Chp 16 Homework- Part 2, Chp 16- Endocrine Practice Quiz, Chp 16 Study Module 2, Chp 16 Study Module 1, Chp. 16 Homework Questions

Paracrine signals:

act on neighboring cells.

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are related because

the hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that influence the pituitary gland.

Which hormones work synergistically to retain water?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation? thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin cortisol

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the kidneys and modulates how much water is lost in the urine.

____ signals consist of chemicals secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid that elicit effects from the same cell.

Autocrine

Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?

Glucagon

An adult presents at your clinic. The patient has a goiter. The blood work shows high levels of T3, and T4 and very low levels of TSH. Name the disorder.

Grave's Disease

Alpha cells of the pancreas produce ____.

glucagon

With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?

Pituitary gland

Thermoregulation is a function of which of the following hormones?

Thyroid hormones

What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs? tropins somatotropins somatostatins growth hormones

Tropins, or tropic hormones, are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.

Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands? pg 618 textbook A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney. Blood potassium levels fall. An increase in blood pressure is sensed in the heart. The body becomes parasympathetically activated.

A drop in blood pressure would cause the kidney to release renin, a hormone that will eventually promote the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is __________. -CRH -ACTH -PRL -TSH

ACTH *Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by cells called corticotrophs. It stimulates the development of the adrenal glands and their synthesis of various steroid hormones.

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) growth hormone (GH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Stress and ACTH are the main stimuli for cortisol.

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary? -TSH -Somatostatin -Prolactin -ADH

ADH *The antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin) is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the kidneys to retain water. It is stored in the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary.

Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones is most likely to lead to high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration)?

Aldosterone

Which hormone aids in water resorption? parathyroid hormone thyroid hormone antidiuretic hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water.

Aldosterone ___.

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

The _____ is the organ responsible for producing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

heart

The endocrine system secretes ____ into the blood to be transported to their target cells.

hormones

Endocrine glands secrete _____ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called ____.

hormones; target tissues

Insulin operates under __________.

humoral stimulation

The _____ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? kidney hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary

hypothalamus

All the following structures are primary organs of the endocrine system except the ________. -anterior pituitary -thyroid gland -thymus -hypothalamus

hypothalamus *There are generally considered to be seven primary organs of the endocrine system. These organs include the following: the anterior pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, three to five small parathyroid glands, the paired adrenal cortices, the endocrine pancreas, the thymus, and the paired ovaries or testes.

Thyroxine (T4) functions to

increase the general rate of metabolism.

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by all the following factors except -rising blood levels of potassium. -falling blood levels of sodium. -decreased blood pH. -increased plasma volume.

increased plasma volume.

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates all the following actions except

increasing the rate of glycogen formation.

Name the hormone that stimulates lipogenesis

insulin

What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon?

insulin

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

insulin

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release.

Renin is produced by the ____.

kidneys

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) negative feedback a circadian rhythm of release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

negative feedback

Most hormone secretion is regulated as part of a ________.

negative feedback loop

Which of the following structures is not a primary target of cortisol? -Nervous tissue -The liver -Adipose tissue -Muscle tissue

nervous tissue

The cells of the nervous system communicate via _____, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via ____.

neurotransmitters; hormones

Which of the following hormones would use a second messenger?

non-polar hormones

This gland is both an endocrine and exocrine gland:

pancreas

Cortisol acts to

stimulate gluconeogenesis

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium by

targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts to release calcium.

Testosterone is produced by the __________.

testes

________ involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

Down-regulation

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is not steroid-based?

Epinephrine

Which hormone is not matched correctly with its action?

Erythropoietin - increases white blood cell formation

Which of the following hormones stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as adipose deposition in the breast?

Estrogens

Which of the following statements is false? -A carbohydrate-rich meal decreases glucagon secretion. -Exercise will decrease glucagon secretion. -Exercise will increase release of fatty acids. -A carbohydrate-rich meal increases insulin secretion.

Exercise will decrease glucagon secretion.

______ exerts its effects primarily upon the reproductive organs.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? thyroid hormones GH (growth hormone) prolactin (PRL) oxytocin

GH stimulates IGFs from the liver. *IGFs are required for the growth effect of GH on bone and skin.

What type of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary gland?

Glandular epithelium

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called _____________.

HOMEOSTASIS

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin) made? -thyroid gland -anterior pituitary -posterior pituitary -hypothalamus

HYPOTHALAMUS

Which type of stimulation is expected to regulate the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?

Hormonal stimulation

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells; the blood stream allows hormones to be distributed throughout the body

What type of hormones can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus?

Hydrophobic hormones

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Hypocalcemia

Which of the following brain structures would cause central diabetes insipidus if it were damaged? pons cerebrum hypothalamus cerebellum

Hypothalmus

What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)? -iodine -calcium -magnesium -potassium

IODINE

Which of the following effects is not associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH)? -Increased release of calcium ions from bone -Increased reabsorption of calcium ions from fluid in the kidneys -Increased osteoblast activity -Increased absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine

Increased osteoblast activity

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin?

Increasing solute concentration of the blood

_____ is required for thyroid hormone synthesis.

Iodine

What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

Which of the following hormones would not be water-soluble? -Proteins -Peptides -Steroids -Amines

Steroids

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

Synergism

Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of __________.

T lymphocytes

A liver cell responds to insulin by... -Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon -Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose -Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen -Releasing insulin. Releasing glucagon.

TAKING IN GLUCOSE & CONVERTING IT TO GLYCOGEN

When blood glucose levels are high... -The pancreas releases glucagon -The liver releases insulin -The liver releases glucagon -The pancreas releases insulin -The pancreas releases glucose.

THE PANCREAS RELEASES INSULIN *The pancreas responds to high blood glucose levels by releasing insulin.

Which of the following best belongs in the box with the question mark? -posterior pituitary -adrenal medulla -thyroid gland -pancreas

THYROID GLAND

Which of the following best belongs in the box with the question mark? -posterior pituitary -adrenal medulla -thyroid gland -pancreas

THYROID GLAND *TSH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland.

Hormones that control hormone secretion from other glands are known as: -tropic hormones -steroid hormones -trophic hormones -growth hormones

TROPIC HORMONES

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?

The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery.

What is a major function of the endocrine system?

The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.

When blood glucose levels are low....

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels? thyroid pituitary parathyroid adrenal

The parathyroid glands secrete PTH, which increases blood calcium levels.

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces? zona reticularis: aldosterone zona fasciculata: catecholemines zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids medulla: glucocorticoids

The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids. Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids which are metabolic hormones. Zona Reticularis: gonadocorticoids. Medulla: catecholamins (Epinephrine and NE)

Which of the following hormones stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate as a tropic hormone? adrenocorticotropic hormone follicle-stimulating hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone prolactin

Thyroid -stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid to release the hormone thyroxin, which increases metabolism in the body.

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?

Thyroid gland

What hormone(s) determines the basal metabolic rate at rest when fasting?

Thyroid hormones

_____ is caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by the immune system.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes: -increased blood pressure -water retention -decreased urination -vasodilation

VASODILATION

What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)? sodium retention by the kidneys -water retention by the kidneys -blood glucose regulation -increases urine production by the kidneys

WATER RETENTION BY THE KIDNEYS

Hyperthyroidism is most likely to result in

a tendency toward weight loss.

The ____ cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin.

beta

_____ are the major targets of growth hormone.

bone and skeletal muscle

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary _________

by the portal veins

A second messenger for hormone response is _____.

cAMP

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.

cAMP in the cytoplasm *Many cAMP can be generated as a second messenger to amplify the signal in response to hormone binding.

A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is ____.

calcitriol

Unlike the nervous system, the effects of hormones:

can require seconds to hours to days to elicit their effect.

Because of the body's general response to stress, the blood concentration of

epinephrine and cortisol rise

Aldosterone regulates __________.

extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels

What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production? -growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) -corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) -somatostatin -thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)

Which of the following hormones acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?

Cortisol

Which of the following molecules has an anti-inflammatory effect?

Cortisol

Which of the following hormones play key roles in the body's long-term response to stress?

Cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon

Compared to the effects of the nervous system, the effects of the endocrine system __________. -are mediated by neurotransmitters -last longer -are faster -do not have an effect on homeostasis

LAST LONGER *Hormones can require seconds, several hours, or even days to elicit their effects, but these effects are generally longer-lasting than those of the nervous system.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? Cells in the pancreas -Muscle cells -Liver cells -Liver cells and cells in the pancreas -Intestinal cells.

LIVER CELLS

Body cells that respond to insulin include...

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

Which of the following hormones causes the testes to produce testosterone?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The pineal gland produces the hormone __________. -oxytocin -aldosterone -calcitonin -melatonin

MELATONIN *Melatonin's main target tissues are the sleep-regulating centers in the brainstem, where it appears to adjust the sleep phase of the sleep/wake cycle.

What hormones are produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Mineralocorticoids

Which of the following hormones causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth?

Oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? cortisol antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin

Oxytocin *Suckling of the infant (or stretching of the uterus) increases release of oxytocin, which causes the milk let-down effect (or increased uterine contractions).

Cells in the ____________ release hormones such as insulin and glucagon.

PANCREAS

Which pancreatic cells release insulin and glucagon?

PANCREATIC ISLETS

Which of the following glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Pancreas

Which hormone should be checked for normal levels in an individual with recurring kidney stones?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

Phosphodiesterase *degrades cyclic AMP into AMP

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell *lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into the nucleus or they diffuse into the cytoplasm and then move into the nucleus, where they affect transcription and translation. *Ex. Cortisol (lipid-soluble steroid hormone) & Thyroid Hormone is lipid-soluble

Leptin is a hormone produced by the ____.

adipose tissue

Which gland resides in the following location? - sits on top of each kidney

adrenal glands

Insulin stimulates all of the following actions except -an increase in blood glucose. -an increase in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose, increasing glucose uptake. -glycogenesis. -synthesis of fat from lipids.

an increase in blood glucose.

Up regulation of receptors would mean _____________.

an increase in the number of receptors on the target organ

All the following tropic hormones are released by the anterior pituitary except -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). -follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). -antidiuretic hormone (ADH). -thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the

concentration of serum calcium.

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the endocrine system? -promotes growth -controls memory and learning -maintains fluid balance -regulates metabolic reactions

does NOT control memory & learning (Memory and learning are higher-level functions of the nervous system)

Which of the following hormones would be needed to increase blood levels of calcium by stimulating the breakdown of bone tissue?

parathyroid hormone

Which gland resides in the following location? - is part of the brain stem

pineal

Melatonin is secreted by the ____ to regulate the sleep/wake cycle.

pineal gland

Which gland resides in the following location? - lies in the sella turcica

pituitary gland

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

plasma membrane receptors *Water-soluble hormones bind to specific receptors in the plasma membrane, whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors.

Most hormones are made of...

proteins

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ion concentrations by causing the kidneys to

retain sodium and excrete potassium.

Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control, from first tier to third tier.

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4

Response to low blood glucose

1. Pancreas releases glucagon 2. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose to the blood 3. Blood glucose increases to normal

Response to High Blood glucose

1. Pancreas releases insulin 2. Body cells take up more glucose and liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen 3. Blood glucose decreases to normal

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______. -apoptosis of parathyroid cells -failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone) -malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells -All of the listed responses are correct.

ALL. *Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) is secreted in response to hypocalcemia. It functions to stimulate osteoclast activity, enhances the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, and increases absorption of calcium by the intestinal mucosal cells.

_____ are hormones that act on the same target cells but have opposite effects.

Antagonists

Which of the following best describes the hypoglycemic effect of insulin? [Histology of a pancreatic islet (islet of Langerhans).] pg 622-625 Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells. Insulin encourages release of glucose into the blood by liver cells. Insulin encourages synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules. Insulin encourages catabolism of glycogen into glucose.

Insulin binds to receptor proteins in most body cells and allows membrane transport of glucose into these cells.

Which region of the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids?

Zona glomerulus