chpater 9 u.s. history

inventions that supported market society

telegraph, roads, canals, boats, trainst, steel plowe: helped to grow more and to sell things more efficiently.

west and freedom

westward expansion and market revolution affected all; reinforced some ideas aout freedom (e.g. owning land like in the west).

cotton gin, rising demand for cotton and new land in west

whitney's invention of the cotton gin revolutionized american slavery because, now more cotton could be grown and sold which increased demand for slave labor. Americans wanted more land for plantations and kicked out indians. Rich planters kicked out poor planters. Cotton prodcued on slave plantations became the most important export of the "empire of liberty".

cult of domesticity

women closed out of market revoluation in many ways; household no longer center of economic production so their old roles were less important; women's "place was in the home" but not in terms of economy; in terms of "virtue" and dependence on men; making life good for men; focus on being domestic in the home kept women out of the market. Became a badge of honor in middle class for women not to work outside the house. Still, women often had a lot of housework to do which was important to the family but not really valued.

erie canal

1825; 325 miles across upstate New York; allowed goods to flow between great lakes and NYC: many farmers moved by the canal and cities grew up there too; made NYC more of the manufacturing capital; federal government spent mondy to build roads and canals; states spent even more. Reduced the cost of transportation.

transcendentalist

Emerson: New value of the private man; opportunity for personal growth and change was important to american life; people defined what was important to them; open ended process of self-realization by which people could remake themselve and their lives; Known as the ideas of transcendentalist.

Trnascendentalist people

Emerson; Thoreau (On Walden Pond). Throeau was worred about country getting too materialistic and still needed to focus on important ideas and nature.

Market Society

In the north, the market revolution and westward expansion set in moton changes that transformed the region into an economy of commercial farms and manurfacturing cities. Transportation and communication; better banking led farmers to become involved in new market economy; grew crops for sale and bought things at stores!!!

nativism

Irish immigrants were catholoic, and protestant americans did not like this.; even though U.S. was seen as a "refuge" for those seeking freedom, Americans were hostile to foreigners. People who feared the impact of immigration on American and political life = NATIVISTS.

manifest destiny

O'Sullivan's idea: U.S. had a divinel apointed mission from go to occupy all of North American no matter who was there fit; could extend land to extend freedom. Ida of open space was important to idea of freedom; chosen by god to achieve liberty; young people moved west for new opportunities and economc indepencence.

telegraph

Samuel Morse; made instant communication across distance possible; helped to speed information flow and brought uniform prices across country.

irish

came because of the Great Famine and of starvation from loss of potato crop; filled low wage jobs in america; building railroads, canals and factor people. Women were often servants. But..felt free at the end of the work day.

railroads

canals connected waterways; railroads opened new areas of the interior land of america to settlement; also provided jobs. Baltimore and Ohio= nation's first commercial railroad in 1828.

"in born qualities"

blamed for why women and blacks weren't as successful in market economy. This is blaming the victim.

steamboat

designed by Robert Fulton; could go upstream; commerce both ways; rapid transport along great lakes.

growth of immigration

economic expansion led to increased demand for labor which was met in part by immigrants. Most came from Ireland and Germany and most of these went to the northerstates for job opportunities.

market revolution

encouraged new emphasis on individualism and physical mobility among white men while limiting options available to women and blacks. Opened new opportunities for some while leading others to fear that theri traditional abilities were no longer valued. This would lead t a debate over the market revolution and its consequences for freedom.

Individualism

even as market revolution promoted commercal connections among people; americans sought to depend on no one but themselves. Personal independence was important; Tocquevill said people were more worried about thesmelves than the public good; people could get too attached to greed and wanting only for themselves without thinking about others or the public good. Throreau wrote a lot about this.

factories

felt stifling to many; only workers who would do it were those who couldn't do anything else....girls and women!

Mill girls

female and child labor in new england textile mills; Lowell is the most famous mill; women/girls boarded there and were very closely supervised.

innovations

helped people to move west and settle the west; after the war of 1812 many people went west to get land; established communities and some brought their slaves from the south; new regions entered the union; nation's borders expanded; many claimed land held by other countires or tribes;

reasons for immigration

loss of jobs in europe; ocean ships that made the crossing easier.

market revolution

many trsnportation and communications changes helped to accelerate business development. At beginning of 19th century, most families produced what they needed themselves or by bartering with neighbors. The market revolution was brought on by technological advances that helped businesses grow.

The free individual

market revolution and westward expansion produced a society that was energetic, materialisic and in cosntant motion; people no longer tied to specific communities or to specific social class; could move across space and time.

industrial worker

market revolution changed ideas about time. Life was run not just by the seaons, but by time and work and time at home. The idea of working for a wage developed. People lived accoring to "clock time" b/c of railroad schedules and work hours.

turnpikes

national road was paved from Maryland to the old northwest. People who didn't like the toll roads built "shunpikes"; detours to avoid these roads but they weren't as efficient to travel on.

cotton Kingdom

north and south moved west, but many differences remained between north and south; int he north: manufacturing producing cotton textiles. Cotton was grown in the deep south. 1793: Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin which made it possible to grow and sell cotton on a large scale.

limits of prosperity

not everyone benefited from market revolution; blacks were excluded because of slavery and inability to vote; excluded from important economic opportunities; kept out of advancement in labor market; decline in economic status and/or excluded from some of the new territories

2nd Great Awakening

popular religous revivals; promised salvation to people who stopped sinning and wanted to be good; made AMerican Christianity a mass enterprise; more groups and denominations; became central to american culture; camp meetings on the frontier;promoted the idea of free will and ability to recover from sin and from being bad. Important people: Finney, Melville;

clock time

reliance on schedule of railroads and on particular work schedules

germans

skilled craftsman; moved further west and set up shops and farms; vibrant culture.

early labor movement

some experienced market revoluation as a loss of freedom; ups and downs of the economy could be awful for those who worked in factories; gap widened between rich and poor, betweek skilled and unskilled; first organized labor groups were formed (Workingmen's parties).

innovations

steamboat, canal system, railroads, better roads, telegraph. All of these opened new land to settlement, lowered transportaiton costs and made it easier for people to sell their products.

impact of the awakening

stressed the right of private judgement in spiritual matters and possibility of slavation through good works; sinners could have a change of heart; spread the message through new transportation possibilities (roads, canals, railroads); stressed the importance of working hard, being sober and self discipline; these are important qualities of WORKERS!!!