Chpt 1: Extra Credit Questions
T/F: homeostatic variables fluctuate around a set point, and are not fixed and unchanging.
a
select all the following that normally contribute to the entertainment of circadian rhythms in humans a. the timing of meals b. external environmental temperature c. social cues from other individuals d. the release of melatonin from the pineal gland e. the light-dark cycle
a, b, c, e
the simplest structural units into which a complex organism still retain the functions characteristic of life are called ....
cells
T/F: homeostasis implies that a given physiological function or variable is rigidly constant with respect to time.
F
T/F: A neuron, endocrine gland cell, and other cell types may all secrete the same chemical messenger
T
T/F: a chemical messenger may act as an autocrine and paracrine substance simultaneously.
T
T/F: hormones released by endocrine glands can participate as components of homeostatic reflex arcs
T
match the terms to proper definitions: 1. basolateral side 2. apical side a. the region of an epithelial cell's membrane that faces the interstitial fluid b. the region of an epithelial cell's membrane that faces away from the interstitial fluid
1a 2b
match: 1. adaptation 2. acclimatization a. a person exposed to a hot external environ. will sweat, which removes heat from the body and favors homeostasis of body temps b. after several weeks in a hot environ, a person produces larger volumes of sweat than on the first day of exposure to that environ
1a 2b
match the organ system with the partial list of organs and other structures that belong to it: a. digestive b. endocrine c. immune d. lymphatic e. respiratory f. urinary 1. salivary glands, large intestine, gallbladder, pancreas 2. pharynx, trachea, bronchi 3. urethra, kidneys, bladder 4. lymph vessels, lymph nodes 5. testes, ovaries, heart, parathyroid, adrenal, hypothalamus, pituitary gland 6. white blood cells and their organs of production
1a 5b 6c 4d 2e 3f
match the term with example: 1. adaptation 2. acclimatization a. people who frequently eat meat produce larger quantities of lipase on average than identical twins who are vegetarians b. when fatty foods are ingested, the pancreas secretes an enzyme called lipase that allows us to digest the fats present in the meal
1b 2a
match each number of the bar on this chart to the name of the correct body fluid compartment: 1=7% 2=26% 3=67% a. interstitial fluid b. plasma c. intracellular fluid
1b 2a 3c
match: 1. squamous 2. cuboidal 3. columnar a. all sides approx equal in length b. elongated, rectangular shape c. thin and flat shape
1c 2a 3b
in the negative feedback homeostatic reflex involved in thermoregulation, where does the comparison between the normal set point and the current temperature status occur? a, specific integrating neurons in the brain b. temperature sensitive receptor neurons in the skin c. peripheral nerves traveling between the brain and effectors d. smooth muscles in skin blood vessels e. skeletal muscles
A
in this example of negative feedback occurring at the cellular level, which would result from taking a drug that inhibits the activity of Enzyme B? A. intermediate 1 concentrations would increase, while substrate, intermediate 2, and active product concentrations would decrease b. substrate and intermediate 1 concentrations would decrease, while intermediate 2 and active product concentrations would increase c. the concentrations of substrate, intermediate 1, intermediate 2, and active product would all increase d. the concentrations of substrate, intermediate 1, intermediate 2, and active product would all decrease [chart] substrate--(enzyme A)--->inactive intermediate 1--(enzyme B)--->inactive intermediate 2 ---(enzyme C)--->active product ---(-)--->enzyme A
A
a homeostatic control system... a. regulates the activities of cells, tissues, and organs so that any change in the intracellular fluid initiates a reaction to correct the change b. regulates the activities of cells, tissues and organs so that any change in extracellular fluid initiates a reaction to correct the change c. regulates the activities of cells, tissues, and organs so that any change in the intracellular fluid initiates a reaction that magnifies the change d. regulates the activities of cells, tissues, and organs so that any change in the extracellular fluid initiates a reaction that magnifies the change
B
entrainment is a process in which ... a. environmental factors provide cues that set the actual hours of a circadian rhythm b. an animal without any environmental cues will still have a circadian rhythm that is exactly 24 hours c. repeated exposure to an environmental stressor will increase the strength of an organism's future responses to that stressor d. an animal inherits the ability to maintain homeostasis despite a particular environmental challenge
a
if ATP concentrations ____ ( increase/decrease?) within a cell, feedback inhibition of ATP synthesis is removed.
a
in order to maintain homeostasis, ____ in the body must detect changes from a set point and relay information about those changes to an integrating center. a. sensors b. effectors
a
the primary component of intracellular and extracellular fluid is ... a. water b. electrolyte c. protein
a
when a particular substance is lost from the body faster than it enters the body, a person is said to be in ____ balance for that substance. a. negative b. positive c. stable d. equilibrium
a
when you travel to a different time zone, environmental cues such as the timing of sunrise will cause a _____ of the body's circadian rhythm that brings it into balance with the new time zone.
a
which best explains what happens when you have a fever? a. the body's set point temperature is increased, causing temperature control mechanisms to maintain homeostasis at a higher body temp b. the body temp is reduced to a value lower than normal by sweating and dilation of blood vessels c. because the body is at a higher than normal temp, shivering and curling up will occur to lower the body temp back to normal
a
which example is a local homeostatic response? a. when a tissue is metabolically active, blood vessels within that tissue dilate to allow more blood to flow into it b. when temperature receptors detect a drop in body temp, shivering of skeletal muscles is stimulated c. when the blood glucose concentration increases, insulin is released by the pancreas and causes increased uptake of glucose into muscle cells d. when blood pressure falls, stretch receptors in blood vessels send signals to the brain that stimulate an increase in the heart rate
a
which generalization about homeostatic control systems is NOT correctly stated? a. the set points of physiological variables regulated by homeostatic controls do not vary--that is, they cannot be reset from their normal values b. homeostatic control systems cannot maintain complete constancy of any given feature of the internal environ c. in negative feedback, a change in a variable brings about responses that tend to move the variable in direction opposite to the original change d. stability of an internal environmental variable is achieved by balancing inputs and outputs
a
which pair of compartments are the most different in their compositions? a. intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid b. interstitial fluid and extracellular fluid c. plasma and interstitial fluid d. extracellular fluid and plasma
a
which typically has a longer average duration in humans, the normal circadian rhythm or the free-running rhythm that occurs in the absence of environmental cues? a. the free running rhythm b. the normal circadian rhythm
a
which 2 of the following structures are organs? a. liver b. neuron c. epithelium d. red blood cell e. kidney
a + e
which of the 2 following would help restore body temperature homeostasis after the external temp becomes suddenly colder? a. mechanisms that increase heat production by the body b. mechanisms that increase heat loss from the body c. mechanisms that decrease heat production by the body d. mechanisms that decrease heat loss from the body
a and d
select each of the following that correctly describes a general principle observed in the study of physiology: a. controlled exchange of materials occurs between compartments and across cellular membranes b. structure is a determinant of-and has coevolved with-function c. physiological processes are dictated by the laws of chemistry and physics d. most chemical substances exist in a positive total-body balance throughout a person's life span e. physiological processes require the transfer and balance of matter and energy
a, b, c, e
given the cellular negative feedback example shown, select all of the following that would result from taking a drug that inhibits the activity of Enzyme C. a. the concentration of intermediate 1 would increase b. the activity of Enzyme A would increase c. the concentration of intermediate 1 would decrease d. the concentration of active product would decrease e. the concentration of intermediate 2 would increase [chart] substrate--(enzyme A)--->inactive intermediate 1--(enzyme B)--->inactive intermediate 2 ---(enzyme C)--->active product ---(-)--->enzyme A
a, b, d, e
which of the following are considered to be connective tissue or formed by connective tissue? a. bone b. neurons c. blood d. skeletal muscle e. tendons f. adipose
a, c, e, f
a characteristic that has evolved to favor survival in specific environments is called an ...
adapation
an inherited characteristic that favors survival in specific environments is called an _____ and the improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system in response to regular exposure to an environmental stress is known as ____.
adaptation; acclimatization
approx. what fraction of the body weight in an adult is comprised of water? a. 20-25% b. 55-60% c. 90-95% d. 35-40%
b
epithelial cells are held together along their lateral surfaces between the apical and basolateral membranes by extracellular barriers called ... a. neurons b. tight junctions c. gap junctions d. basement membranes e. endothelial folds
b
the ____ membrane is a layer of proteins and polysaccharides that anchor epithelial cell membranes to underlying connective tissue a. plasma b. basement c. basal d. basolateral
b
which of the following best describes acclimatization? a. maintaining extracellular fluid conditions within a range that is optimum for the survival of body cells b. improved functioning of an inherited homeostatic system in response to prolonged exposure of an individual to environmental stress c. rhythmic changes in hormone release that are synchronized with changes in lighting and feeding schedules d. a characteristic that is genetically passed down which favours survival in specific environments
b
which of the following is a specific collection of neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain that functions as the principal "time clock" for circadian rhythms? a. pons b. suprachiasmatic nucleus c. epithalamus d. basolateral alternator e. substantial nigra
b
which of the following terms describes a local chemical messenger that acts upon the same cell that secretes it? a. merocrine b. autocrine c. paracrine d. apocrine
b
the side of an epithelial cell's membrane that faces and is anchored to the basement membrane is referred to as the _____ side.
basolateral
a neuron is ... a. a protein that travels in the bloodstream and binds to receptors on target cells, stimulating them to change their function b. a hollow cavity formed with lobes of the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid c. a cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells d. one of the four major tissue types in the body
c
after a few hours of gardening on a very hot day, a 64 year old man feels faint and stops sweating. what physiological mechanism explains why the sweating stops? a. blood vessels to skin have constricted so the brain and heart will remain cooler b. his sweat glands became blocked by salt deposits left there when he first began sweating c. blood pressure has fallen so low that blood vessels to the skin become constricted to maintain pressure and blood flow to the brain and heart d. the set point for his body temp has rest to a higher value, so sweating becomes unnecessary
c
the term that means to maintain a relatively stable internal environment is... a. physiology b. in vivo constancy c. homeostasis d. hemostasis
c
what chemical messengers for intercellular communication are secreted from endocrine glands and use the blood as a delivery system? a. autocrine substances b. neurotransmitters c. hormones d. gap junctions
c
what type of regulation anticipates changes in variables and helps minimize fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated? a. negative feedback b. equilibrium c. feedforward d. positive feedback
c
identify the types of muscle tissues from list: cardiac squamous skeletal smooth cuboidal connective
cardiac skeletal smooth
select the types of muscle tissue that are involuntary: cardiac skeletal smooth
cardiac + smooth
a ____ is the simplest structural unit into which a complex multicellular organism can be divided whereby the unit still retains the functions characteristic of life.
cell
a biological rhythm that cycles approx. every 24 hours is called a ____ rhythm.
circadian rhythm
protein fibers of the extracellular matrix consists of rope-like _____ fibers and rubber band like ____ fibers
collagen, elastin
does the vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels conserve or release body heat?
conserve
Body's readily available quantity of a chemical substance is represented on this diagram by the ______, which is often identical to the amount present in the ____. a. storage depot; extracellular fluid b. storage depot; intracellular fluid c. pool; interstitial fluid d. pool; extracellular fluid e. pool; intracellular fluid f. reversible incorporation; extracellular fluid
d
_____ tissue cells form the extracellular matrix that exists around and between body cells. a. epithelial b. nervous c. muscle d. connective
d
a homeostatic control system works to return a physiological variable toward the ... a. minimum point b. maximum point c. zero point d. set point
d
biological rhythms like circadian rhythms ... a. are not present at birth, but must be learned by years of trial and error of homeostatic feedback mechanisms b. are mechanisms that switch back and forth between negative feedback and positive feedback depending on time of day c. are basically the same as homeostatic negative feedback loops; they are activated in response to challenges to homeostasis d. enable homeostatic mechanisms to be utilized automatically by activating them at times when a challenge is likely to occur
d
generation of mechanical force is a function that is most characteristic of ... a. nervous tissue b. connective tissue c. epithelial tissue d. muscle tissue
d
homeostatic control systems belong to a general category of stimulus-response phenomena known as ... a. variables b. integrators c. mechanisms d. reflexes
d
the type of tissue that covers the body surface and lines the inner surface of tubular and hollow structures such as the trachea and gut is ... a. connective tissues b. nervous tissue c. muscle tissue d. epithelial tissues
d
which describes a homeostatic control system? a. when blood sodium becomes elevated above normal, a person's appetite to eat salty foods increases b. when a person's body temp is elevated above normal, hormones are released that decrease cellular glucose uptake c. when a person exercises on a hot day, the kidneys increase the amount of urine that is produced d. when blood glucose becomes elevated above normal, hormones are released that cause glucose uptake from the blood into cells
d
which of the following describes how a local homeostatic response is different from a reflex arc? a. in a local homeostatic response, nerve pathways must bring afferent information to the brain before effectors are activated. b. in local homeostatic responses, when there is a change in a variable, the effectors act to amplify that change c. in local homeostatic responses, effectors take action in the absence of an initial stimulus. d. in a local homeostatic response, the stimulus and effector actions occur entirely within a discrete area of the body.
d
which of the following is significantly different between the interstitial fluid compartment and the plasma in nearby capillaries? a. water concentration b. dissolved gas concentration c. dissolved ion concentration d. dissolved protein concentration
d
which term below refers to the situation when a particular variable is not changing, but energy is added continuously to maintain a constant condition? a. dynamic b. equilibrium c. fluctuating d. steady state
d
the term used to describe the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell type is ...
differentiation
in which of the following situations is the body most likely to be in a stable balance for calcium ions? a. calcium in feces=calcium in food + calcium in urine b. calcium in urine=calcium in food + in feces c. calcium in food= calcium in urine - feces d. calcium in food= feces - urine e. calcium in food-calcium in feces=urine
e
which of the following is a physical linkage between the cytosol of adjacent cells, allowing direct cell to cell signaling without the need for extracellular signaling molecules? a. paracrine agents b. autocrine agents c. neurotransmitters d. hormones e. gap junctions
e
environmental factors provide timing cues that set the actual hours of circadian rhythms: this process is called _____
entrainment
when a particular extracellular fluid variable is not changing and no input of energy is required to maintain the constancy, it is said to be in _____ (equilibrium or steady-state?)
equilibrium
one function of connective tissue is to form the ______ _____, a mixture of proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals surrounding cells that has extracellular fluid interspersed.
extracellular matrix
T/F: organ systems are made up of organs that collectively are involved in vastly different functions
false: similar function
_____ (negative, positive feedback, or feedforward?) regulation is often the result of the CNS learning to anticipate and resist the change of a physiological variable away from its homeostatic range when changes occur in the environment.
feedforward
there are ____ general categories of differentiated tissues in the body.
four
many organs contain small structures called _____ units, each of which performs the main processes of that organ.
functional
the ability to maintain physiological variables within normal ranges is known as ____
homeostasis
walter cannon was the american physiologist who proposed the use of the word "___" to describe the concept of constancy of the internal environment that was proposed by Claude Bernard.
homeostasis
3 categories of intercellular chemical messengers (other than autocrine) that help mediate homeostasis are _____, ____, and ____ substances.
hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrine substances
by definition, the "____ environment" of the body is another name for the extracellular fluid that surrounds cells.
interna;
one type of cell signaling is of a particular importance in the growth and differentiation of tissues, and involves a plasma membrane-bound molecule on one cell that stimulates a second cell when the two come into physical contact. This type of signaling is referred to as _____ signaling.
juxtacrine
a reflex that occurs only because of a great deal of conscious effort and practice is know as a(n) _____ reflex.
learned
the hormone ____, released from the pineal gland, is secreted during darkness but not during daylight.
melatonin
ATP inhibits the activity of the enzymes that create ATP from ADP and Pi. this is an example of _____ (negative or positive?) feedback.
negative
body temperature is regulated around a set point of 37 Celsius by a _____ (negative or positive?) feedback loops
negative
an elongated structure composed of a group of neuronal extensions packaged with connective tissue that carries signals between the nervous system and other parts of the body is called a ...
nerve
a ___ is a cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells, sometimes over long distances.
neuron
chemical messengers that are released from neurons directly into other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells (without entering the blood) are called ...
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that travel through interstitial fluid from one cell to other nearby cells are known as ______ substances (or agents)
paracrine
the branch of biology known as ____ is the study of how living organisms function
physiology
the study of the normal function of the body is _____, whereas the study of the effects of disease states on the body is called ____.
physiology; pathophysiology
the regulation of childbirth by the hormone oxytocin is an example of _______ (negative or positive?) feedback.
positive
when a person has a fever, the ____ ____ temperature is reset to a higher value, inducing mechanisms that increase the body temp
set point
a system in which a particular variable is not changing, but energy must be added continuously to maintain that constant condition is said to be in a ______ state (steady or equilibrium)?
steady
a part of the brain called the ______ nucleus functions as the principal pacemaker, or time clock, for circadian rhythms
suprachiasmatic