chpt 12 nutrition
During her pregnancy, Kume has been extra careful to avoid foods that could potentially cause foodborne illness. Even though she loves Greek salad, at lunch today she had to order something else because the waiter could not confirm whether or not the feta cheese on the salad was pasteurized. Pregnant women should avoid unpasteurized cheese because .... can cross the placental barrier, infect the fetus, and cause spontaneous abortion or stillbirth.
Listeria monocytogenes
Bromates, peroxides, and ammonium chloride
Maturing and bleaching agents
pasteurization is ...
Moderately high (62°C to 100°C) temperatures are used for about 15 to 30 minutes to inactivate certain enzymes and kill microorganisms, especially in milk
Outbreaks of foodborne illness related to organic foods are on the rise. What is the most likely explanation for this trend?
More people are consuming organic foods.
Moistness, neutral or a slightly acidic pH, and a high protein content in a food will ...
support microbial growth
what are helminths?
tapeworms trichinella spiralis
salmonella causes an infection because ...
the bacteria cause illness
where do protozoan and helminth parasites hit the hardest?
tropical countries w/ poor sanitation
T or F: Nature's toxins are often more potent than synthetic pesticides and industrial chemicals
true
food sources listeria
unpasteurized milk + soft cheeses, deli meats
food sources staphylococcus aureus
unrefrigerated or improperly refrigerated meats, potato + egg salads + cream pastries
Microorganisms that can only reproduce after invading body cells
virus
greatest health risks from food today are ...
viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites
The most common organisms causing food spoilage are bacteria,
yeasts, molds
which foods deliver the most beneficial bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract?
yogurt + kefir
name some foods that provide probiotics
yogurt + kefir most cheeses, non heated kimchi, sauerkraut, kombucha, miso, some pickles
bacteria that cause foodborne illness are ...
Bacillus, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Escherichia, Listeria, Vibrio, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus
fermentation is
Bacteria or yeast makes acids and alcohol; minimizes growth of other bacteria and yeast
At freezing temperatures, most bacteria...
stop growing, but are not dead
Currently, Tyra's physical activity level is sedentary. How would incorporating regular physical activity into her lifestyle affect Tyra's diabetes management?
Her insulin sensitivity will improve, which will assist with blood glucose regulation.
whta is norovirus
#1 pathogen contributing to US foodborne illness sudden onset. cause 90% diarrhea on cruise ships survives freezing, high temps, chlorination causes illness in long term facilities
high doses of caffeine cause ....
- Anxiety, - increased heart rate, - insomnia, - increased urination, - diarrhea. - Gastrointestinal upset. - Worsens ulcers and heartburn - relaxes sphincters. - Mildly increases calcium excreted in urine.
what are pesticides?
- any substance (or mix) to prevent, destroy, or repel pests - includes insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides - provide beneficial + unwanted effects
what does food irradiation do?
- does not make stuff radioactive - breaks down chemical bonds, cell walls, DNA
salmonella food sources
- eggs, poultry, meat - unpasteurized milk/juice - cheese - contaminated raw vegetables
how should you thaw foods?
- fridge - under cold water - in microwave oven - cook foods immediately after being microwaved or in cold water - NEVER let foods thaw all night or all day outside
to maximize nutrient content of your produce, do what?
- grow own - buy locally - use canned + frozen fruits + vegetables (bc these are harvested close to ripeness)
hydroponics def
- growing plants in soilless and nutrient rich environments (gutters, pipes)
food source clostridium botulinum?
- improperly canned stuff - like home canned vegetables - fermented fish - improperly stored baked potatoes
why use pesticides
- inc production, lowers cost - better looking food (no worms in it) - stop carcinogens
who is most susceptible for foodborne illness?
- infants, kids - old ppl - liver disease, diabetes, cancer, HIV, - ppl recovering from surgery - pregnant - immunosuppressant agents
genetic engineering :
- manipulating genetic makeup of any organism w/ recombinant DNA - transferring foreign DNA into an organism that's improved food production
mercury in fish?
- mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls in fish - byproducts of industry - accumulate in fish tissue - bigger the fish, higher mercury
where are protozoan + helminth parasites the most common?
- person to person, contaminated food, water, soil
output traits include...
- plant oils w/ more omega 3 fatty acids - crops that make pharmaceuticals
why is foodborne illness so common?
- prolonged food shelf life - rare + undercooked meat - more foods made outside home - imported ready to eat foods - centralized food production - use of antibiotics in animal feeds - use of immunosuppressant meds - inc in old adults
hepatitis A virus food sources
- raw produce - contaminated drinking water - uncooked foods + cooked foods not reheated after touching infected handler - shellfish from contaminated water
why are food additives used?
- reduce food spoilage - prevent undesirable changes in color + flavor - inc safety in food distribution - reduce enzyme activity (prevent flavor + color change)
why do ppl choose organic foods?
- reduce synthetic exposure pesticide exposure - protect environment - out of belief of better nutritional quality
benefits of GMOs
- reduced chem pesticide by over 35% - inc crop yield by over 20% - inc farmer profits by almost 70% - value added: over $130B
goals of sustainable agriculture
- satisfy human food needs - enhance environmental quality - efficiently use nonrenewable sources - sustain the economic viability of farm operations - enhance quality of life of farmers + society
to be organic, food must be grown w/o ...
- synthetic pesticides - fertilizers - hormones - anitbiotics - sewage sludge - genetic engineering - irradiation
tests of food additives for safety
- tested on at least 2 animals - determining highest dose w/ no observable effects - taking that dose + dividing it by 100
why are animals given antibiotics? what happens after?
- to prevent disease + increase feed efficiency - withdrawal period to make sure birds don't have residues of the antibiotic - a sample group gets tested for residues - scientists have to pay attention to resistant bacteria in food producing animals
food sources of escherichia coli?
- undercooked beef - unpasteurized milk + juice - raw fruits + vegetables - contaminated water
There are only about _____ crops that are considered genetically engineered or bioengineered.
10
Pathogenic bacteria don't multiply above ______F
140
To prevent foodborne illness, thoroughly wash your hands for at least ______ with hot, soapy water prior to food preparation.
20 sec
most bacteria grow best in danger zone temperatures of ____°F to _______°F
40-140
chemicals like food additives cause less than ____% of foodborne illness cases a year
5
In the United States, each year, CDC reports, foodborne illness causes:
50 million illnesses. • 130,000 hospitalizations. • 3,000 deaths.
570 million farms produce _______% of the world's food
80% large farms in america smaller ones in asia
The USDA organic program, operated through the _______, provides guidance and a framework for farmers, ranchers, and growers on how crops, orchards, and animals can be grown and raised in order to meet the USDA organic standards.
AMS agricultural marketing service
How common are food spoilage microorganisms?
Almost all of our foods contain them.
Uncontrolled diabetes can contribute to the development of several long-term health conditions. Select the most common long-term consequences of untreated or poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
Cardiovascular disease, blindness, and nerve damage
Nicole and her husband brought an Argentinian dish: potato and beef empanadas. They followed the recipe and cooking time carefully, removing the dish from the oven at 1:00 P.M. and keeping it warm by wrapping the pan in a towel. They traveled in their car to the party and set the dish out on the buffet table at 3:00 P.M. Dinner was to be served at 4:00 P.M. However, the guests were enjoying themselves so much that no one began to eat until 6:00 P.M. WHAT ILLNESS?????
Clostridium perfringens
sequestrants are ...
Compounds that bind free metal ions
who regulates pesticides?
EPA, FDA, USDA - Environmental Protection Agency: pesticides cause no adverse effects, benefits outweigh risks - Food + Drug Administration: look at pesticides in everything but meat, poultry, some eggs - US Dept of Agriculture: monitor meat, poultry, + eggs
Which of the following is not a consumer, environmental, and industry trend that has increased the risk of contracting foodborne illnesses?
Global decentralization of food production facilities so food is less likely to be distributed off-site.
should pregnant women eat fish?
advised to eat 12 oz of low mercury fish a week
Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens grow only in ... environments
anaerobic
BHA, BHT, and vitamin E
antioxidants
what is a genetically modified organism?
any organism created by genetic engineering (changing genetic makeup w/ recombinant DNA)
Above 100°C (212°F), most bacteria....
are destroyed
A group of single-cell microorganisms, some of which produce poisonous substances that cause illness in humans
bacteria
to be labelled organic, foods w/ many ingredients have to ..
be 95% organic by weight
what are high mercury fish?
bigger fish (eat lots of little mercury fish) shark, king mackerel, swordfish, tilefish
what are organic farm practices?
biological pest management composting manure applications crop rotation
new developments in tech are aimed at reducing. ...
carbon footprint food waste
Salt, nitrates, and nitrites
curing + pickling agents
high temps kill bacteria, they don't ...
deactivate toxins
how harmful are pesticides?
depends on - how potent toxin is - concentration - frequency of food consumption - resistance/susceptibility to toxin - rural counties (more exposure) have more: lymph, brain, genital, digestive tract + respiratory cancers
who takes a precautionary approach to food additives?
european union, EU
what are preservatives?
extend shelf life of foods acidic or alkaline agents, antioxidants, antimicrobials, curing, pickling agents
T or F: your gut microbiome shuts norovirus down immediately, so there is nothing to worry about
false!!!!!! it actually enhances norovirus replication + might allow you to remain contagious for weeks
the four f's of food contamination are ...
fingers, foods, feces, flies
The GRAS list is a compilation of .... that are considered safe for human consumption
food additives
how can bacteria cause foodborne infection (3 ways)?
foodborne infection: foodborne (FB) bacteria invade intestinal wall toxin mediated infection: FB bacteria make harmful toxin in GI tract foodborne intoxication: bacteria secrete toxin into food. causes harm to humans after eating
you should marinate food where?
fridge!
Simple parasitic life forms including molds, mildews, yeasts, and mushrooms
fungi
what are overfished species?
get harvested more than they replenish, dying out
Globally, the use of GMOs hold great promise for reducing the prevalence of nutrition-related deficiencies and disease. For example, a vitamin A-enhanced staple product, also known as ... can correct vitamin A deficiencies and blindness for millions of people.
golden rice
FDA food safety modernization act
strengthened food safety system of FDA new tools for inspection + compliance - holding imports to US standards - directs FDA to build national food safety system. state + local working together - NORS national outbreak reporting system for CDC
Nicole and her husband brought an Argentinian dish: potato and beef empanadas. They followed the recipe and cooking time carefully, removing the dish from the oven at 1:00 P.M. and keeping it warm by wrapping the pan in a towel. They traveled in their car to the party and set the dish out on the buffet table at 3:00 P.M. Dinner was to be served at 4:00 P.M. However, the guests were enjoying themselves so much that no one began to eat until 6:00 P.M. What component of the empanadas was the most likely vehicle for clostridium perf?
ground beef
intercropping is ...
growing two or more crops in proximity
Parasitic worm that can contaminate food or water is a ...
helminth
input traits include...
herbicide tolerance insect + virus protection tolerance to environmental stressors, like drought
Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus: cause illness from
intoxication
viruses can reproduce only after ...
invading body cells, such as intestinal cells hard to test for virus
the term "natural" is or is not regulated heavily.
is not
Yeast, baking powder, and baking soda
leavening agent
bacteria don't multiply if stored below 32°F to 40°F. but, ... can multiply at fridge temperatures.
listeria
biotech is the use of ... things to make ...
living things novel products
What food label should you look for that indicates food is fresh and safe, supports local farmers, and helps the environment?
locally grown
the organic foods production act did what?
made standards for foods w/ the USDA Organic seal
are natural products safer than synthetic ones?
no many synthetics are lab copies of chemicals
does organic stuff have more nutrition stuff?
no. not significantly diff in nutritional value.
what are protozoa?
one celled animals cryptosporidium + cyclospora
advances in agriculture affecting food supply are ...
organic food production food biotech sustainable agriculture
EPA environmental protection agency allows how many pesticides to be used?
over 10,000 have over 300 active ingredients 760 million pounds used in US every year
how much of US seafood comes from other places?
over 90%
An organism that lives in or on another organism and derives nourishment from it
parasite
.... are made of one or many cells, live in or on another organism, and derive nutrients from their host organism
parasites
community supported agriculture
partnership between local food producers and local consumers like: farmer linking w/ local school
step farming / terrace farming is ...
planting on hillsides by terracing slopes to hold water + retain topsoil
benefits of hydroponics
rapid growth greater yields reduced food + water waste plants free of weeds, soilborne diseases, flexible. can plant anywhere + in small places
crop rotation ...
reduces nutrient depletion of soil
A dormant reproductive cell capable of becoming an adult organism without the help of another cell
spore
Pectins, gums, gelatins, and agars
stabilizers + thickeners