CHPT 6 - psych

engram

1) an assumed electrical circuit in the Brian the corresponds to a memory trace; 2) an assumed chemical change in the brain that accompanies learning

Generally, what is the typical number of chunks of information that can be held in short-term memory? 10 12 4 7

7

magic number for chunking

7

cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Do hormones play a role in memory

YES

method of savings

a measure of memory in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated

schema

a way of mentally representing the world, such as belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations

A classical musician is memorizing a musical composition by heart without reference to the sheet music. What format is she most likely using? sensory code acoustic code semantic code visual code

acoustic code

Information entered into short-term memory fades quickly unless it is __________ actively rehearsed. unassociated with past memories. left alone. passively retained.

actively rehearsed.

dissociative amneasia

amnesia thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma

memory trace

an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus

working memory

another, more recent and accurate term to describe short-term memory

multi-tasking

completing more than one task simultaneously

Ebbinghaus's Classic curve of forgetting

eg: retention drops by half within the first hour

What is another term for "photographic memory"? sensory register sensory memory eidetic imagery echoic memory

eidetic imagery

maintenance rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal mental repetition of information to keep it in memory

Which of the following is analogous to converting and putting information into a computer in a form the computer can recognize? Storage Retrieval Reminiscence Encoding

encoding

chunking

encoding (organizing) a stimulus or group of stimuli as a distinct piece of information; grouping stimuli together

Three basic processes involved in the act of remembering are ___________________. stimulus, interpretation and response. d) acquisition, application and extinction. exposure, attention and retention. encoding, storage and retrieval.

encoding, storage and retreival

long-term potentiation

enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation

two types of explicit memory

episodic and semantic

flashbulb memories

experiences preserved in detail

anterograde amnesia

failure to remember events that occur after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

encoding failure

failure to store sensory information to short term memory in order to be useful for retrieval later

selective attention

focusing on one piece of information and ignoring other information in the background

semantic memory

general knowledge and information we know about, as opposed to episodic memory

organization in longterm memory

hierarchical structure

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories - freud

context-dependant memory

information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored or learned

state-dependant memory

information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned

episodic memory

memories of events experienced by a person or that take place in the person's presence.

retrospective memory

memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit (episodic and semantic) and implicit memories

explicit memory

memory that clearly and distinctly expresses specific information; also called declarative memory

implicit memory

memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly; also called non-declaritive memory

prospective meory

memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs

encoding

modifying information so that it can be placed in memory; the first stage of information processing

paired associates

nonsense syllables presented in pairs in tasks that measure recall

cerebral cortex

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

prefrontal cortex

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

three ways to measure memory

recognition, recall, relearning

metamemory

self-awareness of the ways in which memory functions, allowing the person to encode, store, and retrieve information effectively

Which memory system holds information coming in through the senses for a period ranging from a fraction of a second to several seconds? Sensory memory Short-term memory Episodic memory b) Semantic memory

sensory memory

rehearsal increases the amount of time information can be held in ________ long-term memory. short-term memory. sensory, short-term and long-term memory sensory memory.

short term memory

thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

savings

the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain number of time has elapsed

retrograde amnesia

the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved

retroactive interference

the inference or new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously

proactive interference

the interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently

elaborative rehersal

the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known as a way to store it in memory

retrieval

the location of stored information and its return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing

eidetic imagery

the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes

storage

the maintenance of information over time; the second state of information processing

short-term memory

the memory system that can hold the information only briefly after the trace of the stimulus decays

memory

the process by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved

echoic memory

the sensory register that boringly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli

iconic memory

the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli

hippocampus

the structure in the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories

serial-position effect

the tendency to recall more accurately the first and the last items in a series

long-term memory

the type of stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage

sensory memory

the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus that holds sensory images only briefly

interference thoery

the view that we may forget stored material because other learning, old or new, interferes with it

Flashbulb memories seem more vivid because they form strong networks of associations in the brain. false No answer text provided. true No answer text provided.

true

amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotional memories