chpt 5 tissues

The genetic makeup and the lifestyle of each individual are factors which determine the degree of decline in cells, tissues, and organs as an individual ages

As an individual ages, a constellation of symptoms begins the decline to the point where an individual's functioning is compromised. Identify and discuss two factors that have a role in factors leading to the compromised situation.

b.loss of mass

Atrophy refers to ________.

b.cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?

d.mitochondria

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?

a.neurons

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.

b.axon

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.

a.differentiation

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________. a.differentiation b.maturation c.modification d.specialization

b.adipose tissue

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?

b.ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________. a.endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b.ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c.connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d.epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

All cells experience changes with aging. They become larger, and many cannot divide and regenerate. Because of alterations in cell membranes, transport of oxygen and nutrients into the cell and removal of carbon dioxide and waste products are not as efficient in the elderly. Cells lose their ability to function, or they begin to function abnormally, leading to disease and cancer.

Discuss changes that occur in cells as a person ages

Most somatic stem cells give rise to only a few cell types.

How do somatic stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells?

The four types of tissue in the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissue is made of layers of cells that cover the surfaces of the body that come into contact with the exterior world, line internal cavities, and form glands. Connective tissue binds the cells and organs of the body together and performs many functions, especially in the protection, support, and integration of the body. Muscle tissue, which responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement, is divided into three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscles, smooth muscles, and the cardiac muscle in the heart. Nervous tissue allows the body to receive signals and transmit information as electric impulses from one region of the body to another.

Identify the four types of tissue in the body, and describe the major functions of each tissue.

c.dense regular connective tissue

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

Blood is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins in a liquid extracellular matrix. Blood contains formed elements derived from bone marrow. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, transport the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are responsible for the defense of the organism against potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules. Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Some cells have the ability to cross the endothelial layer that lines vessels and enter adjacent tissues. Nutrients, salts, and waste are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body.

One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role.

Simple columnar epithelium

Slide 1 1. Name the specific tissue found at the pointer.

7.Fibrocartilage 8.It is found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis and discs of the knee joint. 9.Lacuna

Slide 5 7. Name this specific tissue type. 8. Where is this tissue found? 9. Name the structure at the pointer.

10.Adipose

Slide 6 10. Name this specific tissue type.

8.Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized) 9.It is found in the epidermis of the skin.

Slide 6 8. Name the specific tissue at the pointer. 9. Where is this tissue type found?

Simple squamous epithelium

Slide 7 10. Name the specific tissue at the pointer.

Hyaline Cartilage 12.Lacuna 13.Chondrocyte

Slide 7 11. Name this specific tissue type. 12. Name the structure at the pointer. 13. Name the CELL at the pointer.

a.myoblasts

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.

Columnar epithelia, which form the lining of the digestive tract, can be either simple or stratified. The cells are long and narrow. The nucleus is elongated and located on the basal side of the cell. Ciliated columnar epithelium is composed of simple columnar epithelial cells that display cilia on their apical surfaces.

The structure of a tissue usually is optimized for its function. Describe how the structure of individual cells and tissue arrangement of the intestine lining matches its main function, to absorb nutrients.

d.hyaline cartilage

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________.

aprox 1 month

Watch this video to see a hand heal. Over what period of time do you think these images were taken?

c.simple squamous

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?

d.mucosa

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a.mesothelium b.lamina propria c.mesenteries d.mucosa

c.fever

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

b.stratified columnar

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct?

Since NSAIDs or other anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the formation of blood clots, regular and prolonged use of these drugs may promote internal bleeding, such as bleeding in the stomach. Excessive levels of cortisol would suppress inflammation, which could slow the wound healing process

Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the formation of blood clots and is taken regularly by individuals with a heart condition. Steroids such as cortisol are used to control some autoimmune diseases and severe arthritis by down-regulating the inflammatory response. After reading the role of inflammation in the body's response to infection, can you predict an undesirable consequence of taking anti-inflammatory drugs on a regular basis?

b.mesenchyme

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________.

d.osteocytes

In bone, the main cells are ________.

Skeletal muscle cells are striated.

In looking through a microscope how could you distinguish skeletal muscle tissue from smooth muscle?

a.columnar

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?

c.genetic factors

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue 2.It is found in Tendons and Ligaments

Slide 1 1. Name the tissue at the pointer. 2. Where is this tissue found?

Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue 18.It contains Elastic, Collagen and Reticular Fibers.

Slide 10 17. Name this specific tissue type. 18. Name two types of fibers found in this tissue.

Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized)

Slide 2 2. Name the specific tissue at the pointer.

3. Blood

Slide 2 3. Name this specific tissue type

3. Transitional epithelium 4.It is found in the bladder, ureters and kidney.

Slide 3 3. Name the specific tissue at the pointer. 4. Where is this tissue type found?

4. Bone

Slide 3 4. Name this specific tissue type.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Slide 4 5. Name the specific tissue at the pointer.

5. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 6.It is abundant in the Dermis, fibrous capsules of organs and joints, and the digestive tract.

Slide 4 5. Name this specific tissue type. 6. Name 2 places where this tissue

6. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium 7.It is found in the trachea and bronchi

Slide 5 6. Name the specific tissue at the pointer. 7. Where is this tissue type found?

Elastic Cartilage (note the elastic fibers in the matrix)

Slide 8 14. Name this specific tissue type.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Slide 8 11. Name the specific tissue at the pointer.

Hyaline Cartilage 16.It is found at the ends of bones, the nose, the trachea and the larynx

Slide 9 15. Name this specific tissue type. 16. Where is this tissue found?

Simple squamous epithelium

Slide 9 12. Name the specific tissue at the pointer.

a.skeletal muscle only

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.

a.holocrine; apocrine

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms

The zygote divides into many cells. As these cells become specialized, they lose their ability to differentiate into all tissues. At first they form the three primary germ layers. Following the cells of the ectodermal germ layer, they too become more restricted in what they can form. Ultimately, some of these ectodermal cells become further restricted and differentiate in to nerve cells.

The zygote is described as totipotent because it ultimately gives rise to all the cells in your body including the highly specialized cells of your nervous system. Describe this transition, discussing the steps and processes that lead to these specialized cells.

Astrocytes regulate ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain-barrier.

What are the functions of astrocytes?

Dendrites, cell body, and the axon.

What are the main parts of a nerve cell?

A mass of cancer cells that continue to grow and divide.

What is a tumor?

Synovial membranes are a type of connective tissue membrane that supports mobility in joints. The membrane lines the joint cavity and contains fibroblasts that produce hyaluronan, which leads to the production of synovial fluid, a natural lubricant that enables the bones of a joint to move freely against one another.

What is the function of synovial membranes?

b.histamine

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?

The inside of the mouth, esophagus, vaginal canal, and anus.

Where in the body would one find non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

Neurons are well suited for the transmission of nerve impulses because short extensions, dendrites, receive impulses from other neurons, while a long tail extension, an axon, carries electrical impulses away from the cell to other neurons.

Which morphological adaptations of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse?

d.astrocytes

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

c.embryonic

Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a.muscle b.nervous c.embryonic d.epithelial

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers cartilage. No blood vessels supply cartilage tissue. Injuries to cartilage heal very slowly because cells and nutrients needed for repair diffuse slowly to the injury site.

Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?

Under the light microscope, cells appear striated due to the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin.

Why does skeletal muscle look striated

These symptoms would indicate that infection is present.

Why is it important to watch for increased redness, swelling and pain after a cut or abrasion has been cleaned and bandaged?

The cells in the dish are cardiomyocytes, cardiac muscle cells. They have an intrinsic ability to contract. When they link up, they form intercalating discs that allow the cells to communicate with each other and begin contracting in synchrony.

You are watching cells in a dish spontaneously contract. They are all contracting at different rates; some fast, some slow. After a while, several cells link up and they begin contracting in synchrony. Discuss what is going on and what type of cells you are looking at.