Chp 10
Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.
Abolish
The usual duration of the typical adult human repeating sleep cycle is
90-110 minutes
In the U.S., evidence that daylight affects human circadian rhythms is supported by the observation that even though everyone's time keepers (clocks, phone) report the same time, people in the western part of the time zone go to bed _________ people in the eastern part of the time zone
A bit later than
A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is mostly likely to be true
An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep.
Which statement is about the molecular clock is false
Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.
Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of SWS and REM sleep may be related to the
Consolidation of perceptual learning
What is the significance of the finding that the isolated brain exhibits signs of alternating between wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep?
It showed that that systems for controlling sleep are located in the brain.
Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.
REM
A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.
Stage 3
If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?
The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.
Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the ________, while in the brain stem system the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness
Tuberomammillary nucleus: reticular formation
When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are
a little more than 24 hours long
Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except
a strengthened immune system
The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in
awakenings
Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience
better academic performance
The human menstrual cycle provides an example of a(n) _______ rhythm, because it repeats less than once per day.
infradian
_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.
jet lag
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by
large amplitude delta waves
The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the
midbrain
In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show
phase shift
The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the
reticular formation
It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of
sleep apnea
In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during
stage 3 sleep (SWS)
People who tend to wake up in the morning with likes of energy likely carry a different version of the _______ gene than night owls, who stay up late at night and are drowsy in the morning
Clock
What is the primary evolutionary benefit of a circadian rhythm
It allows an animal to anticipate an important natural event and adjust its behavior accordingly.
How do dolphins sleep if they must regularly come to the water's surface to breathe?
Only one brain hemisphere sleeps at a time
REM behaviors disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that
Reduce anxiety
In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.
Stage 3
Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.
abolishes
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate
awakening
Electrical stimulation of the ______ can induce SWS activity
basal forebrain
Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of
improving long-term retention
The _________ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep
pontine
The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by
sustained SWS
A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of
sustained sleep
The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
the immediate onset of REM
The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because
the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light.
In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last
up to 40 minutes
Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by
vague visual imagery
The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)
zeitgeber