Chpt. 1: The Study of Human Sexuality
Miriam Arbeit's sex-positive approach combines three components. Match each to its correct definition. 1- sexual selfhood 2- sexual negotiation 3- sexual empowerment options A. taking responsibility for one's own sexuality, making one's own choices, and respecting one's own needs, desires, and values B. the totality of oneself as a sexual being, including positive and negative feelings C. discussion and interaction that lead to agreement about sexual relationships
1 = B, 2 = C, 3 = A
Along with two colleagues, Kinsey expanded his 1937 study of sexual behavior to include Blank______, individuals who represent diverse segments of the population of interest. A. representative samples B. target markets C. survey studies D .test cases
A
How should researchers determine what survey method to use? A. They should choose the one which will yield the most honest and complete answers. B. They should choose the one that will result in the most participants. C. They should choose the one that is easiest to conduct. D. They should choose the one that is least expensive to conduct.
A
Human sexuality involves all aspects of the body, mind, heart, and experience and benefits, therefore, from a(n) _____ perspective that helps to integrate all of these into the field of human sexuality. A. interdisciplinary B. mostly psychological C. mostly biological D. strictly scientific
A
Indicative of 20th-century progressive sex researchers' work to reform society's understanding of sexuality was their belief that marriage should A. be based on love and mutual attraction between equals. B. be redefined to include same-sex marriage and open marriage. C. revolve around power and power sharing. D. be abolished.
A
Integrating body, mind, feelings, and social life through sexuality is known as _____ sexuality. A. holistic B. literate C. well-being D. empowering
A
Mary Calderone was the first female doctor to promote A. contraception. B. research on the female G spot. C. natural childbirth. D. legalized abortion.
A
Masters and Johnson pioneered research between 1957 and 1965 in order to better understand A. how people became aroused and what went wrong when they couldn't have an orgasm. B. the real (versus reported) incidence of homosexual behavior. C. how access to contraceptives affected family size and rates of marriage. D. how teen sexual behavior influenced relationship and marriage patterns in later life.
A
Most 19th-century physicians were male and most subscribed to which of the following views about women? A. Women had uncontrollable sexual urges. B. Women would benefit greatly from access to contraception. C. Sex for pleasure could only be practiced by married women.
A
Participatory action research (PAR) studies in sex research aim to motivate ____ in the study. A. greater community participation B. more researchers to take part C. more truthful individual participation
A
The call for human rights as a global perspective has its roots in what historical event? A. the experiences of World War II B. the global AIDS crisis C. the experiences of the 1918 Spanish Flu epidemic D. the experiences of World War I
A
The relationship between two variables, such as the effects of playing violent games and the effects of watching violent movies, is seeking to find a(n) _______, or a relationship. A. correlation B. objective C. cofactor D. companion
A
The variable that is manipulated and changed by the experiment is the _____ variable. A. independent B. confounding C. experimental D. dependent
A
What was the popular technique used by Freud, which ascribes behaviors to unconscious desires? A. psychoanalysis B. core tectonics C. Humanism D. collective unconscious
A
Which of the following are among the advantages of using questionnaires in research? (Select all that apply.) A. They can ensure anonymity. B. They are less costly compared to face-to-face interviews. C. Participants are less likely to be truthful than in face-to-face interviews.
A, B
Which of the following are disadvantages to face-to-face interviews? (Select all that apply.) A. The personal nature of the interaction may lead to purposeful omissions of information. B. They can be expensive to conduct. C. The interviewer can vary the sequence of questions depending on responses. D. Interviewers can ask follow-up questions for clarification.
A, B
Modern researchers criticize Freud for which of the following? A. He only observed patients in his office, not in their daily lives. B. He only observed adults. C. People cannot really remember their childhood fantasies, and much of his research focused on that. D. He discounted the importance of childhood.
A, B, C
Surveys and interviews are ways to identify which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. attitudes B. behaviors C. knowledge D. historical records
A, B, C
Which of the following are among the sexuality rights that have been added to already recognized human rights? A. the right to teach and learn about sex B. the right to respect people's bodies C. the right to be sexually active or not D. the right to pursue all sexual pleasure
A, B, C
Ethical guidelines in research include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. ensuring that participants are of legal age B. ensuring that data collection is done anonymously C. authenticating that the participants' attitudes, experiences and behaviors are truthful D. ensuring that no harm is done to participants E. ensuring that gender, age, and ethnicity is not revealed or verified
A, B, C, D
Michael Foucault challenged Freud's ideas of sexual unconsciousness and claimed that which of the following shapes sexuality? (Select all that apply.) A. roles B. ideas C. observations D. education E. context F. history
A, B, E, F
According to 19th-century doctors, which of the following would have been considered problematic? (Select all that apply.) A. masturbation B. sex for reproduction only C. sex for pleasure only D. bisexuality
A, C, D
The 2001 Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior (2001) included which of the following as part of its policy vision? (Select all that apply.) A. to expand research through numerous positive programs B. to limit sex education by encouraging it to be done in churches and at homes exclusively C. to increase awareness through education and media D. to implement and strengthen interventions for HIV/AIDS and other problems
A, C, D
What are the three primary goals of interdisciplinary sexuality research? A. to help predict the sexual behaviors of others to stop the spread of sexually transmitted infections in the next 50 years B. to influence laws and policies regarding sexual behavior C. to better understand human sexual behavior
A, C, D
When a researcher utilizes case study, the professional may use which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. questionnaires B. SPSS data analysis C. direct observation D. testing
A, C, D
Which of the following are among the criticisms of Foucault's work? (Select all that apply.) A. He tended to focus too exclusively on Western society. B. He failed to understand the influence of language on sexual behavior. C. His approach was ahistorical and, therefore, without perspective. D. He focused more on language than on actual social behavior.
A, D
Darwin used the theory of _____ to explain how sexuality contributes to the diversity of life. A. perversions B. evolution C. penis envy D. fetishism
B
Direct observation in sex research has the possible disadvantage of _____, which means that people who are uncomfortable with themselves, their body, and their sexual performance are unlikely to agree to participate. A. exhibitionist bias B. self-selection C. sexual shyness D. reluctant participation
B
Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from violence, equality and non-discrimination, and the right to life are all part of _____ rights. A. constitutionally guaranteed B. universal human C. bargained-for D. self-evident
B
Freud's focus on childhood led to the assumption that A. sexual deviance can only be detected in childhood. B. sexual development ceases after childhood. C. sexual abuse only occurs in childhood fantasies.
B
From what area has there been resistance to sex research as a part of broad public planning in the United States? A. the scientific community B. politicians c. the social justice movement
B
How was the 2001 Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior implemented? A. It was (and is) implemented through a series of local (county and municipal) agencies. B. It was not; politicians blocked it. C. It was a staged implementation, beginning at the state level. D. It was a staged implementation, beginning at the federal level.
B
In somewhat controversial fashion, Kinsey's work highlighted A. that the majority of men and women have engaged in homosexual activities at least once. B. the discrepancy between public standards of behavior and actual sexual behavior. C. that religion and sex are inversely correlated. D. the fact that a lot of people have sexually experimented with family members.
B
Mary Calderone founded the pioneering Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States. What was its focus? A. a return to "religious values" to guide family planning legislation B. teen sex education C. free public distribution of contraceptives D. abortion on demand
B
Masters and Johnson believed that what type of sexual research gathering was scientifically accurate? A. survey studies and representative samples B. direct observation in a laboratory C. discussions with a trained psychiatrist D. dream and fantasy analysis
B
Sexuality research that is experimental often focuses on _____ responses to various stimuli. A. psychological B. physiological C. social
B
The late-19th-century trend of studying sexuality in a scientific manner began in A. the Middle East. B. Europe. C. the United States. D. China.
B
The variable that is measured as part of the research is the _____ variable. A. independent B. dependent C. random D. confounding
B
What organization has played the most critical role in championing the link between sexual health and reproductive, sexual, and gender orientation rights? A. Doctors Without Borders B. the World Health Organization (WHO) C. the International Monetary Fund (IMF) D. Human Rights Campaign Fund
B
What term did Richard von Krafft-Ebing famously coin through his work and research? A. intercourse B. fetishism C. masturbation D. psychopath
B
Why is it especially important today to authenticate participants' data as truthful and to ensure that participants are not harmed in sex research? A. There is little interest in sex research and it is, therefore, often unsupervised. B. Data is increasingly collected via the Internet. C. There is no oversight (academic, institutional) for most sex research.
B
Yan is conducting research in which he studies physiological responses to sexual imagery, specifically genital responses which he monitors by multiple instruments. In what type of research is Yan involved? A. participatory action research (PAR) B. experimental C. direct observation D. a case study
B
_____ is defined as the fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges in society that imply respect, dignity, and the application of human rights in people's daily lives. A. Social tolerance B. Social justice C. Social responsibility D. Social construction
B
Freud's approach to sexuality is that it is built upon which of the following? (Check all that apply.) A. cultural mores and standards B. family dynamics C. the question of frustrated pleasure D. religious expectations
B, C
Which of the following are advantages to face-to-face interviews? (Select all that apply.) A. The researcher can prompt and alter answers. B. The interviewer can vary the sequence of questions depending on responses. C. They allow researchers to build rapport. D. Interviewers can ask follow-up questions for clarification.
B, C, D
Which of the following are foundational in Freud's psychoanalysis? (Select all that apply.) A. deprivation therapy B. dreams C. free association D. talking therapy
B, C, D
Candace is a researcher who is studying how people's sexuality is impacted by systems of status, power, and privilege embedded in race, gender, social class, national origin, and religion. Candace is engaging in _____ in research. A. generalizability B. objectivity C. intersectionality D. the ethics of identity
C
Collecting data through _____ provides an opportunity to study natural behaviors in context as they occur. A. indirect observation B. experimental research C. direct observation D. case studies
C
In what academic area was Alfred Kinsey trained? A. neuroscience B. anthropology C. zoology D. botany
C
Kinsey's original study revealed what surprising aspects of Americans' behavior? A. They were surprising unwilling to disclose their sexual behavior, even in strict scientific studies. B. They were surprisingly compliant with their own belief systems and their sexual practices. C. They were engaging in far more types of sexual behaviors than researchers (or the public) expected.
C
Krafft-Ebing's treatment recommendations for treatments reveal that he was _____ as compared to his peers. A. harsh and unforgiving B. inhumane and clinical C. progressive and empathetic
C
Margaret Mead's groundbreaking work on Samoa compared Samoans and Americans during what phase of life, one that she saw as a time of great turbulence? A. early childhood B. early adulthood C. adolescence D. infancy
C
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was formulated by what organization? A. the World Health Organization (WHO) B. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) C. the United Nations D. the League of Nations
C
What aspect of sexuality did Havelock Ellis study? A. exclusively sexual orientation B. positive psychology studies in sexual resilience C. clinical studies of what went wrong with people's sexuality D. evolutionary studies in sexuality
C
What technique did Masters and Johnson develop to help couples deal with sexual dysfunction? A. the use of prescription drugs to treat specific dysfunction B. dream and fantasy analysis C. talk therapy focused on becoming comfortable with sex
C
What was the topic of Kinsey's second study, which resulted in media headlines? A. homosexuality B. the contradiction between religious beliefs and sexual behavior C. female sexuality D. male sexuality
C
Which of the following was generally ignored in Kinsey's 1937 scientific survey study of human sexuality? A. homosexuality B. gender C. ethnic diversity D. older populations
C
Which researcher privately helped found the homosexual rights movement in Germany? A. Karl Ulrich B. Evelyn Hooker C. Magnus Hirschfeld D. Karl Kertbeny
C
_____ in research refers to a methodological approach that addresses social identities and social inequality that is based on the combination of ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, class, disability status, etc., and stresses areas of interdependence. A. Generalizability B. Individuation C. Intersectionality D. Multifocality
C
For what reasons do Havelock Ellis's clinical studies continue to fascinate scientists? A. They are limited to very specific sexual "abnormalities." B. They focus exclusively on homosexuality. C. They eschew "oddities" and focus solely on the lives of "ordinary" married couples. D. They are meticulous and objective.
D
Which of the following best describes sexology? A. It has its roots in the mid-20th century, just after World War II. B. It is primarily focused on medicine psychiatry. C. It focuses on the negative aspects of sexuality, seeking to link it to illness. D. It has evolved to be a much more positive study than it began.
D
Which of the following statements about sexual literacy is true? A. One cannot become sexually literate before actually having sex. B. Sexual literacy is more about practice than skills or knowledge. C. Sexual literacy is more about gathering data than actual application of knowledge. D. It is a never-ending process.
D
Which of the following was Nineteenth-century physician John Harvey Kellogg's prescription for curing masturbation in young boys? A. Fasting and prayer B. Use of carbolic acid on the penis C. Red meat D. Circumcision without anesthesia
D
Who founded the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin, a first-of-its-kind treatment center? A. Sigmund Freud B. Richard von Krafft-Ebing C. Margaret Mead D. Magnus Hirschfeld
D
True or false: Influencing laws and policies regarding sexual behavior is beyond the scope of interdisciplinary research when studying sexuality.
False
True or false: Internet questionnaires are increasingly popular with researchers because they have almost zero methodological issues.
False
_______ refers to the extent to which a measure, procedure, or instrument yields the same results on repeated trials.
Reliability
T/F - Field study is a research method in which a researcher observes behavior outside a clinical setting in its own cultural and linguistic context.
T
T/F - Freud believed that children had sexual feelings and had to repress their incestuous feelings because they were unacceptable to society and led to fetishism and madness.
T
T/F - Participatory action research (PAR) refers to collecting information that honors, centers, and reflects the experiences of people most directly affected by issues in their communities.
True
T/F - Random sampling is when every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
True
T/F : Sexual degeneracy is defined as the impairment of sexual function
True
True or false: Masters and Johnson's work disproved Freud's belief that the only real orgasm for women is in the vagina.
True
According to Freud, a biological _______ is the idea that people may be naturally attracted to both sexes.
bisexuality
The relationship between two variables is called a ____
correlation
According to Marget Mead, _______ is more important than personality or biology in the development of sexual behavior.
culture
Sexual _______ is broadly defined as problems shared by couples that interfere with enjoyment or sexual intercourse or with orgasm.
dysfunction
_______ zones of the body are highly sensitive to sexual stimulation.
erogenous
Sexual well-being is reached once pleasure, protection, _______ and purpose in life are achieved.
focus
_______ sexuality is when one can integrate body, mind, feeling, and social life through sexuality.
holistic
The _______ perspective is the holistic integration of research in different disciplines to describe and explain all of human sexuality.
interdisciplinary
Quantitative is gathering _______ information, whereas qualitative research is gathering descriptive information for analysis.
numeric
Quantitative methods are designed to ensure ______, validity, and reliability, and the generalization of results.
objectivity
In terms of sexual well-being, _______ is associated with joy and fun.
pleasure
To create a true large population for a research study one would want to use _______ sampling, where everyone would have an equal chance to be involved in the research.
random
Among Masters and Johnson's discoveries is the _______ period, the period after intercourse during which men cannot ejaculate.
refractory
____ designs is the broad, general term for scientific models that lay out the aims, methods, and analysis of data.
research
Case studies are often based on the _______ self-report, which is an account of a memory of an event in one's life.
retrospective
_______ is the systematic study of sexual interests, functions, and behaviors.
sexology
_______ human rights are freedoms to which all humans are entitled.
universal