducted
self-actualization
need for personal fulfillment and may be met by challenging the learner
grant proposal
needs to include a title page, abstract/executive summary, table of contents, introduction, background, proposed program description (including objectives, activities, evaluation plan, and timeline), resources, references, personnel and budget
Effective leadership
negotiating, mediating, planning proactively, designing programs, and communicating effectively to prevent or minimize its effect on the organization's climate and performance
termination
new behavior is fully learned and habitual; almost no risk of recidivism
project with internal validity
not affected by things outside of its purview
omission
not doing something that should have been done
Television
not good at delivering a long, tailored message appropriate for short, succinct messages that can be whittled down to 1 or 2 main ideas can be expensive
direct observation
observers must be selected and trained as to how to observe and when and how to record observations
social desirability threat
occurs when the participant tries to respond in a manner that they think the evaluator desires
allocative policies
offer benefits to some distinct class of individuals
in-person surveys
often performed door to door, expensive to perform, but known for high response rate and attention to detail only performed after the objectives of the survey have been clearly defined. must be well trained. can ask subjects to elaborate on particular points to elicit helpful details.
outcomes
often stepwise and labeled short-term, intermediate, or long-term
mail surveys
one of the most common; written surveys are sent through the mail to members of the target community. must be written in comprehensible language, responses are typically honest, but the response rate is low
variables
operational forms of a construct. they designate how the construct will be measured in designated scenarios
voluntary health agencies
organizations that deal with health needs and may rely heavily on donations or volunteers to function
outcome evaluation
overall evaluation of the extent to which the health education program achieved its original goals determines whether long-term program goals were met focused on the ultimate goal, product, or policy and is often measured in terms of health status, morbidity, and mortality
implementation preparation
participants in the health education program are selected and trained, program is put into action
system structure
parts of the systems, actors, and interconnections between the parts
six constructs of the health behavior model
perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy
Needs Assessments
performed to obtain health information about an individual or group. Most include: the individual or group's current knowledge of health, their attitude towards health, recommendations for health education, and any relevant socio-economic practices the basic point is to determine what kind of health education would be most beneficial for a given individual or community
categories of determinants of health
policy-making, health care services, social factors, individual behavior, biology/genetics
quantitative research
performed using accepted and standardized systems of measurement. easier to analyze and organize mathematically. most scientific research is this type
Delphi panel
performed when it's impossible to gather all the individuals needed for a survey in the same place at the same time. questionnaires are sent out to each member and responses are analyzed, results will determine subsequent questions. three to five questionnaires total. small number of participants
autonomy
personal right to self-determination and choice
limitations
phenomena the evaluator or researcher cannot control that place restrictions on methodology and ultimately conclusions. (time, nature of data collection, instruments, sample)
equipment and supplies
physical items needed
space
physical space needed
Maslow's Hierarchy
physiologic, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs
justifying a program with evidence
population data accreditation reports claims refusal data LOS and other census data infection/sentinel event rates needs assessment results staffing shortages public health problems, trends
stages of change in TTM
precontemplation (not planning to change) contemplation (planning to change in next 6 months) preparation (plan to take action in next 30 days) action (behavior change for 6 months) maintenance (behavior change for over 6 months with efforts to prevent relapse) termination (no risk of relapse)
reinforcing factors
presence of positive feedback for the purpose of solidifying positive changes in health behavior
results
presents evidence tested against the stated hypothesis or research questions, presents the statistical findings, and also includes a discussion of what the findings mean
five methods to collect impact evaluation data
pretest/post-test, participant demonstration, participant role-playing, participation observation, and participant interviews
fitness trackers
primarily track activity and calories burned, but some can also count the hours of sleep, the heart rate, and the skin temperature, making them useful for both fitness and cardiac monitoring issues to consider: type of display waterproofing battery life syncing ability continuous or intermittent tracking
four p's of discipline
product, promotion, place, and price
community diagnosis
professional opinion of the health of the individual or community based on community analysis; special consideration to health problems as they relate to available health services
processes
program components, activities, delivery and time frame
intervention
program. set of learning activities, delivery plan, and evaluation activities designed to achieve the desired outcomes of the program. may use single or multiple strategies to accomplish objectives.
social cognitive theory
promotes the concept that learning is an interplay between the person, environment, and cognitive and behavioral factors. integrates/approaches to behavioral change by using cognitive, behavioral, and environmental aspects interaction is called reciprocal determinism constructs: behavioral capability, expectations, self-control, emotional coping responses, reciprocal determinism, and self efficacy
health communication strategies
promotion and dissemination of health issues through the media
longer-term evaluation questions
provide vial links between intervention activities, products and services rendered, and changes in risk factors, morbidity, or mortality
gantt charts
provide visual representations of tasks and the time needed for each tasks as well as overlapping tasks
Guide to Community Preventive Services
provides a summary of what is known about the effectiveness, economic efficiency, and feasibility of interventions to promote community health and prevent disease. Includes evidence-based recommendations for programs and policies to promote population-based health
environmental assessment
provides information as to the environmental risks contributing to the health problem, ranks the importance of the factors, changeability, identifies a target population, and illustrates the environmental factors
behavioral and environmental assessment
provides information regarding potential risk factors for the health problem, ranks the importance of the behavior, ranks change factors impacting the behavior, enables the selection of behaviors to target, and illustrates the behavioral factors
community forums
public meetings. bring together people in a particular population to discuss their perceptions of the community's health problems
four p's of social marketing
publics, partnerships, policy advocacy, and purse strings
training personnel topics
purpose, method (step by step instructions and ample practice for consistency), rights of those involved (privacy and confidentiality, agree to participate and refuse), timeline (reasonable goals set), legal guidelines, ethical issues, data storage (paper versus electronic)
surveys
questions need to be specific and a large number of respondents need to be assembled must have a clear and appropriate objective, typically one that is established by all of those individuals with a direct interest in the results placed into terms that can be understood and responded to by a large number of individuals in the target community used to determine the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, skills, and health status of a priority population should use well-constructed questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability, have a high response rate, and have been administered to a valid sample
RE-AIM
reach effectiveness adoption implementation maintenance can be used for policy evaluation
training level 1
reaction. are the feelings of the participants regarding the training and involve using surveys and feedback forms?
earned media
receiving free news placement
nine constructs of the social cognitive theory
reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy, behavioral capability, outcome expectation, outcome expectancies, performance self-control, observational learning, environment and situations, and reinforcement
Community Health Model
recognizes that there are six social conditions that impact health outcomes. neighborhood conditions, learning opportunities, development of community and available employment, current norms, customs and established community processes, social cohesion, and health education and health promotion
community organization
recognizing the problem in the community, utilizing health education specialists to organize the target population and stakeholders, assessing the community, establishing priorities, choosing interventions and means of interpretation, and analyzing and continually assessing the formulated plan of action
social determinants
reflect social factors and the physical conditions in the environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work, and age. they impact a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes conditions in which people are born, live, work, play, and age that affect their health risks, health, daily functioning, and quality of life
training objectives
relate to both the knowledge and skills that staff members and volunteers need to be able to implement health education/promotion interventions successfully
Program or outcome objectives
related to the ultimate goals but are specific, measurable statements of what the educator wants to accomplish at a given time
ratio scores
represent data with common measurements between each score and a true zero
formal consulting
requires a contract or written agreement between two parties, the client and consultant. hired for their expertise in a particular area for which the client needs assistance, advice, direction, etc.
timeline
requires making a list of all tasks and the steps involved and then placing the tasks in sequential order
informed consent
requires that the person be competent to give consent; has been apprised of risks, benefits, and alternatives; comprehends the information provided; and gives consent without coercion agreement to voluntarily and willingly participate in a study based on a full disclosure of what constitutes participation in the study, as well as identifies the risks and benefits involved in participation
culturally sensitive
requires understanding and respecting beliefs of different cultures
resource sensitive
resources are scarce
Article 3 of Code of Ethics
respect desires of their bosses and strive to do their very best to serve the interest of the organization with which they are affiliated be clear with employers any possible conflicts of interest give honest evaluations of their work
fundamental concepts for human subjects protection
respect for persons beneficence justice
implementation
results of the assessments performed in the PRECEDE process are put into action; a comprehensive health education program includes attention to the social and behavioral influences on health process of putting health education program plans into action the initiation of those activities which intends to bring about a specific change in health and the target population five phases
2006
revised framework, a competency-based framework for health educators
2007
revised study guide, the health education specialist: a companion guide for profession excellence, 6th edition published CHES exam revised based on CUP results
Gagne's theory of instruction
separates learning into categories; verbal information, cognitive strategies, intellectual skills, and attitudes. nine events that lead to learning
genetic factors
serve to contribute to either a lesser or greater risk for certain health outcomes as opposed to causing certain health outcomes definitively can either enhance or compromise health
community empowerment interventions
serve to establish a wide change in health behaviors on a community level by creating organized communities that elaborate upon their health problems, determine the causes of their health problems, and subsequently work at appropriate individual and collective actions to alter such causes
institutional review board
serves as a general supervisor for health research. makes sure that research subjects are treated with respect and care. approves proposals for future research. it safeguards the interests of health researchers and subjects alike. tries to prevent researchers from being blindsided by accusations of negligence or liability composed of researchers and community members or stakeholders who review proposed research for compliance with federal regulations governing research involving human subjects
budget
serves as a working document that aids the organization in effectively operating and evaluating the proper use of funds
the educational and ecological assessment
serves to identify causes linked to the health status or problem and to illustrate areas for change that require health education
culture of organization
set of beliefs and behaviors that it deems acceptable and appropriate. established by strong leaders who represent the core values they wish to see promoted in the program.
theory
set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables, in order to explain and predict the events or situations
policies
sets of rules and objectives to guide activities
organizational leadership
sets up administrative structures that allow the goals of the organization to be realized. establishes channels of communication. needs to make sure that there is a clear chain of command in the organization.
outcomes
short-term changes or long-term changes
learning or instructional objectives
short-term, specific descriptions of awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and skills in relation to the content being taught
ethical issues
should always be considered during the process of assessment (including informed consent and feedback as well as security of data and confidentiality)
sustainability
should be an issue dealt with in all phases of planning for a health education plan or promotion. issues to be consider related to this include: need, resources, support, currency
the plan of instruction
should focus on continuity, sequence, and integration. should provide the scope and sequence or bigger picture for what the program will look like
the plan for action
should sequence the units or modules for the specific health education course or workshop being facilitated
social marketing
simply the application of commercial marketing principles to a health related problem the process of persuading a target audience to adopt changes in their health behavior using marketing principles in planning, implementation, and evaluation of health education programs designed to bring about social change the ultimate objective of marketing is to influence action
external barriers
situational or institutional
social conditions
social institutions, surroundings, and social relationships
social relationships
social status or position, social groups, and networks
environmental objectives
some change in the physical or social environment that will positively affect health environmental or nonbehavioral influences on a health problem. the factors include social, physical, psychological, policy, and service environments
short-term outcomes
sometimes described as impact- quantifiable changes in knowledge, skills, and access to resources that happen if planned activities are successfully carried out
focus group
specially-chosen collections of individuals brought together to answer questions and assess a presentation on a particular health issue. led by a facilitator. objectives must be explicit beforehand because of time consuming and expensive skilled facilitator usually leads focus groups and encourages participants to talk to one another, ask questions, give examples, and provide comments regarding a particular topics designed so that participants share opinions and explain the reasons underlying those opinions can be as small as two people are as large as the facilitator can manage
objectives
specific achievements that must be attained in order to eventually meet the goals. have to be capable of measurement, and the system for measuring progress should be established during the planning phase. should include mention of who is responsible for each task, the length of time in which the task is to be completed, and the source of materials and resources for the completion of the task
evaluation questions
specifically developed questions
transtheoretical model
stages of changes model. planned interventions can reach people where they are in their motivation for a particular behavior. constructs: stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, and self efficacy
objectives
statements that describe, in measurable terms, the changes in behavior, attitude, knowledge, skills, or health status that will occur in the intervention group in the result of the program small, specific steps that enable the goal to be met
esteem
status and achievement and may be met in training by recognizing achievements and positive reinforcement for learning
information processing theory
suggests health education specialists should keep communication simple, include no more than 2-3 main messages, and break information into small chunks
confidentiality
supported by HIPPA which requires that all personal information about a patient must be kept private and secure
indicator
system for evaluating progress
literature review
systematic method of locating, synthesizing and interpreting a collection of work by researchers and practitioners helps health education specialists understand the existing body of knowledge on the topic and populations as well as identify information gaps to be included in the needs assessment
logic models
take a variety of forms but generally depict aspects of a program such as inputs, outputs, and outcomes
policy-making
takes place at the local, state, and federal levels, and impacts individuals and entire communities and populations
intervention planning
target and objectives of intervention are established; intervention approach is selected based on the circumstances in which it will be performed
publics
target audience of social marketing campaign
paid media
television, radio, print, billboards, transit or digital advertising
2013
the CHES certification program is re-accredited and the MCHES certification program received accreditation by NCAA
numeracy
the ability to understand number
outputs
the activities, services, ad products that will reach the participants of a program as a result of carefully leveraging resources through skillful planning
project management
the application of knowledge, skills, and techniques to execute projects effectively and efficiently
predisposing factors
the assumptions and beliefs of the community concerning health issues
Health equity
the attainment of the highest level of health for all people. achieving health equity requires valuing everyone equally with focused and ongoing societal efforts to address avoidable inequalities, historical and contemporary injustices,and the elimination of heath and health care disparities
mean
the average, relative center of a normally distributed distribution
legislative advocacy
the branch of health advocacy wherein educators work with lawmakers to make positive changes in government health policy example: telling politicians about dangers of a certain kind of insulation, in the hopes that they will ban this product from being sold
self-efficacy
the confidence one has in performing a behavior
secondary analysis
the databases to be mined should be selected and the criteria for research established, including key words, timeframes and populations
reliability
the degree to which a program is likely to achieve similar results when implemented in similar conditions the consistency, dependability, and stability of the measurement process
health literacy
the degree to which an individual has the capacity to obtain, communicate, and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health decisions
validity
the degree to which an instrument of measurement is applied to the appropriate object the degree to which a test or assessment measures what it is supposed to measure.
measurement validity
the degree to which instrument measures what the evaluator wants it to measure
internal validity
the degree to which the program caused the change that was measured; were changes in participants due to program or chance?
health communication
the dissemination of health related information in a target community
curriculum and instructional resources
the educational materials and curriculum
media advocacy
the effort to use media exposure to generate support for a change in health policy more appropriate for simple messages that can be described in a short format need to be composed at a level that can be understood by non-experts
target indicator
the expected value of an indicator at a specific point in time
fidelity
the extent to which delivery of an intervention adheres to the protocol or program model originally developed activity logs, document reviews, observations, reports, surveys, or interviews are used to measure this
negligence
the failure to act in a careful or reasonable manner
utilitarian
the greatest good for the greatest number; the end justifies the means
data collection procedures
the health education specialist must consider the purpose of the data collection, the audience for which the data are intended, the types of questions to be answered, the scope of the research, and the resources available to carry out data collection
culture
the ideas, beliefs, values, customs, and norms that are learned from family and community that are passed down to subsequent generations the patterned ways of thought and behavior that characterize a social group and are learned through socialization processes
HEDIR
the international electronic mail directory for health educators. contact knowledgable professionals all over the world. gain access to the professional expertise of colleagues in ever conceivable field of health education
paradigm
the mindset or beliefs of how the systems work and refer to goals, policies and structure
Eta Sigma Gamma
the national health education honorary that seeks to promote high professional standards among health educators developed to promote professional development and raise standards among health professionals
physiologic needs
the necessity of food, water, and warmth may be applied by providing breaks, snacks, meals
love
the need to belong and may be addressed by creating positive group dynamics and acceptance
median
the number that is in the center of an ordered data set
mode
the number that occurs most often in a data set
administrative objectives
the organizational activities that will directly result in the success of the program. it might be to send out letters of inquiry to all local experts and important members of the community for example
personnel
the person or people who will help with implementation
consultation
the process by which the knowledge of one person s used to help another make better decisions
community analysis
the process of assembling information about the target individual, group, or community; includes general health summary and evaluation of available health care
dissemination
the process of communicating procedures, findings, or lessons learned from an evaluation o relevant audiences in a timely, unbiased, and consistent fashion
program planning
the process of identifying needs, establishing priorities, diagnosing causes of problems, assessing and allocating resources, and determining barriers to achieving objectives
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
the purpose of his is to protect personal health information. in order for health data to be used, individual permission must be granted with some exceptions
inputs
the resources, contributions, activities, and other investments that go into a program
leadership
the skills needed to incorporate local rules and policies to allow an organization to be successful in a particular setting
service needs
those things health professionals believe a given population must have to be able to do in order to resolve a health problem
service demands
those things people say they must have or be able to do in order to resolve their health problem
impact objectives
those things that must be done to lay the foundations for the achievement of the ultimate objectives of the health education program. behavioral and learning are the two most common kinds of these
effective evaluation report aspects
timely provision of the report effective summary detailed summary of how the stakeholders were involved list of strengths and limitations/weaknesses of the findings should utilize illustrations and various examples and stories
ESG
to foster professional competence and dedication of members in the health education profession
organizational/community channels
town meeting, local conference, sponsoring an event. if an active contributor to community, more likely to attract interest from citizens. endorsements from community help.
Article 6 of Code of Ethics
treat their students with respect and to seek out instructional methods that can best deliver important information learning environment needs to be inclusive and welcoming course material needs to be current and accurate
pilot study
trial run
veracity
truth telling. part of informed consent and is essential to health education
evidence-based research
type of research in which the researcher is aware of certain evidence before exploring the subject.
defining the priority population
understanding demographic qualities of the population such as age, sex, ethnicity, and income. geography, environmental conditions, culture and social aspects, size of population, and shared characteristics within the community help define this
cultural sensitivity
understanding, valuing, and respecting the similarities and differences between culturally-based attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
Health communication strategies
use all types of communication channels to change behavior
six components for effective public health program implementation
use innovation to develop the evidence base use a limited number of high priority, evidence-based interventions use effective program management use partnerships and coalitions communicate accurate and timely information obtain resources and support
mass media
used to draw attention to a health issue and advocate change in policy. most effective when simple and to the point. better at inspiring short-term than long-term. not good for complex changes
observations
used to gather data through direct surveillance of the population. accomplished through watching and recording specific behaviors of the population being studied.
program evaluation and review technique
used to generate an illustration to facilitate scheduling and to show the project timeline or the project management plan
HIAs (health impact assessments)
used to objectively evaluate the potential health effects of a project or policy before it is developed or implemented provide recommendations to increase positive health outcomes and minimize adverse health outcomes
the rapid model
used when time and money are lacking for a needs assessment. this model offers some basic information but is often lacking in detail
summative evaluation
useful in the application of the findings of the evaluation when considering policy analysis or program development often associated with measures or judgments that enable the investigator to draw conclusions from impact and outcome evaluations includes activities taken to create a judgment on a program's performance and whether specific goals and objectives were met
attainment model
uses evaluation standards and instruments that primarily target the objectives and goals of the program
decision-making model
uses instruments that focus upon the elements that yield context, input, processes, and products to use when making decisions
PSA
usually between 15 and 30 seconds long and need to be direct and succinct. useful in delivering one or two pieces of information to a broad audience. memorable slogans most useful three common characteristics: must streamline its message careful production target a very specific contingent
ecological approaches
utilize the various dimensions to affect behavior change. ecological perspectives take into consideration five levels of influence on health behavior; intrapersonal, institutional, community, and public policy
descriptive statistics
utilized to describe data and to decrease a large quantity of data into a few elemental measurements that entirely describe data distribution
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
utilizes interventions that are designed to impact individuals at the stage of which they are regarding change. stages of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and change processes
PRECEDE-PROCEDE model
utilizes: social assessment, epidemiological assessment, behavioral and environmental assessment, educational and ecological assessment, and administrative and policy assessment. consists of nine phases running from needs assessment and diagnosis to implementation and evaluation. this method is generally used when implementing long-term program for a specific population Predisposing, reinforcing, enabling constructs in educational/ecological diagnosis and evaluation- policy, regulatory, and organizational constructs in educational and environmental development needs are identified, plans are constructed, programs are activated, and evaluations are made currently the most used formal planning model in health education
internet
websites, blogs. chat rooms and newsgroups that focus on health-related issues. space is unlimited so as much detail as you would like. purchasing space is inexpensive; need to establish credentials though
perceived needs
what individuals in a community state that they want, such as more healthy food choices in a school vending machine
unit of analysis
what or who is being studied or evaluated
the health belief model
when individuals acquire more information about a health problem, they are more likely to change their behavior. six core beliefs 1. individual must believe that he or she could potentially be affected by the health problem 2. individual must believe that the health problem is a significant threat 3. the individual must believe that the benefits of preventive behavior are greater than the costs associated 4. the individual must believe that he or she is capable of changing his or her behavior 5. individual must be encouraged to change behavior 6. individual must believe that he or she will be able to perform the new behavior
surroundings
workplace, neighborhood, cities and the built environment
Newspapers
write a letter to the editor. compose an editorial. press conference and news reporters. print media is losing its popularity but is the best way to distribute detailed information to a large audience