CHP Final
Determine which of the responses captures the most likely intended meaning of the example while removing its ambiguity.ExampleFormer professional football player Jim Brown was accused of assaulting a thirty-three-year-old woman with a female accomplice. Jim Brown, a former professional football player, was accused of assaulting a thirty-three-year-old woman with a female accomplice. Jim Brown is a former professional football player who, with a female accomplice, was accused of assaulting a thirty-three-year-old woman. Answer: BThe original claim is syntactically ambiguous because it isn't clear what the phrase "with a female accomplice" modifies—Brown, the woman who was attacked, or, however bizarre it might be, the attack itself (he might have thrown the accomplice at the woman). To make it clear that Brown had the accomplice, the sentence can be rewritten as it is in response B. Newspaper headline: "How Therapy Can Help Torture Victims"
"How Therapy Can Help Victims of Torture"
Generalizing from Exceptional Cases
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer arrives at a general statement by citing an atypical supporting case
fallacy of small sample
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer generalizes about a large orheterogeneous population on the basis of too smalla sample
Self-Selection Fallacy
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer generalizes incautiously from a self-selected sample
fallacy of accident
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker orwriter assumes that a general statement automaticallyapplies to a specific case that is exceptional
Hasty generalization
A fallacy that occurs when aspeaker or writer tries to support a general statement or rule by citing too few supporting cases
weak analogy
A weak argument based on debatableor unimportant similarities between two or more things
Which of the following descriptions fit justice as a bioethical principle? Avoiding descrimination against patients Ensuring healthcare systems provide equal access to healthcare Ensuring those who commit ethical abuses are punished Ensuring the benefits and risks of biomedical research are shared among multiple groups All of the above A & B A, B, & D
A, B, & D
Identify any fallacies in the following passage: "Public restrooms are so unhygienic. Can you prove otherwise?"
A. Misplaced Burden of Proof
Read the following passage, paying particular attention to the italicized words and phrases. Determine whether any of these expressions are too vague in the context in which you find them here. In view of what can happen in twelve months to the fertilizer you apply at any one time, you can see why just one annual application may not be adequate. Here is a guide to timing the feeding1 of some of the more common types of garden flowers. Feed begonias and fuchsias frequently2 with label-recommended amounts or less frequently with no more than half 3 the recommended amount. Feed roses with label-recommended amounts4 as a new year's growth begins5 and as each bloom period ends.6 Feed azaleas, camellias, rhododendrons, and similar7plants immediately after bloom8 and again when the nights begin cooling off.9 Following these simple instructions can help your flower garden to be as attractive as it can be. "timing the feeding of some"
Acceptable
Which of the factors listed below can cause inaccuracies or a distortion of reports in the news media? Select All that apply.
Accepting claims with insufficient evidenceAccepting claims with insufficient evidence Correct Pressure from the governmentPressure from the government Correct Pressure from other news sourcesPressure from other news sources Correct The necessity to make a profitThe necessity to make a profit Correct Pressure from advertisers, owners, and managers
Which of the following is an an essential component of informed consent? The patient is considered competent. Patients receive complete, truthful, and usable information. Consent is voluntary. All of the above
All of the above
Fallacy of the Lonely Fact
An alternative name for the fallacy of hasty generalization
population
An identifiable group of things
Questions #4-6 focus on different arguments about the same case. Please read the case information and the specific argument before answering the question. Case: A young Deaf girl presents to the ER with injuries sustained from a dog bite. Her parents are also present. Upon realizing that the girl is at an optimal age to receive a cochlear implant, which would give the girl a degree of hearing, the doctor recommends to the girl's parents that they consider an implant for their daughter. The parents convey that they have already discussed the matter and are not interested. Argument: "If the parents have been provided with clear and relevant information, their decision to forgo the intervention should be honored." Question: Which of the four major bioethical principles does this argument primarily speak to?
Autonomy
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) includes rules protecting patients' privacy and information security. Which of the major bioethical principles do these rules primarily attempt to uphold?
Autonomy
Which of the following describes the relationship between cultural competence and health disparities?
Because health disparities are systemic, individual health professionals are not able to address them through cultural competence. By understanding the needs of underserved patients and by identifying the unique resources available within these populations, the healthcare provider can positively impact patient's healthcare experience. By working within the patient's cultural needs and expectations, the provider can use otherwise overlooked support systems (e.g., family, neighborhood friends, and religious ties) in a community with fewer or overtaxed resources.
Obviously the governor told the truth about the budget. He wouldn't lie to us about it.
Begging the Question
Questions #4-6 focus on different arguments about the same case. Please read the case information and the specific argument before answering the question. Case: A young Deaf girl presents to the ER with injuries sustained from a dog bite. Her parents are also present. Upon realizing that the girl is at an optimal age to receive a cochlear implant, which would give the girl a degree of hearing, the doctor recommends to the girl's parents that they consider an implant for their daughter. The parents convey that they have already discussed the matter and are not interested. Argument: "Becuase a cochlear implant would improve the girl's hearing, it should be seriously considered and strongly recommended to the parents." Question: Which of the four major bioethical principles does this argument primarily speak to?
Beneficence
1. Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action? No, it isn't, because someone may have seen her knock the display over. If she is caught leaving, she, as well as the store management, will be embarrassed. A. RelativismB. ConsequentialismC. UtilitarianismD. Religious Absolutism E. Deontologism
Consequentialism
Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action? Yes, it is; because Vickie will be happier if she can just get out of there and avoid the mess.
Consequentialism
Which of the following moral philosophies are nonmaleficence and beneficence primarily associated with?
Consequentialism
Which of the following perspectives has the view that the consequences of a decision, deed, or policy determine its moral value?
Consequentialism
Prostate cancer is almost unheard of in countries where they don't eat meat proof positive that meat in your diet will lead to prostate cancer
Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc
Given the following position on abortion, identify which of the three major ethical theories discussed in the text—utilitarianism, duty theory, or virtue ethics—it follows. Note that each theory may encompass several possible viewpoints on an issue. Abortion should not be allowed. Whether abortion is done for the woman's convenience, health, or other reasons, the fact remains that taking a life is wrong. No number of good consequences can alter that fact.
Deontologism
Which of the following frameworks for moral reasoning focuses mainly on one's intentions?
Deontology
Economists call this layoff "Cleveland's final readjustment to a service economy." Identify the rhetorical device involved here.
Euphemism
"Deontologism" is a moral theory or framework, especially connected with Mill, according to which actions are right or wrong because of the total happiness they bring about.
False
An expert does not have to be evaluated as to her or his objectivity.
False
Hyperbole undermines critical thinking by lulling us into believing something simply because we've become used to hearing it.
False
Rhetoric only applies to public discourse and persuasion, such as news media, advertisements, and public awareness campaigns, not discourse among scientists and other experts.
False
"Will we have an expanding government, or will we balance the budget, cut government waste and eliminate unneeded programs? When Bill O'Reilly appeared on The David Letterman show,... United states to win in Iraq?"
False Dilemma
When it comes to the issue of race relations, either you're part of the solution or you're part of the problem.
False dilemma
I tried to buy a portable heater from the Saber Company last winter and it was back-ordered. After a month, I canceled and decided not to do any more business
Hasty generalization
Which of the following is the most general statement? I've got a problem with that professor.Correct That professor is very disorganized. That professor failed to give any constructive feedback on my paper. I've never before had such a disorganized and unhelpful professor.
I've got a problem with that professor.
Overheard: "Hunting is immoral? Why should I believe that, coming from you? you fish, don't try?"
Inconsistency Ad Hominem
don't tell me I should wear a seat belt... without a helmet What! so now you're telling me... wrong with the Plymouth?
Inconsistency Ad Hominem
a flyer from the local store that sells television the Sony website a salesman at a local electronics store
Interested Party
Which of the following is true of vagueness?
It occurs in varying degrees.
Which of the following is most often true? It is important to be equally expert about many cultural groups nationwide. You should make eye contact with the interpreter when you are speaking, then look at the patient while the interpreter is telling the patient what you said. Nonverbal communication such as eye contact and body language may vary between cultures, but is not significant enough to pay attention to. It's expected to make mistakes in cross-cultural encounters as long as you acknowledge and learn from them.
It's expected to make mistakes in cross-cultural encounters as long as you acknowledge and learn from them.
Which of the following ads emphasizes information about a product?
Logos ads
What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?
Misinformation is unintentionally misleading or false, while disinformation is intentionally misleading or false.
We should impeach the attorney general. Despite the fact that there have been many allegations of unethical conduct on his part, he has not done anything to demonstrate his innocence.
Misplaced burden of Proof
Gay parents cannot raise children correctly. Reverend Jacobs says that, and as a man of God he should know
Mistaken appeal to authority
Identify the type of fallacy in the following passage. "He says health care in England stinks. He should know. He speaks with an English accent."
Mistaken appeal to authority
The prayer leader cured her rheumatism. She said he did and who would know better than she?
Mistaken appeal to authority
Identify the type of fallacy in the following passage. "Man to his wife: Poopsie, I bought a lot of this soap. Everyone at the Amway party said it works great."
Mistaken appeal to popularity
Questions #4-6 focus on different arguments about the same case. Please read the case information and the specific argument before answering the question. Case: A young Deaf girl presents to the ER with injuries sustained from a dog bite. Her parents are also present. Upon realizing that the girl is at an optimal age to receive a cochlear implant, which would give the girl a degree of hearing, the doctor recommends to the girl's parents that they consider an implant for their daughter. The parents convey that they have already discussed the matter and are not interested. Argument: "Hearing with a cochlear implant is not the same as being born hearing. Receiving a cochlear implant would harm the girl because she wouldn't fully fit into either Deaf or hearing cultures or educational systems. Moreover, as the Deaf community sees itself as a cultural and linguistic minority, intervening in a Deaf person's hearing impairment medically is culturally descructive." Question: Which of the four major bioethical principles does this argument primarily speak to?
Nonmaleficence
Which of the following explanation best describes kairos?
Opportune timing at a critical moment
Which of the following are key strategies for cultural competence? Check all that apply.
Providing interpreter services Providing interpreter services Recruiting and retaining professionals with minority backgrounds Recruiting and retaining professionals with minority backgrounds Incorporating culture-specific attitudes in health promotion Incorporating culture-specific attitudes in health promotion Training staff to improve cultural awareness
Which statement best characterizes the difference between how scientists and the public tend to think of uncertainty?
Scientists tend to hedge their claims carefully in order to keep those claims modest and credible when communicating with other scientists, as opposed to the bold claims that are better at getting public attention.
Iraqi head seeks arms I will wait for you at the bank in an hour
Semantic
Newspaper headline: "Unskilled Workers Get Shot at Jobs." Identify the type of ambiguity.
Semantic
I'd better not eat this lemony dessert thing. If I do, there will be no end. Hamburgers, chips, ice cream, chocolates—you name it and I will eat all of it. I will explode.
Slippery slope
"The Supreme Court decision outlawing a moment of silence for prayer in public schools......"-letter to the editor
Straw Man
identify any fallacies in the following passage: "Gays in the military? Yes. Maybe you favor excluding everyone except for white Anglo-Saxon males with adolescent personalities, but not me."
Straw Man
Stolen painting is found by tree they are hunting dogs flying plains can be dangerous
Syntactic
Within the group listed below, who is the least credible?Issue: Judging the relative performances of the fighters in a boxing match
The father of one of the fighters
Identify the true statement about ethos ads.
They display a product as being used or endorsed by people we admire.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of rhetorical analysis?
To understand how a message has an impact (or ties to have an impact) on particular audiences
Read the following passage, paying particular attention to the italicized words and phrases. Determine whether any of these expressions are too vague in the context in which you find them here. In view of what can happen in twelve months to the fertilizer you apply at any one time, you can see why just one annual application may not be adequate. Here is a guide to timing the feeding1 of some of the more common types of garden flowers. Feed begonias and fuchsias frequently2 with label-recommended amounts or less frequently with no more than half 3 the recommended amount. Feed roses with label-recommended amounts4 as a new year's growth begins5 and as each bloom period ends.6 Feed azaleas, camellias, rhododendrons, and similar7plants immediately after bloom8 and again when the nights begin cooling off.9 Following these simple instructions can help your flower garden to be as attractive as it can be. "plants immediately after bloom and"
Too Vague
Read the following passage, paying particular attention to the italicized words and phrases. Determine whether any of these expressions are too vague in the context in which you find them here. In view of what can happen in twelve months to the fertilizer you apply at any one time, you can see why just one annual application may not be adequate. Here is a guide to timing the feeding1 of some of the more common types of garden flowers. Feed begonias and fuchsias frequently2 with label-recommended amounts or less frequently with no more than half 3 the recommended amount. Feed roses with label-recommended amounts4 as a new year's growth begins5 and as each bloom period ends.6 Feed azaleas, camellias, rhododendrons, and similar7plants immediately after bloom8 and again when the nights begin cooling off.9 Following these simple instructions can help your flower garden to be as attractive as it can be. "fuchsias frequently with label-recommended amounts"
Too vague
"Doctors should help their terminally ill patients commit suicide by prescribing lethal doses of pain medication." Which moral framework would most likely work to justify the action?
Utilitarianism
Which of the following focuses not on what to do but on how to be?
Virtue ethics
Determine which of the responses captures the most likely intended meaning of the example while removing its ambiguity.ExampleFormer professional football player Jim Brown was accused of assaulting a thirty-three-year-old woman with a female accomplice. Jim Brown, a former professional football player, was accused of assaulting a thirty-three-year-old woman with a female accomplice. Jim Brown is a former professional football player who, with a female accomplice, was accused of assaulting a thirty-three-year-old woman. Answer: BThe original claim is syntactically ambiguous because it isn't clear what the phrase "with a female accomplice" modifies—Brown, the woman who was attacked, or, however bizarre it might be, the attack itself (he might have thrown the accomplice at the woman). To make it clear that Brown had the accomplice, the sentence can be rewritten as it is in response B. We heard that he informed you of what he said in his letter.
We heard that he wrote you a letter informing you of what he said.
Which of the following best describes pathos?
When audiences identify with the speaker/writer
Which of the following is possibly the fastest-growing source of information in terms of both its size and its influence?
Wikipedia
Downplayer
a device used to diminish or downgrade a person or an accomplishment
Weaseler
a device used to water down or weaken a claim to give the author a "way out"
stereotype
a generalization or assumption about all members of a group
Dysphemism
a negative expression used to tone down positive associations
Euphemism
a neutral or positive expression used to overcome negative associations
Loaded question
a question that rests on unwarranted or unjustified assumptions
Innuendo
an insinuation of something deprecatory
Fallacy of Biased Sample
fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer generalizes about a large or heterogeneous population on the basis of an atypical sample
"Please don't make any more late-night phone calls." The part of this statement that is arguably vague is "any more."
false
Culture can be defined as a person's race, ethnic, or national identity.
false
One way to make headway in your own thinking about moral issues is to
get clear on which perspective, if any, you are assuming.
One problem regarding inconsistency in moral reasoning is that
it can be difficult to evaluate whether two cases are the same or different.
Moral value judgments
people who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones do unto others as you would have them unto you you really shouldn't make so much noise when the people re trying to sleep upstairs its unfair the way Professor Smith asks questions no normal person can answer thou shall not kill
When a claim is ambiguous due to the ambiguity of a particular word or phrase, it is referred to as having _____ ambiguity.
semantic
Identify the type of fallacy in the following passage. "Smoking behind our back will only lead to a life of crime, Junior."
slippery slope
identify the type of fallacy in the following passage. "If the legislature can get away with requiring background checks, it will be encouraged to go forward with universal registration of guns, then to eventual banning of gun ownership. Let's not start down this path."
slippery slope
"Vomiting is your body's way of getting rid of something harmful." This statement has
some initial plausibility and conforms to background information.
An interested party is someone who
stands to gain by convincing us of something.
"You know why the subway is so dirty, don't you? They're getting people on welfare to clean the cars." Identify the rhetorical device involved here.
stereotype
I'll tell you wha the congress passed. They call it health care...... have an easy life
straw man
We assess degree of credibility by considering
the quality of the claim and the source.
"Audience" can refer to both the real people who read or hear a message/argument and the way a writer or speaker imagines who they are trying to reach.
true
A value judgment assesses the merit, desirability, or praiseworthiness of someone or something.
true
Algorithms help to spread or curtail mis- and disinformation by promoting certain content over other content.
true
An interested party is someone who stands to gain from convincing you of something; a disinterested party has no or little stake in the outcome.
true
If someone appears to be violating the consistency principle, then the burden of proof is on that person to show that he or she is in fact not violating the principle.
true
In legal reasoning, "appeal to precedent" is the practice of using a case that has already been decided as an authoritative guide in deciding a new case that is similar.
true
Moral relativism is a theory or framework according to which actions are right or wrong because of the beliefs of one's culture or group.
true
One principle of moral reasoning is that separate moral cases, if similar, must be given similar treatment.
true
The less detail a claim provides, the more general it is.
true
The term "initial plausibility" refers to the rough assessments that we make of how credible claims seem based on our own background information.
true
When assessing credibility, consider both the claim and its source.
true
