Child Development Exam 3
Jean Burko's Experiments
"This is a dog with QUIRKS on him. He is all covered in QUIRKS. What kind of a dog is he? He is a ______ dog." "This is a man who knows how to SPOW. He is SPOWING. He did the same thing yesterday. What did he do yesterday? Yesterday, he__________."
children's literature and language
"there's a wocket in my pocket" (Seuss, 1974)--substitutes sounds of everyday objects ex: "zamp in the lamp"; alliteration: repetition of an initial consonant sound across several words (""Faint Frogs Feeling Feverish and Other Terrifically Tantalizing Tongue Twisters" (Obligato, 1983)); assonance: repetition of vowel sounds within words ("down by the bay" (Raffi, 1987))
early childhood and emotions
-Expressing emotions ~Self-conscious emotions (e.g., pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt) -Understanding emotions -Regulating emotions ~Role of parents (emotion-coaching versus emotion-dismissing)
emotional competence skills
-Has awareness of own emotional state -Detecting others' emotions -Using the vocabulary of emotional terms in socially and culturally appropriate terms -Having empathic, sympathetic sensitivity to others -Recognizing that inner emotional states do not have to correspond to outer expressions -Adaptively coping with negative emotions through self-regulatory strategies -Awareness that expression of emotions plays a major impact in a relationship -viewing oneself overall as feeling the way one wants to feel
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965)
-Low scorers think they will not perform well -High scorers think they will be successful and will take risks
coping with stress
-increasing ability to accurately assess a situation and determine their level of control -more coping alternatives and coping strategies as kids grow older
teaching emotional competency
-kids are thought of as less sophisticated and incapable of understanding emotional complexities -Adults avoid trickier subjects when talking with kids -BUT! Emotional intelligence is an important part of relationships, health, and quality of life -Higher grades, stay in school, make healthy decisions -So, teach kids to know their emotions
trauma and emotional regulation
-kids who have experienced trauma often have trouble with (identifying, expressing, and managing their emotions) -internalize and/or externalize stress (leads to depression, anxiety, anger) -unpredictable or explosive reactions
traumatic events and disasters
-reassure kids of their safety, repeatedly -allow kids to recount the story -encourage kids to talk about their feelings -protect kids from re-exposure -help kids make sense of the story
How many morphemes are in the word "builder"?
2
James Marcia and Identity
4 ways to resolve the time of identity crisis/exploration proposed by Erikson; identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity achievement
Erik Erikson and Identity
5th developmental stage: Identity versus Identity Confusion ("psychosocial moratorium"); success: new sense of self; failure: identity confusion; importance of guidance and feedback from knowledgeable adults
gender-typing prenatal ages 7-10
Attribute certain qualities to men and women, Associate specific occupations and academic subjects with gender, Play with others of their gender
early childhood and self-understanding
Concrete descriptions, Physical descriptions, Active descriptions, Unrealistic positive overestimations
opposition to same sex marriage and sexual minority and trans rights
Denominational Condemnation--Assemblies of God (2014): No affirmation of homosexual activity or same-sex marriage in the Bible, Southern Baptist Convention (2014): God created "two distinct and complementary sexes, male and female." Separating them "poses the harmful effect of engendering an understanding of sexuality and personhood that is fluid."; Christian Colleges and Universities; Conversion Therapy
identity achievement
Describes those who have a high degree of exploration and a high degree of commitment
identity moratorium
Describes those who have a high degree of exploration, but a low degree of commitment
identity foreclosure
Describes those who have a low degree of exploration, but a high degree of commitment
self-conscious emotions
Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me" (ex: jealousy, empathy, guilt, embarrassment)
gender-typing adolescence ages 11-13
Feel self-conscious about physical changes, and pressure to conform, Intolerance of cross-gender mannerisms and behaviors, Concerned about dating potential
social cognitive theory of gender
Gender development occurs through observation and imitation of adults and peers, rewards and punishments for masculine/feminine behavior; Social contexts (e.g., school, parents, peers, media) shape gender development
transgender
Has a gender identity that does not match the sex assigned to them at birth
non-binary
Has a gender identity that isn't strictly male or female
cisgender
Has gender identity consistent with the sex assigned to them at birth
family environment and language development
Head Start Program (U.S. Department ofHealth & Human Services)-Comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income families; Goals: Improve educational outcomes (e.g.,graduate from high school, go to college); Social, emotional, and behavioral development, leading to self-control, self-esteem, and positive parenting; positive parenting practices
gender (expression)
How we present our gender in the world, and how society perceives, interacts with, and shapes our gender; Gender roles and norms
target and gender
In 2015, Target stopped labeling toys and bedding as being "boys" and "girls", Decision earned praise and backlash- Backlash from conservative parents, Misunderstanding about what "gender neutral" means- Organizing products according to interest or theme, not by gender In 2016, Target started installing gender-neutral bathrooms, Repeat: Praise and backlash In 2017, Target started selling gender-neutral clothing for kids, Repeat: Praise and backlash
understanding others in later childhood
Increasing ability to take the perspective of others; Important part of the development of prosocial and antisocial attitudes/behaviors
gender-typing prenatal ages 2-6
Learn gender identity, Learn stereotypes about activities, traits, and toys associated with gender, Begin stereotyped play
gender-typing adolescence ages 14-17
Mix with other genders, Become more flexible about stereotypes, Become preoccupied with future careers and appearance, Want to learn gender-based expectations for how to behave in romantic situations
"reading wars"
National disputes for about how to teach kids how to read; Is learning phonics dull? Or, like learning a s secret code?; Is whole-language about intellectual independence and true knowledge, or about underpaid and under appreciated teachers with not enough classroom time and resources?
gender (body)
Our body, our experience of our body, how society genders bodies, and how others interact with us based on our bodies
gender (identity)
Our deeply held, internal sense of self as male, female, a blend, or neither; who we know ourselves to be
gender, culture, and temperament
Parents may react differently to an infant's temperament depending on gender Cultural differences in temperament were linked to parent attitude and behaviors
secure attachment
Positive emotional health, high self-esteem, self-confidence, social competent interaction, enhanced problem-solving
middle and late childhood and self-understanding
Psychological characteristics and traits, Social descriptions, Social comparisons, Real self and desired self, Realistic
interactions with fathers
Tend to be less involved overall, More attention to sons than daughters, Engage in more activities with sons
interactions with mothers
Tend to be more involved, Socialize daughters to be more obedient, Place restrictions on daughters' autonomy
myths about multilingual kids
The child will get confused by raising him/her with two or more languages: Research says no, Multilingualism is the norm in places like Canada, Belgium, Finland, and many, many others; More than two languages won't work: With consistent interaction in the languages, kids will have no trouble learning 2-4 languages; The child will mix the languages together: Yes, but, it's temporary and harmless
slow-to-warm-up child
a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
language
a form of communication, whether spoken, written, or a gesture, that is based on a system of symbols, 5 systems of rules
self-understanding
a person's cognitive representation of the self-the substance and content of their self-conceptions; based on the roles and membership categories that define who people are; changes over time
Self-esteem
a person's worth or self-image
feminine-of-center; masculine-of-center
a word that indicates a range of terms of gender identity and gender presentation for people who present, understand themselves, and/or relate to others in a more feminine/masculine way, but don't necessarily identify as women/men
early childhood and language development
age 2-3: move from simple to complex sentences; demonstrate understanding of the rules of morphology; mistakes, or following the rules? (logical missteps -e.g., mouses v mice; goed v went)
learning how to write
age 2-3: scribbles/printed letters age 4: print name age 5: reproduce letters and copy short words; curved/straight characteristics of letters, open/closed letters
emerging adulthood
ages 18-29ism in industrialized countries; time of fun, leisure, feeling in-between; identity exploration; lower church attendance, but deeply held religious beliefs
Mary Ainsworth's strange situation
an experimental method designed to measure the nature of attachment between mothers and babies; securely attached babies (use caretaker as the secure base); insecure avoidant babies (avoid the caretaker); insecure resistant babies (cling to caretaker, but also resist the closeness); insecure disorganized (dazed, confused, fearful)
infants and fear
appears around 6 months (stranger anxiety--fear and wariness of strangers); depends on the situation and how the stranger behaves; (separation protest--crying when the caretaker leaves)
first words
babies understand words before they can produce them (ex: their name); first words don't vary much across time; once kids say their first word, their vocabulary rapidly increases
In terms of emotional competence skills, and example of being able to detect others' emotions is
being able to differentiate whether others feel sad rather than anxious
Bowlby (1969, 1989): attachment
believed both infants and caretakers are biologically predisposed to form attachments; baby elicits attachment behavior through cooing, smiling, crying (keeps caretaker nearby); attachment happens through phases (phase 1-birth to 2 months; phase 2-2-7 months; phase 3-7-24 months; phase 4-24+ months); internal working model
benefirs to learning multiple languages
better problem-solving abilities, increased multi-tasking skills, stave off Alzheimer's and dementia, improved memory, improved decision-making skills, improved English/native language
How do we acquire our temperaments?
biological influence (physiological characteristics); gender and culture
learning how to read
birth-1st grade: Left-to-right, order of reading, letters, write name 1st-2nd grade: Sound out words, letter names/sounds, learn basic reading 2nd-3rd grade: More fluent, but can't easily read and process content 4th-8th grade: Read to learn High school: Fully competent readers, understand material from different perspectives, sophisticated discussions of literature, history, other topics
Evangelical Christian "textbook" definition
centrality of the Bible, important of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ as payment for sin; need for personal conversion; commitment to evangelism
infancy and self-understanding
challenging to study; infants can't tell us about their experiences; Rubber Hand Illusion, Rouge Test/Mirror Test
trajectory of vocabulary development
children typically understand their first 50 words before they can produce them; rapid growth in vocabulary (age 18 months-5 years; one new word every waking hour; 1st grade: 14,000 words)
benefits from single-gender education
closer connections, fewer distractions, isn't as much over-discrimination
Increasing self-esteem
concern that kids are getting empty praise; praise for poor performance; difficulty handling criticism
In a classic study by Harlow (1958), what was found to be most important to infant attachment?
contact comfort
Harlow (1958): attachment
contact comfort is important in attachment, beyond just food
infant emotional expressions
crying (basic, anger, pain); smiling (reflexive, social)
language development in infants
crying (starts at birth); cooing (starts around 1-2 months); babbling (around 6 months)
identity diffusion
describes those who have neither explored nor committed to a particular identity
the educational benefits of Sesame Street
designed to prepare kids for school--letters, numbers, cooperation; incorporated research on what kids needed to succeed in school; test the shows of focus groups
agender
does not identify with any gender
self-concept
domain-specific evaluations of the self
gender fluid
dynamic mix of male and female
Chess and Thomas' Classification
easy child, difficult child, slow-to-warm-up child
primary emotions
emotions present in humans (and other animals), and emerge early in life (e.g., joy, sadness, anger, fear, disgust)
What about understanding of others?
even young children are surprisingly sophisticated in their understandings of others (age 4-5: can describe themselves and others in psychological terms, understand that sometimes people lie to get what they want); the ability to empathize with others can be developed through: talking with kids about their internal states, helping them think about how others might feel (perspective-talking)
insecure attachment
externalizing problems (out-of-control behavior)
emotions
feeling or affect that occurs when people are engaged in an interaction that is important to them, especially one that influences their well-being (positive or negative); cultural variations in emotions
easy child
generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences
An active child with active parents is experiencing ____ fit.
goodness of
drawbacks from single-gender education
harder to interact with other gender, meek behavior in the classroom being reinforced, isn't teaching how to interact
androgynous
has elements of both masculinity and femininity
estrogen
hormone that influences the development of female sex characteristics
androgen
hormone that influences the development of male sex characteristics (e.g., testosterone)
boosting self-esteem in healthy ways
identify areas that are important to the child, that they are competent in; provide emotional support and approval for that area; praise achievement in that area; encourage coping in that area
Which identity status might this person have? 17 year old Samantha was told her whole life that she was going to be adoctor when she grew up, but after taking some courses in college andexploring possibilities, she's decided to become a teacher.
identity acheivement
Which identity status might this person have? A pre-teenager is asked about her political affiliation - whether she is aRepublican, Democrat, or some third party. After thinking about it for a moment, she says that she does not identify with any political party and really doesn't know much about politics.
identity diffusion
Which identity status might this person have? A 12 year old says they are a member of the political party their parents support.
identity foreclosure
Which identity status might this person have? A 16 year old who was raised Catholic, but decides to visit a Protestant church.
identity moratorium
While watching TV, you suddenly hear your infant nephew crying in the next room. The initial cry is sudden, long, and loud. The infant then holds his breath for an extended period. You nephew is most likely
in pain
emotional regulation and coping
initially, infants need adults to help them soothe themselves; regulate stress hormone levels
Which of the following is NOT a type of temperament described by Chess and Thomas?
insecure
temperament
involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
middle and late childhood
kids get better at classifying words (e.g., asking kids to say the first word that comes to mind); due to increased vocabulary (age 6: 14,000; age 11: 40,000 words); due to better understanding to grammar
social orientation and understanding
kids get more social as they grow; social orientation, locomotion, social referencing ("reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation)
why do kids learn vocabulary fast?
kids learn: words they hear the most often, what's interesting to them, better in responsive environments, when the context is meaningful, whey they have clear information about word meaning, grammar and vocabulary are considered
FMLA (Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993)
law requiring employers to provide job protection and unpaid leave; 12 weeks of unpaid leave for childcare, must have been at job for 12 months, worked at least 1250 hours, and work at a place with 50+ employees
media influences
men portrayed as more powerful, women portrayed as sexual objects and subordinate to men, body image
dissociation
mentally separating oneself from an overwhelming/terrifying experience (detached from bodies, watching what's happening, lose all memories--gaps in personal history); adverse effects on daily life (e.g., classroom, social interactions)
morpheme
minimal unit of meaning
adolescence and language
more abstract thinking-metaphors (comparisons between two unlike things, ex: "the teach walked down the hallway with her army of children"); satire (irony, sarcasm, derision, wit, to expose folly)--parodies/spoofs, The Onion, political cartoons, other media ""Weekend Update")
Jean Burko developed an experiment where she used fictional words to see if kids could apply ____ words without relying on past instances of hearing a given word.
morphological
language and technology
new vocabulary (e.g., to google, app); txt spk (TMI, OMG); how technology is used is what's important (mindless browsing, or active participation)
online identity formation
observation only, active engagement, non-internet users
parental leave in the US
paid family leave is a luxury in the US; 114 million workers don't get any, only 10% get paid leave at full salary; fathers and adoptive parents don't normally receive the same benefits as birth mothers
Peer influences on gender
peers reward and punish behavior: more acceptable for girls to act like boys, than boys to act like girls ("tomboy" vs "sissy"); friendships in childhood-tend to be gendered; friendships in adolescence-slightly more mixed
understanding others in adolescence
perspective taking-affects interactions with friends, affects interaction with minority groups
biological influences of temperament
physiological characteristics have been linked with different temperaments
gaining appreciation for how kids learn language
pig latin--move any consonant at the beginning of the word to the end of the word, and say "ay" after it; adding sounds onto the beginning of every word; changing the order to words
All of the following can be classified as ____: eagerness, enthusiasm, and even simply being excited.
positive emotions
nursery rhymes and language
provide children with building blocks of language; rhyming couplets teach patterns in language, repetition teaches how sounds and sentences work
Does attachment matter?
provides important foundation for later development; secure and insecure attachment
general order of adjectives in english
quantity or number, quality or opinion, size, age, shape, color, proper adjective (e.g., nationality, place of origin, material), purpose of qualifier
difficult child
reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change
phonics approach to reading
reading instruction should focus on teaching basic rules for translating written words into sounds; begin with simplified words; learn the rules; then, give kids more complex reading material
whole language approach to reading
reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning; reading materials should be whole and meaningful (in its complete form); connected with listening and writing skills
study design
recruitment, procedure, transcription, data analysis
Parental influences on gender
rewards and punishment, differing interactions
school influences
school values, gender of teachers, disability diagnoses, punishments, "problematic" behavior, self-esteem, grades
adolescence and self-understanding
self-consciousness, contradictions within the self, fluctuating self, real and ideal self, social comparison, self-integration
language development in kids with deaf parents who sign
sign communication--can be the children's "mother tongue", bilingual learners, common mistakes; oral communication
Evangelical Christian cultural definition
socially and politically conservative--policies opposing same-sex marriage and transgender rights; support for the Republican Party (2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 elections)
Finland family leave
start maternity leave 7 weeks before due date, 16 weeks of paid leave for mothers, 8 weeks for fathers, partial care leave after child turns 3; baby box
gestures
starting around age 8-12 months, infants start gesturing (wave goodbye, point, nod); differences in gesturing across SES
Myra is learning how nouns, verbs, adjectives, and prepositions go together to form acceptable sentences. She is learning ____.
syntax
pragmatics
the appropriate use of language in different contexts--Using language for different purposes, Changing language according to the needs of the listener or situation, Following the rules for conversations and storytelling; pragmatic rules differ from one culture to another
phoneme
the basic unit of sound in a language; unique sounds that can be joined to create words
goodness of fit
the match between a child's temperament and the environment around the child; quiet child who is slow-to-warm-up who is pushed into loud spaces on a regular basis; Active toddler made to sit for long periods of time
semantics
the meaning of words and sentences; literal meaning (ex: "Fall began with the turning of the leaves"); figurative meaning (ex: "I'm as hungry as a bear")
morphology
the rule system that governs how words are formed in a language
phonology
the sound system of a language (how sounds are used, how they may/may not be combined); phonemes
syntax
the ways words are combined to form phrases and sentences (ie., grammar); ex: "the dog chased the squirrel"; in english--general word order is "subject+verb+object" (ex: the dog chased the squirrel"); can be shifted for emphasis, in poetry, to produce rhythm
division of labor in childcare
unequal division of labor; heterosexual couples--more women are working outside the home, but division of childcare remains gendered; same-sex couples--share childcare more equally than hetero couples, but lesbian couples share less equally than gay men
bilingualism and second-language learning
used to believe that if you didn't learn a second language by puberty, you wouldn't ever gain full fluency; now: it depends on the language system--New vocabulary is easier for teens/adults to learn than new sounds or grammar; Adults tend to learn faster, but kids are better in the end
dialect
variety of language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation; changes over time: great = boss, groovy, rad, bad, the bomb, lit
identity
vocation/career, political, religious, relationship, achievement/intellectual, sexual/gender, cultural/ethnic, interests, personality, physical identity
implication for caretakers of goodness of fit
• Attention to individuality • Attention to structuring the child's environment • Acknowledging that some kids are harder to parent than others • Forcing children into categories ("difficult") can be detrimental
middle childhood and emotions
•Improved emotional understanding •Increased understanding that people can experience more than one emotion at a time •Increased understanding of how others got to a particular emotional state •Ability to suppress or hide negative emotional reactions •Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings •Capacity for genuine empathy
