Chp 1- Mastering Questions

Which of the following statements about mutations is correct? Mutations are any heritable change in a DNA sequence. Mutations are just one of many sources of genetic variation. Mutations that alter a gene always modify the encoded protein. Mutations that alter a gene always cause an altered phenotype.

Mutations are any heritable change in a DNA sequence.

Meiosis in animals can create ______ that have a _______. gametes; haploid (n) number of chromosomes cells throughout the body; haploid (n) number of chromosomes gametes; diploid (2n) number of chromosomes cells throughout the body; diploid (2n) number of chromosomes

gametes; haploid (n) number of chromosomes

Gregor Mendel's work with pea plants provided the foundation for genetics. He concluded that traits are controlled by factors, now called _________, and pairs of these factors separate from one another during the formation of _______.

genes; gametes

Escherichia coli

cancers, specifically colon cancer

Mitosis in animals can create ___________ that have a __________.

cells throughout the body; diploid (2n) number of chromosomes

the chromosomal theory of inheritance did not support which of the following? -genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes -the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can be explained by Mendelian inheritance -Chromosomal mutations are always inherited -the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis is identical to the behavior of genes during gamete formation

chromosomal mutations are always inherited

Caenorhabditis elegans

development and function of nervous system, diabetes

Drosophila melanogaster

disorders of the nervous system, cancer, retinal degeneration

Which characteristics are associated with good model organisms? Select all that apply. Easy to grow Relatively short life cycle Straightforward genetic analysis Produce limited number of offspring

easy to grow relatively short life cycle straightforward genetic analysis

Arabidopis thaliana

various aspects of plant biology

Danio rerio

vertebrate development, cardiovascular disease

Which of the following is an ethical concern raised by the "Age of Genetics"? select all that apply. Ownership of genes Concerns about prenatal testing Access to and safety of gene therapy Genetic discrimination and privacy

all of the above

the observable characteristics resulting from the genetic makeup of an organism are known as its

phenotype

Which of the following statements about sickle-cell anemia is true? Select all that apply. -Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation to the oxygen-transporting protein, hemoglobin. -The sickle-cell anemia mutation occurs in the β-globin gene. -The sickle-cell anemia mutation is caused by a deletion of 1 of the 146 amino acids in the protein. -Individuals with one or two copies of the mutant β-globin gene will have sickle-cell anemia.

-Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation to the oxygen-transporting protein, hemoglobin. -The sickle-cell anemia mutation occurs in the β-globin gene.

Match the following nucleic acid components. A. the pentose sugar of DNA B. The pentose sugar of RNA C. The nitrogenous bases of DNA D. The nitrogenous bases of RNA

-deoxyribose -ribose -C, G, A, T - C, G, A, U

Match the following theories about development to the correct descriptions. (A) Preformation, (B) Epigenesis, (C) Cell Theory, (D) Spontaneous Generation 1. A series of developmental events take place to transform a fertilized egg to an adult. 2. A fertilized egg contains a miniature adult. 3. All organisms are composed of cells, which come only from pre-existing cells. 4. Living organisms are created from non-living components.

1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D

Genetic research has progressed at a remarkable pace. Which of the following statements about the field of genetic research is not correct? The Human Genome Project was completed less than 40 years after Mendel's work was published in 1865. The applications of genetics are developing much faster than social conventions, leaving us with a host of genetics-related ethical issues. DNA cloning and recombinant DNA technology were developed rather quickly after the discovery of DNA structure in 1953. The 1962 Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of DNA structure just under 100 years after Mendel presented his research on inheritance.

The Human Genome Project was completed less than 40 years after Mendel's work was published in 1865.

Human colon cancers are often associated with defects in DNA repair. For which of the following reasons has E. coli been used to study this disease. The basic steps of DNA repair are the same in humans and E. coli. E. coli cells can divide every 20 minutes and are easier to grow than human cells. A specific gene involved in DNA repair is found in both humans and E. coli. Researchers can easily create and study new mutations in the bacterial mutL gene in E. coli. E. coli is naturally found in the human colon.

The basic steps of DNA repair are the same in humans and E. coli. E. coli cells can divide every 20 minutes and are easier to grow than human cells. A specific gene involved in DNA repair is found in both humans and E. coli. Researchers can easily create and study new mutations in the bacterial mutL gene in E. coli.

Charles Darwin's biological observations in the mid-1800s, which led to his proposal of natural selection, revolutionized genetics. Which of the following is not a component of Darwin's theory of natural selection? -Populations tend to contain more offspring than can be supported by the environment. -Individuals with heritable traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are better able to survive and reproduce than those with less adaptive traits. -If a population carrying inherited variations becomes reproductively isolated, a new species may result. -Advantageous variations accumulate quickly.

Advantageous variations accumulate quickly.

Which of the following statements about the biotechnology industry is false? Biotechnology is a small industry with minimal economic impact. Products of biotechnology, like transgenic corn and soybean, can be found in the grocery store. Biotechnology has changed how human proteins for medical use are produced. Biotechnology has enabled animal cloning by nuclear transfer.

Biotechnology is small industry with minimal economic impact.

When scientists attempted to identify the chemical nature of the genetic material which of the following was not initially considered? The diversity of proteins and the wide range of biological functions they perform. DNA and proteins are the major components of chromosomes. DNA can have more structural diversity than proteins since it is made from 20 different nucleotides. Proteins are distributed universally in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.

DNA can have more structural diversity than proteins since it is made from 20 different nucleotides.

which of the following statements about DNA is not correct? DNA is a helical molecule consisting of nucleotides, which are paired with their complement by hydrogen bonds. The order of nucleotides in DNA determines the functional gene product to be expressed. DNA is translated into mRNA, which in a eukaryotic cell is moved to the cytoplasm to be transcribed into protein. There are four nucleotides in DNA, each with a different nitrogenous base (A, G, T, or C).

DNA is translated into mRNA, which in a eukaryotic cell is moved to the cytoplasm to be transcribed into protein.

Which of the following statements about proteins are true? Select all that apply. Hemoglobin consists of two proteins encoded by different genes. Enzymes form the largest category of proteins and serve as biological catalysts. Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural properties play a role in producing a phenotype. Hemoglobin serves as a biological catalyst for correcting mutant sickle cells. A protein's shape and behavior are determined by the environment of an organism.

Hemoglobin consists of two proteins encoded by different genes. Enzymes form the largest category of proteins and serve as biological catalysts. Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural properties play a role in producing a phenotype.

Proteins are molecules that serve as the mainstay for biological systems. Which of the following statements about proteins is correct? Select all that apply. Proteins are often the end-product of gene expression. Proteins can serve as hormones, molecules in connective tissue, contractile muscle proteins, and more. Muscle proteins form the largest category of proteins. Proteins have a wide range of applications, but they cannot be used to cut DNA

Proteins are often the end product of gene expression. Proteins can serve as hormones, molecules in connective tissue, contractile muscle proteins and more.

The era of recombinant DNA technology is dependent on_________ , which cut an organism's DNA at a specific sequence.

Restriction enzymes

What is the purpose of gene knockout?

To observe what happens when the gene is missing to ultimately determine its function.

Which of the following correctly describes gene expression in eukaryotes? Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Both transcription and translation occur in the nucleus. Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and translation occurs in the nucleus. Both transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm.

Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Which of the following investigative processes would not be considered classical genetics, also known as forward genetics? -Using molecular genetics to mutate the known DNA sequence of a specific gene to determine its role and function. -Studying model organisms with variable phenotypes to determine the gene(s) responsible for the variation. -Trying to determine which gene(s) are responsible for variation due to naturally occurring mutations. -Trying to determine which gene(s) are responsible for variation due to random mutations induced with X-rays, chemicals and UV light

Using molecular genetics to mutate the known DNA sequence of a specific gene to determine its role and function.

Which type of RNA is not correctly paired with its function? tRNA; binds to DNA and ribosomes in the nucleus to assist with transcription mRNA; contains codons that dictate amino acids to be inserted tRNA; recognizes mRNA codons and carries correct amino acids mRNA; binds ribosomes to undergo translation

tRNA; binds to DNA and ribosomes in the nucleus to assist with transcription