Child D quiz #2 (ch 4-5)

habituation

a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive simulation

recovery

a new stimulus (a change in the environment) causes the habituated response to return to a high level

face perception

ability to distinguish real faces on basis of inner features is limited 2 months, can scan an entire stimulus and combine pattern elements into an organized whole 3 months, fine distinctions among features of different faces 5 months, perceive emotional expressions as organized wholes

reflexes

an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation most newborn reflexes disappear during first 6 months; gradual increase in voluntary control over behavior as cerebral cortex develops

vision

at birth, least developed of the senses visual structures in eye and brain not fully formed can't focus their eyes well, and their visual acuity is limited not good at discriminating colors ~2 months, can focus on objects as well as adults ~4 months, color discrimination

skeletal age

best estimate of a child's physical maturity; its a measure of development of bones in body

stereopis

brain blends 2 images, resulting in perception of depth

statistical learning capacity

by analyzing the speech stream for patterns, they acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings

kwashiorkor

caused by unbalanced diet very low in protein, usually strikes after weaning, ~1-3 years old children who survive marasmus and kwashiorkor are smaller and have lasting damage to brain, heart, liver etc malnutrition interferes w/ growth of neural fibers and myelination, permanent loss in brain weight

gains in gross-motor skills

center of gravity shifts downward toward trunk improvement in balance ==> new motor skills

learning

changes in behavior as the result of experience

hearing

conduction of sound inefficient at birth, improves over first few months at birth, prefer complex sounds (noises and voices) to pure tones

gross-motor development

control over actions that help infants get around in the environment, such as crawling, standing and walking

imitation

copying behavior of another person

visual cliff

designed by Gibson and Walk, used in earliest studies of depth-perception plexiglass covered table with platform at center, a "shallow side" w/ checkerboard pattern just under the glass and a "deep" side w/ checkerboard several feet below the glass

taste and smell

distinguish several basic tastes, not until 4 months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water amniotic fluid rich in tastes/smells that vary w/ mother's diet -- influence newborn's preferences newborns guided by smell to mother's breast

skeletal growth

embryonic skeleton made of cartilage -- 6th week of pregnancy, cartilage cells begin to harden into bone, continues throughout childhood/adolescence

amygdala

emotional info

neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)

evaluates baby's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physcial and social stimuli, and other reactions

contrast sensitivity

explains early pattern preferences contrast refers to difference in amnt of light between adjacent regions in a pattern babies prefer pattern's with more contrast

advances in other brain structures

fibers linking cerebellum and cerebral cortex grow and myelinate from birth through preschool years ==> gains in motor coordination

motion

first depth clue to which infants are sensitive (3-4 weeks) 3 months, 3D world

spermarche

first ejaculation, ~13.5 years of age

menarche

first menstruation, age 10.5 to 15.5 years old

obesity

greater than 20% increase over healthy weight, based on BMI

psychosocial dwarfism

growth disorder appears between 2 and 15 years of age decreased GH secretion, short stature, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems

proximodistal trend

growth proceeds from "near to far" (from center of body outward) prenatal period: head, chest, trunk grow first, then the arms/legs, and finally hands/feet infancy/childhood, arms/legs continue to grow ahead of hands/feet during puberty, growth proceeds in reverse direction

touch

helps stimulate early physical growth and is vital for emotional development at birth, infants sensitive to pain bc CNS immaturity physical touch releases endorphins gentle touching enhances babies' positive responsiveness to physical/social surroundings

extinction

if CS is presented alone enough times w/o being paired w/ UCS, the CR will no longer occur

reticular formation

in brain stem, alertness and consciousness generates synapses and myelinates from early childhood to adolescence

body fat

increases in last few weeks of prenatal life, peaks at 9 months of age, helps keep constant body temp from 2nd year to middle childhood, toddlers slim down age 8, girls start to have more body fat than boys both gain muscle at puberty, but boys increase is 150% greater number of red blood cells increases in boys and not in girls

operant conditioning

infants act, or operate, on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again

Gibsons' differentiation theory

infants actively search for invariant features of the environment -- those that remain stable -- in a constantly changing perceptual world differentiation because over time baby detects finer invariant features among stimuli perception guided by discovery of affordances -- action possibilities that a situation offers

growth faltering

infants whose weight, height, and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms and who are withdrawn and apathetic in as many as half of these cases, disturbed parent-infant relationship contributes to failure to grow normally

amodal sensory properties

info that isn't specific to a single modality, but that overlaps 2 or more sensory systems

iron-deficiency anemia

interferes w/ CNS processes withdraw, listlessness, and inability to be soothed reduce capacity to pay attention, explore, and evoke sensitive caregiving

REM

irregular, or rapid eye movement sleep brain wave activity similar to that of waking state eyes dart back and forth beneath the lids heart rate, blood pressure and breathing are uneven and there are slight body movements necessary for growth of CNS; rapid eye movement protects health of eye

epiphyses

just before birth, these growth centers appear at 2 extreme ends of each long bones in body cartilage cells continue to be produced at growth plates, which increase in number throughout childhood and as growth continues, get thinner and disappear

cephalocaudal trend

latin "head to tail"; during prenatal period, head develops first from embryonic disk, followed by the lower part of the body after birth, head/chest continue to have growth advantage

pituitary gland

located at base of hypothalamus, releases most important hormones for human growth hormones enter bloodstream and act directly on body tissues to induce growth, or they stimulate release of other hormones from other endocrine glands

programmed cell death

makes space for connective structures as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die (20-80%)

dynamic systems theory of motor development

mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action when motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together, each cooperating w/ others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment each new skill a joint product of: CNS development, body's movement capacities, the goals the child has in mind, and environmental supports for the skill

brain development in adolescene

middle childhood ==> adolescence, connectivity among distant regions of the cerebral cortex expands and attains rapid communication prefrontal cognitive control network still requires fine tuning, tasks requiring self restraint, planning, and future orientation is not yet mature adolescents react more strongly to stress and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely hard to manage bc cognitive control network is immature surge in sex hormones at puberty heightens sensitivity of prefrontal cortex and inner brain structures (amygdala) to hormone oxytocin (in teens, causes increased response to emotional/social stimuli)

states of arousal

more affected by fullness-hunger than by darkness-light between birth and 2 years, total sleep time decreases slowly, periods of sleep/wakefulness fewer but longer 2-3 months, more affected by darkness-light

loss of stability in the system

necessary transition between a less mature and more mature, stable state behaviors softly assembled

synaptic pruning

neurons that are not stimulated lose synapses

classical conditioning

newborn reflexes make it possible neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response once baby's nervous system makes the connection between the two stimuli, the new stimulus produces the behavior by itself before learning takes place, an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must consistently produce a reflexive, or unconditioned, response (UCR) to produce learning, a neutral stimulus that does not lead to the reflex is presented just before, or at same time as, the UCS if learning has occurred, the neutral stimulus alone produces a response similar to the reflexive response; neutral stimulus then called a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the response it elicits is called a conditioned response (CR)

prereaching

newborns make poorly coordinated swipes

pattern perception

newborns prefer to look at patterned rather than plain stimuli; older ==> more complex patterns

experience-dependent growth

occurs throughout our lives; consists of additional growth/refinement of estb. brain structures as result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures

growth hormone (GH)

only pituitary secretion produced continuously throughout life, affects development of all tissues except CNS and genitals GH production doubles during puberty acts directly on body and stimulates liver and epiphyses of skeleton to release the hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which triggers cell duplication throughout the body

ethologoical theory of crying

parental responsiveness is adaptive in that it ensures infant's basic needs will be met

shape constancy

perception of an object's shape as stable, despite changes in the shape projected on the retina

size constancy

perception of an object's size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image

veolocity curve

plots average amount of growth at each yearly interval, revealing the exact timing of growth spurts

distance curve

plots the average size of a sample of children at each age, indicating typical yearly progress toward maturity

development of neurons

prenatal period, neurons produced in embryo's neural tube and migrate to form major parts of brain and differentiate

corpus callosum

production of synapses and myelination increases at 1 yr, peak 3-6 years, slower pace through middle childhood and adolescence

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

prompts thyroid gland to release thyroxine, necessary for brain development and for GH full effect

hippocampus

rapid synapse formation and myelination in 2nd half of 1st year

NREM

regular, or non-rapid eye movement sleep body almost motionless and heart rate, breathing and brain wave activity are slow/even

punishment

removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response

primary sexual characteristics

reproductive organs involved directly (ovaries, uterus, vagina; penis, testes, scrotum)

catch-up growth

return to genetically influenced growth path once conditions improve

oral rehydration therapy

sick children given glucose, salt, and water solution that quickly replaces fluids

intermodal stimulation

simultaneous input from more than one modality, or sensory system

fine-motor development

smaller movements, reaching/grasping

mirror neurons

specialized cells in areas of the cerebral cortex of primates that underlie imitation they fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own

sucking

stimulation: place finger in infants mouth response: infant sucks finger rhythmically replaced by voluntary sucking after 4 months permits feeding

eye blink

stimulation: shine bright light at eyes or clap hand near head response: infant quickly closes eyelids permanent protects infant from strong stimulation

rooting

stimulation: stroke cheek near corner of mouth response: head turns toward source of stimulation disappears at 3 weeks (becomes voluntary head turning at this time) helps infant find nipple

reinforcer

stimulus that increase the occurrence of a response

Moro

stimulus: hold infant horizontally on back and let head drop slightly, or produce a sudden loud sound against surface supporting infant response: infant makes an "embracing" motion by arching back, extending legs, throwing arms outward, and then bringing arms in toward the body disappears 6 months in human evolutionary past, may have helped infant cling to mother

stepping

stimulus: hold infant under arms, and permit bare feet to touch a flat surface response: infant lifts one foot after another in stepping response disappears in 2 months in infants who gain weight quickly; sustained in lighter infants prepares infant for voluntary walking

swimming

stimulus: occurs when infant is face down in pool of water response: baby paddles and kicks in swimming motion disappears 4-6 months helps infant survive if dropped in water

Palmar grasp

stimulus: place finger in infant's hand, and press against palm response: infant spontaneously grabs finger disappears 3-4 months prepared infant for voluntary grasping

Babinski

stimulus: stroke sole of foot from toe toward heel response: toes fan out and curl as foot twists in disappears 8-12 months unknown function

tonic neck

stimulus: turn baby's head to one side while infant is lying awake on back response: infant lies in a "fencing position" one arm is extended in front of eyes on side to which head is turned, other arm is flexed disappears 4 months may prepare infant for voluntary reaching

prefrontal cortex

thought, consciousness, attention, inhibition of impulses, integration of info and use of memory, reasoning, planning and problem solving

food insecurity

uncertain access to enough food for a healthy, active life

Crying

usually bc of physical needs increases during early weeks, peaks at ~6 weeks, and then declines bc normal readjustments of CNS

secondary sexual characteristics

visible on outside of body and serve as additional signs of sexual maturity

marasmus

wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients; usually appears in 1st year of life when baby's mother is too malnourished to produce enough breastmilk and bottle feeding is inadequate

intermodal perception

we make sense of these running stream of light, sound, tactile, odor, and taste info, perceiving them as integrated wholes

experience-expectant growth

young brain's rapidly developing organization, depends on ordinary experiences -- opportunities to interact w/ ppl, hear language and other sounds, see/touch objects, and move about/explore the environment

speech perception

young infants listen longer to human speech than to structurally similar non speech sounds ability to perceive sounds not found in their language is more precise than adults ~5 months, sensitive to syllable stress patterns in own language ~6-8 months, "screen out" sounds not used in native tongue

puberty

young people attain adult-sized body and become capable of producing offspring

development of reaching/grasping

~3-4 months reaching reappears as purposeful, forward arm movements and gradually improves in accuracy 5-6 months, reaching largely controlled by proprioception (our sense of movement/location in space), arising from stimuli in the body newborn's grasp replaced by Ulnar grasp, a clumsy motion in which baby's fingers close against palm by end of first year, infants use thumb and index finger in Pincer grip