Chp 3

Correctly diagnosing an industry's key success factors A. points to those things that every firm in the industry needs to attend to in order to develop product propositions. B. hints at the firm's ability to generate above-average profitability. C. reveals that the firm's capabilities and resources are aligned with operating practices of industry participants. D. raises a company's chances of crafting a sound strategy. E. raises a company's sustainability dimensions and market characteristics in line with industry dynamics.

raises a company's chances of crafting a sound strategy.

What is the best technique for revealing the different market or competitive position that rival firms occupy in the industry? A. strategic group mapping B. PESTEL analysis C. five forces framework D. the value net framework E. competitor analysis

strategic group mapping

Whether buyer-seller relationships in an industry represent a strong or weak source of competitive pressure is a function of A. the speed with which general economic conditions and interest rates are changing. B. the extent to which buyers can exercise enough bargaining power to influence the conditions of sale in their favor and whether strategic partnerships between certain industry members can adversely affect other industry members. C. how many buyers purchase all of their requirements from a single seller versus how many purchase from several sellers. D. the number of buyers versus the number of sellers. E. whether industry members are spending more or less on advertising.

the extent to which buyers can exercise enough bargaining power to influence the conditions of sale in their favor and whether strategic partnerships between certain industry members can adversely affect other industry members.

Which of the following factors represents the strategically relevant political factors in the macro-environment that will influence the performance of all firms across the board? A. the strength of the federal banking system B. the exogenous forces related to the general environmental demand C. social factors that could fuel a political agenda and create greater transparency D. bailouts and energy policies that are industry-specific E. tax policy, fiscal policy, and tariffs providing impetus for anti-trust matters

the strength of the federal banking system

Which of the following is NOT a major question to ask in thinking strategically about industry and competitive conditions in a given industry? A. How many companies in the industry have good track records for revenue growth and profitability? B. What strategic moves are rivals likely to make next? C. What are the industry's key factors for future competitive success? D. Is the outlook for the industry conducive to providing attractive profitability? E. What are the driving forces in the industry, and what impact will these changes have on competitive intensity and industry profitability?

How many companies in the industry have good track records for revenue growth and profitability?

A rival's strategic moves and countermoves are A. indicators for the visualization of strategic mapping techniques. B. enabled and constrained by the set of capabilities they have at hand. C. measured by the extent to which they can unveil financial objectives. D. responses to the broader definition of the industry opportunities. E. signs of the competitive pressures from the industry.

enabled and constrained by the set of capabilities they have at hand.

Which of the following is NOT one of the five forces of competitive pressures? A. the power and influence of social/demographic trends B. the bargaining power of suppliers and seller-supplier collaboration C. the threat of new entrants into the market D. the attempts of companies in other industries to win customers over to their own substitute products E. the market maneuvering and jockeying for buyer patronage that goes on among rival sellers in the industry

the power and influence of social/demographic trends

Factors that cause the rivalry among competing sellers to be weaker include A. low buyer switching costs. B. low fixed costs or storage costs. C. many industry rivals of roughly equal size and competitive strength. D. weakly differentiated products among rival sellers. E. slow growth in buyer demand.

low fixed costs or storage costs.

Which of the following is LIKELY to have the biggest strategy-shaping impact on on-demand transportation providers such as Uber and Lyft? A. Yellow Cab company launches mobile app campaigns for community-connect and awareness. B. Amazon launches a mobile delivery service via drones. C. Apple launches a global network of driverless cars, buses, and trucks on demand via mobile app. D. Tesla and ZipCar announce a joint venture for electric automobile sharing services. E. Greyhound develops and markets a mobile app for customers to purchase inter-city bus tickets.

Apple launches a global network of driverless cars, buses, and trucks on demand via mobile app.

32. In which of the following instances are industry members NOT subject to stronger competitive pressures from substitute products? A. The costs to buyers of switching over to the substitutes are low. B. Buyers are dubious about using substitutes. C. The quality and performance of the substitutes are well-matched to what buyers need to meet their requirements. D. Buyer brand loyalty is weak. E. Substitutes are readily available at competitive prices.

Buyers are dubious about using substitutes.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that causes buyer bargaining power to be stronger? A. Some buyers are a threat to integrate backward into the business of sellers and become an important competitor. B. Buyers are small and numerous relative to sellers. C. Buyers have considerable discretion over whether and when they purchase the product. D. Buyers purchase the item frequently and are well-informed about sellers' products, prices, and costs. E. The costs incurred by buyers in switching to competing brands or to substitute products are relatively low.

Buyers are small and numerous relative to sellers.

Competitive pressures stemming from buyer bargaining power tend to be weakest in which of the following circumstances? A. Most consumers vary the brands they choose for their cookware and kitchen gadgets. B. There is a global decline in the demand for cable television services. C. The commercial jet aviation manufacturing industry offers highly differentiated products. D. The Internet offers a huge amount of information on a variety of products. E. Heinz owns a metal-can manufacturing subsidiary to cut back on supplier costs.

The commercial jet aviation manufacturing industry offers highly differentiated products.

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate guideline for developing a strategic group map for a given industry? A. The variables chosen as axes for the map should indicate important differences among rival approaches. B. The variables chosen as axes for the map don't have to be either quantitative or continuous. They can be discrete variables. C. The variables chosen as axes for the map should be highly correlated. D. Several maps should be drawn if more than one pair of variables give different exposures to the competitive positioning relationships present in the industry structure. E. The sizes of the circles on the map should be drawn proportional to the combined sales of the firms in each strategic group.

The variables chosen as axes for the map should be highly correlated.

Which of the following factors is NOT a relevant consideration in judging whether buyer bargaining power is relatively strong or relatively weak? A. Whether certain customers offer sellers important market exposure or prestige B. Whether customers are relatively well-informed about sellers' products, prices, and costs C. Whether buyer needs and expectations are changing rapidly or slowly D. Whether sellers' products are highly differentiated, making it troublesome or costly for buyers to switch to competing brands or to substitute products E. Whether buyers pose a major threat to integrate backward into the product market of sellers

Whether buyer needs and expectations are changing rapidly or slowly

The extent to which firms are meeting objectives suggests they A. are likely to prosper in the future. B. are likely to continue their present strategy with only minor fine-tuning. C. are virtually certain to make fresh strategic moves. D. recognize "status quo" as the best course of action to adopt. E. realize refocusing will ensure competitive gains.

are likely to continue their present strategy with only minor fine-tuning.

The "driving forces" in an industry A. are usually triggered by changing technology or stronger learning/experience curve effects. B. usually are spawned by growing demand for the product, the outbreak of price-cutting, and big reductions in entry barriers. C. are major underlying causes of changing industry and competitive conditions and have the biggest influences in reshaping the industry landscape and altering competitive conditions. D. appear when an industry begins to mature but are seldom present during early stages of the industry life cycle. E. are usually triggered by shifting buyer needs and expectations or by the appearance of new substitute products.

are major underlying causes of changing industry and competitive conditions and have the biggest influences in reshaping the industry landscape and altering competitive conditions.

The key success factors in an industry A. are those competitive factors that most affect industry members' abilities to prosper in the marketplace—the particular strategy elements, product attributes, operational approaches, resources, and competitive capabilities that spell the difference between being a strong competitor and a weak one, and between profit and loss. B. are determined by the industry's driving forces, which are essential to surviving and thriving in the industry. C. hinge on how many different strategic groups the industry has operating within the industry and their level of profitability and sustainable advantages. D. depend on how many rivals are trying to move from one strategic group to another without losing momentum. E. are a function of such considerations as how many firms are in the industry, how many have market shares above 5 percent, and whether the business models being used are similar or diverse.

are those competitive factors that most affect industry members' abilities to prosper in the marketplace—the particular strategy elements, product attributes, operational approaches, resources, and competitive capabilities that spell the difference between being a strong competitor and a weak one, and between profit and loss.

Buyers are in position to exert strong bargaining power in dealing with sellers when A. their costs to switch to competing brands or to substitute products are relatively high. B. a particular seller's product delivers quality or performance that is very important to the buyer and is not matched by other brands. C. they buy the product infrequently or in small quantities and are not particularly well-informed about sellers' products, prices, and costs. D. buyer demand is growing rapidly. E. buyers are price-sensitive because the product represents a significant portion of their purchasing budget.

buyers are price-sensitive because the product represents a significant portion of their purchasing budget.

The competitive threat that outsiders will enter a market is weaker when A. financially strong industry members send strong signals that they will launch strategic initiatives to combat the entry of newcomers. B. the industry's market growth is rapid. C. the pool of entry candidates is large and some have resources that would make them formidable market contenders. D. newcomers can be expected to earn attractive profits. E. buyers have little loyalty to the brands and product offerings of existing industry members.

buyers have little loyalty to the brands and product offerings of existing industry members.

Which of the following does NOT qualify as potential driving forces capable of inducing fundamental changes in industry and competitive conditions? A. changes in who buys the product and how they use it, and changes in the long-term industry growth rate B. changes brought about by the entry or exit of major firms, product innovation, and marketing innovation and cost efficiency C. changes in the economic power and bargaining leverage of customers and suppliers, growing supplier-seller collaboration, and growing buyer-seller collaboration D. changes in buyer preferences for differentiated products instead of mostly standardized or identical products E. changes in economies of scale and experience curve effects brought on by changes in manufacturing technology and new Internet capabilities

changes in the economic power and bargaining leverage of customers and suppliers, growing supplier-seller collaboration, and growing buyer-seller collaboration

Increasing globalization of the industry can be a driving force because A. the products of foreign competitors are nearly always cheaper or of better quality than those of domestic companies. B. foreign producers typically have lower costs, greater technological expertise, and more product innovation capabilities than domestic firms. C. companies need to spread their operating reach into more and more country markets to meet consumer demand and take advantage of available operating activities. D. it results in companies having fewer competitors and a strategic group map with fewer circles. E. market growth rates go up, product innovation speeds up, and new firms are likely to enter the industry.

companies need to spread their operating reach into more and more country markets to meet consumer demand and take advantage of available operating activities.

Competitive intelligence can be gleaned from A. company press releases, company websites, management presentations, and annual reports and 10-K filings. B. SWOT analysis, PESTLE analysis, KSF analysis, and driving forces analysis. C. strategic group maps, Value Net analysis, and five force analysis. D. financial ratio analysis, KSF analysis, driving forces analysis, and five forces analysis. E. KSF analysis, Value Net analysis, and driving forces analysis.

company press releases, company websites, management presentations, and annual reports and 10-K filings.

In identifying an industry's key success factors, strategists should A. try to single out all factors that play a major role in shaping whether buyer demand grows rapidly or slowly. B. consider on what basis customers choose between competing brands, what resources and competitive capabilities firms need to be competitively successful, and what shortcomings are almost certain to put a company at a significant competitive disadvantage. C. consider whether the number of strategic groups is increasing or decreasing and whether the five competitive forces are powerful or relatively weak. D. consider what it will take to overtake the company with the industry's overall best strategy. E. focus their attention on what it will take to capitalize on the impacts of the industry's driving forces.

consider on what basis customers choose between competing brands, what resources and competitive capabilities firms need to be competitively successful, and what shortcomings are almost certain to put a company at a significant competitive disadvantage.

To succeed in predicting a competitor's next moves, company strategists need to appraise a rival's A. current strategy, financial health, market share, resources and capabilities. B. strategic group, assumptions, resources and capabilities, financial health. C. current strategy, assumptions, resources and capabilities, objectives. D. market share, strategic group, driving forces, assumptions. E. resources and capabilities, assumptions, current strategy, objectives.

current strategy, financial health, market share, resources and capabilities.

Competitive pressures associated with the threat of entry are greater in all of the following situations, EXCEPT when A. incumbent firms are willing to strongly contest the entry of newcomers with moves designed to make entry unprofitable. B. a large pool of potential entrants exists, some of which have the capabilities to overcome high entry barriers. C. entry barriers are relatively low and buyer demand for the product is growing rapidly, and newcomers can expect to earn attractive profits without inviting a strong reaction from incumbents. D. existing industry members are looking to expand their market reach by entering product segments or geographic areas where they currently do not have a presence. E. customers have low brand preferences and low degrees of loyalty to seller.

customers have low brand preferences and low degrees of loyalty to seller.

Evaluating the industry's driving forces, as a whole, requires understanding their influence on the attractiveness of industry environment and generally are A. determined by the sizes of strategic groups and the power of rival firms' competitive strategies. B. defined in ways that will strengthen or weaken market demand, competition, and industry profitability in future years. C. the cause of a reduction in the bargaining power of buyers. D. triggered by movement in the economy, higher or lower interest rates, or important new strategic alliances. E. triggered by such factors as growing competitive pressures from substitute products, and the efforts of rival firms to employ new or different offensive strategies.

defined in ways that will strengthen or weaken market demand, competition, and industry profitability in future years.

As a rule, the collective impact of competitive pressures associated with the five competitive forces A. determines the strength of the industry's driving forces. B. determines the extent of the competitive pressure on industry profitability. C. means that fewer companies can achieve a competitive advantage via anything other than being the industry's low-cost leader. D. means there will be a larger number of competitive advantage opportunities for industry members. E. means there will be a greater number of industry key success factors.

determines the extent of the competitive pressure on industry profitability.

Which of the following is NOT an integral part of driving-forces analysis? A. determining whether forces are acting to cause fundamental changes in industry conditions and/or the industry's competitiveness B. determining whether forces are acting to cause industry rivals to shift to a different strategic group C. determining whether forces are acting to strengthen or weaken market demand D. determining whether forces are acting to make competition more or less intense E. determining whether forces are acting to raise or lower industry profitability

determining whether forces are acting to cause industry rivals to shift to a different strategic group

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal components of strategic significance in the PESTEL analysis? A. political factors including the extent to which government intervenes in the economy B. economic conditions that include the general economic climate and specific factors such as interest rates, inflation rate, and unemployment rate, as well as conditions in the stock and bond markets that can affect consumer confidence C. sociocultural forces including societal values, attitudes, cultural factors, and lifestyles that impact business D. technological factors that include the pace of change and technical developments that have the potential for impacting society E. environmental forces that include the competitive structure, the degree of industry fragmentation, and the mobility barriers that inhibit business

environmental forces that include the competitive structure, the degree of industry fragmentation, and the mobility barriers that inhibit business

In analyzing driving forces, the strategist's role is to A. identify the driving forces and evaluate their impact on (1) demand for the industry's product, (2) the intensity of competition, and (3) industry profitability. B. predict future marketing innovations and how fast the industry is likely to globalize. C. evaluate what stage of the life cycle the industry is in and when it is likely to move to the next stage. D. determine who is likely to exit the industry and what changes can be expected in the industry's strategic group map. E. forecast fluctuations in product demand and how buyer needs will most likely change.

identify the driving forces and evaluate their impact on (1) demand for the industry's product, (2) the intensity of competition, and (3) industry profitability.

The task of driving-forces analysis is to A. develop a comprehensive list of all the potential causes of changing industry conditions. B. predict which new driving forces will emerge next. C. determine which of the five competitive forces is the biggest driver of industry change. D. identify the driving forces, assess whether their impact will make the industry more or less attractive, and determine what strategy changes are needed to prepare for the impacts of the driving forces. E. learn what the industry key success factors are and how they might change in the future.

identify the driving forces, assess whether their impact will make the industry more or less attractive, and determine what strategy changes are needed to prepare for the impacts of the driving forces.

Industry conditions change because of A. such powerful driving forces as swings in buyer demand, changing interest rates, ups and downs in the economy, and higher/lower entry barriers. B. newly emerging industry threats and industry opportunities that alter the composition of the industry's strategic groups. C. newly emerging industry key success factors. D. important forces enticing or pressuring certain industry participants (competitors, customers, suppliers) to alter their actions in important ways. E. changes in the barriers to entry and the degree of competition from substitute products.

important forces enticing or pressuring certain industry participants (competitors, customers, suppliers) to alter their actions in important ways.

Which of the following is NOT a common type of driving force? A. reductions in uncertainty and business risk B. changing societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles C. diffusion of technical know-how across companies and countries D. increasing efforts to collaborate closely with suppliers E. advances in technology and manufacturing process innovation

increasing efforts to collaborate closely with suppliers

Which of the following is most UNLIKELY to qualify as driving forces? A. changes in the long-term industry growth rate, the entry or exit of major firms, and changes in cost and efficiency B. increasing globalization of the industry and product innovation C. new Internet technology applications, new government regulations, and significant changes in government policy toward the industry D. increasing efforts to collaborate with suppliers via strategic alliances and partnerships, escalating risk levels and normalization of cost and efficiency in the industry E. marketing innovations and changes in who buys the industry's product and how they use it

increasing efforts to collaborate with suppliers via strategic alliances and partnerships, escalating risk levels and normalization of cost and efficiency in the industry

Potential entrants are more likely to be deterred from actually entering an industry when A. incumbent firms are willing and able to be aggressive in defending their market positions against entry. B. incumbent firms are complacent. C. buyers are not particularly price-sensitive and the industry already contains a dozen or more rivals. D. the relative cost positions of incumbent firms are about the same, such that no one incumbent has a meaningful cost advantage. E. buyer switching costs are moderately low because of strong product differentiation among incumbent firms.

incumbent firms are willing and able to be aggressive in defending their market positions against entry.

Not all positions on a strategic group map are equally attractive because A. small strategic groups are always less profitable than large strategic groups. B. entry and exit barriers are different for each strategic group. C. across-group rivalry is always weakest at the outer edge of the strategic group map. D. industry driving forces and competitive pressures favor some groups and disadvantage others. E. key success factors are substantially different for differently positioned industry participants.

industry driving forces and competitive pressures favor some groups and disadvantage others.

The rivalry among competing sellers tends to be less intense when A. industry conditions tempt competitors to use price cuts or other competitive weapons to boost unit sales. B. buyer demand is weak and many sellers have excess capacity and/or inventory. C. industry rivals are not particularly aggressive or active in making fresh moves to improve their market standing and business performance. D. rivals have diverse strategies and objectives and are located in different countries. E. rival sellers have weakly differentiated products.

industry rivals are not particularly aggressive or active in making fresh moves to improve their market standing and business performance.

A strategic group A. consists of those industry members that are growing at about the same rate and have similar product line breadth. B. includes all rival firms having comparable profitability. C. is a cluster of industry members with similar competitive approaches and market positions in the market. D. consists of those firms whose market shares are about the same size. E. is made up of those firms having comparable profit margins.

is a cluster of industry members with similar competitive approaches and market positions in the market.

A competitive environment where there is strong rivalry among sellers, low entry barriers, strong competition from substitute products, and considerable bargaining leverage on the part of both suppliers and customers A. is competitively unattractive from the standpoint of earning good profits. B. offers little ability to build a sustainable competitive advantage. C. is highly conducive to achieving strong product differentiation and high customer loyalty to the company's brand. D. offers moderate to good prospects for making a reasonable profit and building a sustainable competitive advantage. E. requires that industry members have a strongly differentiated product offering in order to be profitable.

is competitively unattractive from the standpoint of earning good profits.

Market maneuvering among industry rivals A. determines whether the industry's strategic group map will be static or dynamic. B. centers around collaborative efforts to overcome the bargaining power of powerful suppliers and powerful buyers. C. is usually an industry's strongest driving force. D. is usually one of the two or three weakest competitive forces because of the close familiarity that rivals have for one another's likely next moves. E. is ongoing and dynamic, with moves and countermoves of rivals producing a continually evolving competitive landscape that delivers winners and losers.

is ongoing and dynamic, with moves and countermoves of rivals producing a continually evolving competitive landscape that delivers winners and losers.

Having good competitive intelligence about rivals' strategies and moves to improve their situation is important because A. it identifies who the industry's current market share leaders are. B. it allows a company to anticipate what moves rivals are likely to make next and to craft its own strategic moves with some confidence. C. it helps identify which rival is in which strategic group. D. it enables company managers to determine which rival has the worst strategy and how to avoid making the same strategy mistakes. E. it enables more accurate predictions about how long it will take a particular rival to copy most of what the strategy leader is doing.

it allows a company to anticipate what moves rivals are likely to make next and to craft its own strategic moves with some confidence.

Which of the following pairs of variables are LEAST likely to be useful in drawing a strategic group map? A. geographic market scope and degree of vertical integration B. brand name reputation and distribution channel emphasis C. product quality and product-line breadth D. level of profitability and size of market share E. price/perceived quality and image range and the extent of buyer appeal

level of profitability and size of market share

The lower the user's switching costs, the A. harder it is for the sellers of attractive substitutes to lure buyers to their offering. B. more intense the competitive pressures posed by substitute products. C. less intense the competitive pressures posed by substitute products. D. greater the bargaining power from both suppliers and influential customers. E. lesser the bargaining power from both suppliers and influential customers.

more intense the competitive pressures posed by substitute products

Which of the following is NOT generally a "driving force" capable of producing fundamental changes in industry and competitive conditions? A. changes in the long-term industry growth rate B. increasing globalization of the industry C. product innovation and technological change D. movement in the economy and in interest rates E. regulatory influences and government policy changes

movement in the economy and in interest rates

Which of the following is NOT an example of a complementor? A. microprocessors and laptops B. automobiles and gasoline stations C. theme parks and hotels theme parks Theme parks and hotels D. gyms and fitness equipment E. newspapers and Internet news providers

newspapers and Internet news providers

Based on an analysis of the five competitive forces, in which of the following industries is profitability likely to be lowest? A. pharmaceuticals B. wireless lighting systems C. wearable fitness and health monitors D. pizza restaurants E. delivery services using drones

pizza restaurants

An industry contains one strategic group when all sellers A. are subject to the same driving forces. B. place about the same emphasis on various distribution channels. C. use the same key success factors to differentiate their products. D. pursue essentially identical strategies and have similar market positions. E. pursue varying distribution channels and product attributes, and have customer service attributes that differentiate them in the marketplace.

pursue essentially identical strategies and have similar market positions.

Competing companies deploy whatever means necessary to strengthen market position, including all of the following EXCEPT A. marketing tactics including special sales promotions such as introducing new or improved features or increasing the number of styles to provide greater product selection. B. differentiating their products by offering better performance features than rivals. C. improving innovation to increase product performance and quality. D. making efforts to expand dealer networks. E. reducing distribution capabilities and market presence.

reducing distribution capabilities and market presence.

With the aid of a strategic group map, one can A. identify easily the entry and exit barriers for each strategic group. B. pinpoint precisely which firms are in profitable strategic groups and which are not. C. identify which competitive forces are strong and which are weak. D. measure accurately whether across-group rivalry is stronger than within-group rivalry, and vice versa. E. reveal which companies are close competitors and which are distant rivals, and that not all positions on the map are equally attractive.

reveal which companies are close competitors and which are distant rivals, and that not all positions on the map are equally attractive.

Rivalry among competing sellers is generally less intense when A. there are relatively more industry key success factors. B. the industry's driving forces are weak and rivals have mostly commodity products. C. barriers to entry are moderately low and the pool of likely entry candidates is large. D. rivals are wary of making fresh moves to lower prices, introduce new products, increase promotional efforts and advertising, and otherwise gain sales and market share. E. buyers have many alternative products or services from which to choose.

rivals are wary of making fresh moves to lower prices, introduce new products, increase promotional efforts and advertising, and otherwise gain sales and market share.

Collaborative relationships between particular sellers and buyers in an industry can represent a source of strong competitive pressure when A. virtually all buyers have strong brand attachments and are highly brand loyal. B. demand for the product is growing rapidly. C. sales are made to buyer groups with either strong bargaining power or high sensitivity. D. sellers are racing to add the latest and greatest performance features so as to attract the patronage of important or prestigious buyers. E. buyers are very quality conscious.

sales are made to buyer groups with either strong bargaining power or high sensitivity.

A company's strategy is increasingly effective the more it can match the company strategy to competitive conditions, so the firm can A. pursue avenues that expose the firm to as many of the different competitive pressures as possible. B. shift the competitive battle in favor of the firm by altering the underlying factors driving the five forces. C. pursue ways to identify and complement the five forces contradictions and inferences to attract competitive growth opportunities. D. pursue avenues that promote strategic thinking about how to contest competitor strengths and weaknesses and to create a checklist of potential profitability preferences. E. shift societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles by altering the pattern of competition.

shift the competitive battle in favor of the firm by altering the underlying factors driving the five forces.

Good intelligence about the strategic direction and likely moves of key competitors allows a company to determine which competitors have all of the following, EXCEPT A. the best strategy. B. flawed or weak strategies. C. strong performance objectives. D. reliable resources and capabilities. E. similar competitive approaches.

similar competitive approaches.

Not all buyers of an industry's product have equal degrees of bargaining power with sellers, because A. sellers in an industry provide similar products and generally their cost structures are different because of competitive advantages in their operation. B. some sellers may be less sensitive than others to price, quality, or service differences. C. along the various stages of the value chain sellers are conducive to earning attractive profits. D. the industry is a highly cohesive structure with limited fragmentation and few industry members. E. sellers are large and few in number relative to the number of buyers.

some sellers may be less sensitive than others to price, quality, or service differences.

One of the steps of driving-forces analysis is to identify which A. strategy changes a company may need to make to prepare for the impacts of the driving forces. B. strategic group is the most powerful. C. industry member is likely to become (or remain) the industry leader and why. D. key success factors are most likely to help their company gain a competitive advantage. E. of the five competitive forces will be the strongest driver of industry change.

strategy changes a company may need to make to prepare for the impacts of the driving forces.

Which of the following is MOST likely to qualify as a driving force? A. increases in price-cutting by rival sellers and the launch of major new advertising campaigns by one or more rivals B. successful introduction of innovative new products or new ways to market products C. an increase in the prices of substitute products D. decisions on the part of industry's three biggest competitors not to pursue a strategy of striving to be the industry's low-cost leader E. decisions by one or more outsiders not to attempt to enter the industry

successful introduction of innovative new products or new ways to market products

An industry's key success factors can always be deduced by asking what factors A. are a function of market share, entry barriers, and economies of scale, degree of vertical integration, and industry profitability that are advantageous. B. vary according to whether an industry has high or low long-term attractiveness. C. such as product attributes and service characteristics are crucial, and what resources and competitive capabilities are needed, and what shortcomings are evident to put a company at a competitive disadvantage. D. can be determined from studying the "winning" strategies of the industry leaders and ruling out as potential key success factors the strategy elements of those firms considered to have "losing" strategies. E. depend on the relative competitive strengths of the industry leaders and how vulnerable they are to competitive attack.

such as product attributes and service characteristics are crucial, and what resources and competitive capabilities are needed, and what shortcomings are evident to put a company at a competitive disadvantage.

The competitive battles among rival sellers striving for better market positions, higher sales and market shares, and competitive advantage, suggest the rivalry force A. is stronger when firms strive to be low-cost producers than when they use differentiation and focus strategies. B. is often weak when rivals have emotional stakes in business or face high exit barriers. C. is largely unaffected by whether industry conditions tempt rivals to use price cuts or other competitive weapons to boost unit sales. D. tends to intensify when strong companies with sizable financial resources, proven competitive capabilities, and respected brand names hurdle entry barriers looking for growth opportunities and launch aggressive, well-funded moves to transform into strong market contenders. E. is weaker when more firms have weakly differentiated products, buyer demand is growing slowly, and buyers have moderate switching costs.

tends to intensify when strong companies with sizable financial resources, proven competitive capabilities, and respected brand names hurdle entry barriers looking for growth opportunities and launch aggressive, well-funded moves to transform into strong market contenders.

One of the things that can be gleaned from a strategic group map of industry rivals is A. which rivals have been in business longer and thus have greater access to experience curve effects. B. which rivals have newer manufacturing facilities and thus have achieved greater product quality. C. which strategic groups have the highest profit margins and the highest customer switching costs and thus represent key operating characteristics. D. that some strategic groups are more favorably positioned than others because they confront weaker competitive forces and/or because they are more favorably impacted by industry driving forces. E. which strategic groups are currently being shunned by customers because of high prices and relatively low product quality.

that some strategic groups are more favorably positioned than others because they confront weaker competitive forces and/or because they are more favorably impacted by industry driving forces.

In mapping, strategic groups A. one strategic variable and one financial variable should be used as axes for the map. B. it is important for the variables used as axes to be highly correlated. C. the best variables to use as axes for the map are those that identify the competitive characteristics that delineate strategic approaches used in the industry. D. it is important to use price as the variable for the vertical axis. E. the primary objective is to determine which strategic groups are profitable and which are not.

the best variables to use as axes for the map are those that identify the competitive characteristics that delineate strategic approaches used in the industry.

Driving-forces analysis helps managers identify whether A. the collective impact of the driving forces will act to increase/decrease market demand, increase/decrease competition, and raise/lower industry profitability in the years ahead. B. it will become more or less important to aim the company's strategy at being the industry's low-cost producer. C. the driving forces will have a bigger impact on company profitability than competitive forces. D. the industry is likely to become more or less vertically integrated and why. E. competitive advantages are likely to grow or diminish in importance.

the collective impact of the driving forces will act to increase/decrease market demand, increase/decrease competition, and raise/lower industry profitability in the years ahead.

The most powerful of the five competitive forces is USUALLY A. the competitive pressures that stem from the ready availability of attractively priced substitute products. B. the competitive pressures associated with the market maneuvering and jockeying for buyer patronage that goes on among rival sellers in the industry. C. the benefits that emerge from close collaboration with suppliers and the competitive pressures that such collaboration creates. D. the competitive pressures associated with the potential entry of new competitors. E. the bargaining power and leverage that large customers are able to exercise.

the competitive pressures associated with the market maneuvering and jockeying for buyer patronage that goes on among rival sellers in the industry.

What makes the marketplace a competitive battlefield? A. the race of industry members to build strong defenses against the industry's driving forces B. the constant rivalry of firms to strengthen their standing with buyers and win a competitive edge over rivals C. the ongoing race among rival sellers to have the highest-quality product D. the ongoing efforts of industry members to introduce new and improved products/services at a faster rate than their rivals E. the ongoing race among rivals to achieve the fastest rate of growth in revenues and profits

the constant rivalry of firms to strengthen their standing with buyers and win a competitive edge over rivals

Which of the following factors is NOT a relevant consideration in determining the strength of buyer bargaining power? A. the relationship between the buyer market and seller market B. the degree to which the seller is a manufacturer of goods and services in substantial quantities C. the degree to which buyers pose a credible threat to integrate backward into the product market of sellers D. the degree to which buyers are well-informed about a seller's products, prices, and costs E. the degree to which industry goods are standardized and undifferentiated

the degree to which the seller is a manufacturer of goods and services in substantial quantities

Strategic group mapping is a visual technique for displaying A. how many rivals are pursuing each type of strategy. B. which companies have the biggest market share and who the industry leader really is. C. the different market or competitive positions that rival firms occupy in an industry and for identifying each rival's closest competitors. D. which companies have the highest degrees of brand loyalty. E. which companies have failing business models.

the different market or competitive positions that rival firms occupy in an industry and for identifying each rival's closest competitors.

In analyzing the strength of competition among rival firms, an important consideration is A. the potential for buyers to exercise strong bargaining power. B. the diversity of competitors in terms of long-term direction, objectives, strategies, and countries of origin. C. the number of firms pursuing differentiation strategies versus the number pursuing low-cost leadership strategies and focus strategies. D. the extent to which some rivals have more than two competitively valuable competencies or capabilities. E. whether the industry is characterized by a strong learning/experience curve and whether the industry is composed of many or few strategic groups.

the diversity of competitors in terms of long-term direction, objectives, strategies, and countries of origin.

The value net framework includes an analysis of A. the firm, substitutes, suppliers, customers, and competitors. B. the firm, suppliers, customers, competitors, and driving forces. C. substitutes, suppliers, customers, competitors, and driving forces. D. the firm, suppliers, customers, competitors, and complementors. E. substitutes, suppliers, customers, competitors, and potential entrants.

the firm, suppliers, customers, competitors, and driving forces.

The most powerful and widely used conceptual tool for diagnosing the principal competitive pressures in a market is A. the five forces framework. B. PESTEL. C. the driving forces model. D. strategic group mapping. E. SWOT analysis.

the five forces framework.

The intensity of rivalry among competing sellers does NOT depend on whether A. the industry has more than two strong driving forces and whether the industry has more than two diverse and capable strategic groups. B. competitors are diverse in terms of long-term directions, objectives, strategies, and countries of origin. C. strong companies outside the industry have acquired weak firms in the industry and are launching aggressive moves to transform the acquired companies into strong market contenders. D. one or two rivals have particularly powerful and successful strategies to grow the business, attract and retain buyers, and develop a sustained competitive advantage. E. industry conditions attract industry members to use price cuts or other competitive weapons to boost total sales volume and market share.

the industry has more than two strong driving forces and whether the industry has more than two diverse and capable strategic groups.

Buyer bargaining power is stronger when A. winning the business of certain high-profile customers offers a seller important market exposure or prestige. B. the extent and importance of collaborative partnerships and alliances between particular sellers and buyers are credible. C. buyers cannot integrate backward into the product market of sellers. D. sellers' products are differentiated, making it easy and inexpensive for buyers to switch to competing brands. E. the industry's products are standardized or undifferentiated.

the industry's products are standardized or undifferentiated.

Which of the following is NOT part of a company's macro-environment? A. legal and regulatory conditions B. European culture, values, and lifestyles C. the pace of technological change D. the natural environment E. sociocultural forces

the pace of technological change

The stronger the collective impact of competitive pressures associated with the five competitive forces, A. the stronger are the industry's driving forces. B. the greater number of companies that can achieve a competitive advantage via differentiation. C. the larger the number of competitive advantage opportunities for industry members. D. the greater the number of industry key success factors. E. the fewer companies that can achieve a competitive advantage via anything other than being the industry's low-cost leader.

the stronger are the industry's driving forces.

The bargaining leverage of suppliers is greater when A. the suppliers' products/services account for a small percentage of industry members' costs. B. industry members incur low costs in switching their purchases from one supplier to another. C. industry members account for a big fraction of supplier's sales. D. there is extensive seller-supplier collaboration. E. the supplier industry is composed of a large number of relatively small suppliers.

the suppliers' products/services account for a small percentage of industry members' costs.

When an industry member is a major customer of the supplier, and the relationship (partnership) is unusually effective and mutually advantageous A. it is rare for such partnerships to have much competitive impact on those industry members not having such partnerships. B. one unfortunate outcome is that it tends to give the supply partners much enhanced bargaining power in their dealings with these industry members. C. there is a strong likelihood such partnerships will put increased competitive pressure on those industry members who lack productive collaborative relationships with their suppliers. D. there is a high likelihood of such partnerships reducing competitive pressures on ALL industry members, provided technological change in the suppliers' business is rapid and the item being supplied is a commodity. E. the usual result is to reduce competitive pressures on all industry members, provided the costs of the items furnished by supply chain partners amount to 50 percent or more of total cost.

there is a strong likelihood such partnerships will put increased competitive pressure on those industry members who lack productive collaborative relationships with their suppliers.

The competitive pressures on companies within an industry come from all of the following, EXCEPT A. those associated with the market maneuvering and jockeying for buyer patronage that goes on among rival firms in the industry. B. those companies in other industries attempting to win buyers over to their substitute products. C. those associated with the threat of new entrants into the marketplace. D. those associated with the bargaining power of suppliers and customers. E. those associated with environmental factors such as water shortages.

those associated with environmental factors such as water shortages.

The best test of whether potential entry is a strong or weak competitive force is A. the strength of buyer loyalty to existing brands. B. whether the industry's driving forces make it harder or easier for new entrants to be successful. C. whether the strategies of industry members are well-matched to the industry's key success factors. D. whether there are any vacant spaces on the industry's strategic group map. E. to ask if the industry's growth and profit prospects are strongly attractive to potential entry candidates.

to ask if the industry's growth and profit prospects are strongly attractive to potential entry candidates.

The real payoff of driving forces is to help managers understand A. what strategy changes are needed to prepare for the impacts of the driving forces. B. the overall strength of the five competitive forces. C. whether the industry's strategic group map will be static or dynamic. D. what conditions exist in the economy at large. E. the extent to which rivals have more than two competitively valuable competencies or capabilities.

what strategy changes are needed to prepare for the impacts of the driving forces.

Rivalry among competing sellers decreases A. when buyer demand is growing rapidly. B. as it becomes less costly for buyers to switch brands. C. as the products of rival sellers become commoditized. D. when there is excess production relative to demand. E. as the number of competitors increases.

when buyer demand is growing rapidly.

Which of the following conditions acts to weaken buyer bargaining power? A. when buyers are unlikely to integrate backward into the business of sellers B. when buyers purchase the item frequently and are well-informed about sellers' products, prices, and costs C. when the costs incurred by buyers in switching to competing brands or to substitute products are relatively low D. when the products of rival sellers are weakly differentiated and buyers have considerable discretion over whether and when they purchase the product E. when buyers are few in number and/or often purchase in large quantities

when buyers are unlikely to integrate backward into the business of sellers

In which one of the following instances is supplier bargaining power and leverage not weakened? A. when industry members pose a credible threat of backward integration into the business of suppliers B. when the cost of switching from one supplier to another is low C. when the items purchased from suppliers are in short supply D. when the buying firms purchase in large quantities and thus are important customers of the suppliers E. when the item being supplied is a commodity

when industry members pose a credible threat of backward integration into the business of suppliers

In which of the following instances is rivalry among competing sellers NOT more intense? A. when certain competitors are dissatisfied with their market position and make moves to bolster their standing B. when strong companies outside the industry acquire weak firms in the industry and launch aggressive moves to transform their newly acquired competitors into stronger market contenders C. when competitors are fairly equal in size and capability D. when the products of rivals are weakly differentiated, buyer switching costs are low, and market demand is growing slowly E. when there are vast numbers of small rivals so the impact of any one company's actions is spread thinly across all industry members

when there are vast numbers of small rivals so the impact of any one company's actions is spread thinly across all industry members

Which of the following does NOT exemplify the impact of the macro-environment on a company's strategic opportunities? A. Sales of Stolichnaya Vodka in the United States dwindle on account of a boycott of Russian products. B. Consumer confidence in Volkswagen drops precipitously because of falsified emissions data. C. Netflix squares off with Amazon Prime as its most potent rival in the streaming television and film industry. D. Traffic increases at the outlets of Whole Foods following its introduction of stores comprised solely of generic products. E. Sales of FitBit surge on account of a new feature that monitors users' blood pressure.

Netflix squares off with Amazon Prime as its most potent rival in the streaming television and film industry.

Determining how strong the threat of substitutes will be entails A. identifying the relative price/performance relationship of the substitutes, the switching costs, and the overall buyer demand for the substitute. B. identifying the attractiveness of other industries. C. measuring Coke as a substitute for Pepsi and applying dynamic simulation modeling techniques. D. adopting a substitute product concentration factor to the buyer volume. E. judging whether industry members are capable of self-manufacturing their products.

identifying the relative price/performance relationship of the substitutes, the switching costs, and the overall buyer demand for the substitute.

A competitive environment where there is weak to moderate rivalry among sellers, high entry barriers, weak competition from substitute products, and little bargaining leverage on the part of both suppliers and customers A. lacks powerful driving forces. B. gives each industry competitor the best potential for building sustainable competitive advantage over rival firms. C. makes it challenging for industry members to compete successfully unless they can strongly differentiate their products. D. is conducive to industry members earning attractive profits. E. requires that industry members have low costs in order to be competitively successful.

is conducive to industry members earning attractive profits.

Based on an analysis of the five competitive forces, in which of the following industries is profitability likely to be highest? A. apparel B. tire manufacturing C. electric and gas utilities D. commercial airlines E. video streaming services

video streaming services

The competitive pressures from substitute products tend to be stronger when A. good substitutes are readily available. B. there are fewer number of substitute products. C. substitutes have lower performance features. D. buyers incur high costs in switching to substitutes. E. substitutes are priced above the market.

. good substitutes are readily available.

The concept of strategic groups is relevant to industry and competitive analysis because A. firms in the same strategic groups are rarely close competitors—a firm's closest competitors are usually in distant strategic groups. B. strategic group maps help identify how each competing firm is positioned and the relationship to their closest competitors. C. competition grows in intensity as the number and diversity of the strategic groups in an industry increases. D. the profit potential of firms in the same strategic group is usually very similar. E. competitive pressures tend to be weaker within strategic groups than across strategic groups.

. strategic group maps help identify how each competing firm is positioned and the relationship to their closest competitors.

Which of the following is NOT a question asked to deduce a marketing-related key success factor? A. What are the industry product R&D capabilities and expertise in product design? B. On what basis do buyers choose between the competing brands of sellers? C. What product attributes and service characteristics are crucial? D. What resources must a company have to be competitive? E. What shortcomings are almost certain to put a company at a significant disadvantage?

What are the industry product R&D capabilities and expertise in product design?

The payoff of good scouting reports on rivals is an improved ability to A. anticipate what moves rivals are likely to make next. B. determine which rivals are in the best strategic group. C. figure out how many key success factors a rival has. D. determine whether a rival is gaining or losing market share. E. determine whether a rival has the best strategy and is the industry leader.

anticipate what moves rivals are likely to make next.

When evaluating whether an industry's environment presents a company with an above-average profitability and an attractive business opportunity, it primarily involves A. determining the industry outlook for future profitability. B. determining which firms in the industry have a competitive advantage and how they got their advantage. C. determining the overall strength of the five competitive forces. D. constructing a strategic group map and assessing the attractiveness of the competitive position of each strategic group to determine the overall attractiveness of all the strategic groups. E. using value chain analysis to determine the relative cost positions of rival firms and to learn who the industry's low-cost producer is.

determining the industry outlook for future profitability.

Driving-forces analysis has A. speculative value because it compels the firm to drive strategic intent and collective choice into operating practices. B. theoretical value because it allows managers to visualize the many different dimensions of the preferred forces that allow for industry functionality. C. practical value and is basic to the task of thinking strategically about where the industry is headed and how to prepare for the changes ahead. D. no real analytical value because the driving forces are already established in the marketplace and it is too late to make astute and timely strategy adjustments. E. perceived value and is associated with identifying the close and distant rivals within an operating industry.

practical value and is basic to the task of thinking strategically about where the industry is headed and how to prepare for the changes ahead.

Which of the following can aid company strategists in identifying key success factors in their industry? A. global distribution capabilities of suppliers B. product attributes and service characteristics that buyers consider to be crucial C. low switching costs of buyers and suppliers D. accurate filling of buyer orders E. short delivery time capability

product attributes and service characteristics that buyers consider to be crucial

Which of the following driving forces would have the LEAST impact on the attractiveness of the automobile industry? A. changes in the long-term industry growth rate B. entry or exit of major firms C. shifts in who buys the product and how the product is used D. changes in costs and efficiency E. regulatory influences and government policy changes

shifts in who buys the product and how the product is used

Which of the following is particularly pertinent in evaluating whether an industry presents a sufficiently attractive business opportunity? A. the industry's growth potential, whether competition appears destined to become stronger or weaker, and whether the industry's overall profit prospects are above average, average, or below average B. an assessment of which firms in the industry have the best and worst competitive strategies, whether the number of strategic groups in the industry is increasing or decreasing, and whether economies of scale and experience curve effects are a key success factor C. whether there are more than five key success factors and more than five barriers to entry D. constructing a strategic group map and assessing the attractiveness of the competitive position of each strategic group E. whether the market leaders enjoy competitive advantages and how hard it is to develop a strongly differentiated product

the industry's growth potential, whether competition appears destined to become stronger or weaker, and whether the industry's overall profit prospects are above average, average, or below average

Which of the following factors should a company consider when determining if an industry offers good prospects for attractive profits? A. the industry's growth potential, whether competition appears destined to become stronger or weaker, how the industry's driving forces might affect overall industry profitability, the company's competitive position relative to rivals, and the company's proficiency in performing industry key success factors B. an assessment of which firms in the industry have the best and worst competitive strategies, whether the number of strategic groups in the industry is increasing or decreasing, and whether economies of scale and experience curve effects are a key success factor C. whether there are more than five key success factors, more than five barriers to entry, and more than five industry drivers D. whether the market leaders enjoy competitive advantages and how difficult it is to promote innovation to develop a strongly differentiated product or service for which a price premium may be charged E. constructing a strategic group map and assessing the attractiveness of the competitive position of each strategic group

the industry's growth potential, whether competition appears destined to become stronger or weaker, how the industry's driving forces might affect overall industry profitability, the company's competitive position relative to rivals, and the company's proficiency in performing industry key success factors

In evaluating whether the industry and competitive environment presents sufficiently attractive prospects for both competitive success and attractive profits usually does NOT involve a consideration of which of the following factors? A. the industry's growth potential and whether competitive pressures will likely grow stronger or weaker, and whether strong competitive forces are squeezing industry profitability to subpar levels B. whether the company occupies a stronger market position than rivals C. whether the industry's future profitability will be favorably or unfavorably affected by the prevailing driving forces D. the severity of the macro-environment problems confronting the industry E. whether the industry's product is strongly or weakly differentiated

whether the industry's product is strongly or weakly differentiated

Which of the following is NOT a good example of a substitute product that triggers stronger competitive pressures? A. a salad as a substitute for French fries B. wireless phones as a substitute for wired telephones C. Coca-Cola as a substitute for Pepsi D. snowboards as a substitute for snow skis E. video-on-demand services from a cable TV company as a substitute for going to the movies

Coca-Cola as a substitute for Pepsi

In which of the following circumstances are competitive pressures associated with the bargaining power of buyers relatively moderate-to-weak? A. The supply of soccer balls increases during the World Cup season. B. Consumers can easily compare different smartphones' features over the Internet before buying them. C. Apple designs and manufactures its chip processors rather than buying them from Intel. D. Dairy products are usually standardized and therefore differentiated only by price. E. Buyers tend to delay purchases of luxury goods, such as home entertainment systems, until they are on sale.

The supply of soccer balls increases during the World Cup season.

Angela and Jeff are co-owners of five specialty baking stores in their region. Which of the following questions would NOT help them to predict the next strategic moves and countermoves of their rivals? A. Which mode of transport does the rival's supplier use? B. How does the rival manage door-to-door deliveries at no extra cost? C. What percentage of customers frequent the rival's store? D. Why are the rival's cupcakes so popular among customers? E. How frequently does their rival fulfill special orders for custom cupcakes and how large are those special orders?

Which mode of transport does the rival's supplier use?

The strategically relevant factors outside a company's industry boundaries—economic conditions, political factors, sociocultural forces, technological factors, environmental factors, and legal/regulatory conditions—are known as A. the industry and the competitive arena in which the company operates. B. general economic conditions plus the factors driving change in the markets where a company operates. C. a company's "macro-environment." D. the competitive market environment that exists between a company and its competitors. E. the dominant economic features of a company's industry.

a company's "macro-environment."

Using the five forces model of competition to determine the character and strength of the competitive forces within a given industry involves A. building the picture of competition in three steps: (1) identify the different parties involved, along with specific factors that bring about competitive pressures; (2) evaluate how strong the pressures stemming from each of the five forces are (strong, moderate or weak); and (3) determining whether the collective impact of the five competitive forces is conducive to earning attractive profits in the industry. B. building the picture of competition in two steps: (1) determining which rival has the biggest competitive advantage and (2) assessing whether the competitive advantages possessed by various industry members allow most industry members to earn above-average profits. C. evaluating whether competition is being intensified or weakened by the industry's driving forces and key success factors. D. assessing whether the collective impact of all five forces is weak enough to allow industry members to go on the offensive or use a defensive strategy to insulate against fierce competitive pressures. E. gauging the overall strength of competition based on how many industry rivals are operating with a competitive advantage and how many are operating at a competitive disadvantage.

building the picture of competition in three steps: (1) identify the different parties involved, along with specific factors that bring about competitive pressures; (2) evaluate how strong the pressures stemming from each of the five forces are (strong, moderate or weak); and (3) determining whether the collective impact of the five competitive forces is conducive to earning attractive profits in the industry.

Managers must chart a company's strategic course by A. focusing on the local environment in which they are operating. B. ensuring excess production capacity and/or inventory. C. competing fiercely for a share in the market. D. building a bigger dealer network. E. developing a thorough understanding of the company's external and internal environment.

developing a thorough understanding of the company's external and internal environment.

The higher the switching costs for industry members, the more it can A. limit supplier bargaining power. B. enhance supplier bargaining power. C. enhance the quality of parts and components being supplied, and in effect reduce defect rates. D. provide important cost savings for the collaborative supplier-seller relationship. E. limit the supply of products and/or services.

enhance supplier bargaining power.

Which of the following is generally NOT considered a barrier to entry? A. restrictive regulatory policies B. high capital requirements C. strong brand preferences D. many industry patents in place E. weak "network effects" in customer demand

weak "network effects" in customer demand

Strategic group map analysis does NOT entail drawing conclusions about A. where on the map is the best place to be and why. B. which companies/strategic groups are destined to prosper because of their positions. C. which companies/strategic groups seem destined to struggle. D. what accounts for why some parts of the map are better than others. E. where on the map is the easiest position to shift from to a more favorably situated position.

where on the map is the easiest position to shift from to a more favorably situated position.

Whether supplier-seller relationships in an industry represent a strong or weak source of competitive pressure is a function of A. whether the profits of suppliers are relatively high or low. B. the average number of suppliers that each seller/industry member purchases from. C. how aggressively rival industry members are trying to differentiate their products. D. whether demand for supplier products is high and they are in short supply. E. whether the prices of the items being furnished by the suppliers are rising or falling.

whether demand for supplier products is high and they are in short supply.

The strength of competitive pressures that suppliers can exert on industry members is MAINLY a function of A. whether needed inputs are in short supply and whether suppliers provide differentiated input that enhances performance of the product. B. whether suppliers self-manufacture what they supply or source their items from other manufacturers. C. whether the industry's position in the growth cycle is favorable. D. whether technological change in the businesses of suppliers is rapid or slow. E. whether the needs and expectations of supplier-seller relationships are changing slowly or rapidly.

whether needed inputs are in short supply and whether suppliers provide differentiated input that enhances performance of the product.