Chp 10

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

Abolish

The usual duration of the typical adult human repeating sleep cycle is

90-110 minutes

In the U.S., evidence that daylight affects human circadian rhythms is supported by the observation that even though everyone's time keepers (clocks, phone) report the same time, people in the western part of the time zone go to bed _________ people in the eastern part of the time zone

A bit later than

A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is mostly likely to be true

An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep.

Which statement is about the molecular clock is false

Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.

Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of SWS and REM sleep may be related to the

Consolidation of perceptual learning

What is the significance of the finding that the isolated brain exhibits signs of alternating between wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep?

It showed that that systems for controlling sleep are located in the brain.

Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.

REM

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.

Stage 3

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the ________, while in the brain stem system the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness

Tuberomammillary nucleus: reticular formation

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are

a little more than 24 hours long

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except

a strengthened immune system

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in

awakenings

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience

better academic performance

The human menstrual cycle provides an example of a(n) _______ rhythm, because it repeats less than once per day.

infradian

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.

jet lag

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by

large amplitude delta waves

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the

midbrain

In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show

phase shift

The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the

reticular formation

It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of

sleep apnea

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during

stage 3 sleep (SWS)

People who tend to wake up in the morning with likes of energy likely carry a different version of the _______ gene than night owls, who stay up late at night and are drowsy in the morning

Clock

What is the primary evolutionary benefit of a circadian rhythm

It allows an animal to anticipate an important natural event and adjust its behavior accordingly.

How do dolphins sleep if they must regularly come to the water's surface to breathe?

Only one brain hemisphere sleeps at a time

REM behaviors disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that

Reduce anxiety

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.

Stage 3

Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.

abolishes

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

awakening

Electrical stimulation of the ______ can induce SWS activity

basal forebrain

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of

improving long-term retention

The _________ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep

pontine

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by

sustained SWS

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of

sustained sleep

The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

the immediate onset of REM

The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because

the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light.

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

up to 40 minutes

Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by

vague visual imagery

The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)

zeitgeber