CHPT 6 - psych
engram
1) an assumed electrical circuit in the Brian the corresponds to a memory trace; 2) an assumed chemical change in the brain that accompanies learning
Generally, what is the typical number of chunks of information that can be held in short-term memory? 10 12 4 7
7
magic number for chunking
7
cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
Do hormones play a role in memory
YES
method of savings
a measure of memory in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated
schema
a way of mentally representing the world, such as belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations
A classical musician is memorizing a musical composition by heart without reference to the sheet music. What format is she most likely using? sensory code acoustic code semantic code visual code
acoustic code
Information entered into short-term memory fades quickly unless it is __________ actively rehearsed. unassociated with past memories. left alone. passively retained.
actively rehearsed.
dissociative amneasia
amnesia thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma
memory trace
an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus
working memory
another, more recent and accurate term to describe short-term memory
multi-tasking
completing more than one task simultaneously
Ebbinghaus's Classic curve of forgetting
eg: retention drops by half within the first hour
What is another term for "photographic memory"? sensory register sensory memory eidetic imagery echoic memory
eidetic imagery
maintenance rehearsal
elaborative rehearsal mental repetition of information to keep it in memory
Which of the following is analogous to converting and putting information into a computer in a form the computer can recognize? Storage Retrieval Reminiscence Encoding
encoding
chunking
encoding (organizing) a stimulus or group of stimuli as a distinct piece of information; grouping stimuli together
Three basic processes involved in the act of remembering are ___________________. stimulus, interpretation and response. d) acquisition, application and extinction. exposure, attention and retention. encoding, storage and retrieval.
encoding, storage and retreival
long-term potentiation
enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation
two types of explicit memory
episodic and semantic
flashbulb memories
experiences preserved in detail
anterograde amnesia
failure to remember events that occur after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
encoding failure
failure to store sensory information to short term memory in order to be useful for retrieval later
selective attention
focusing on one piece of information and ignoring other information in the background
semantic memory
general knowledge and information we know about, as opposed to episodic memory
organization in longterm memory
hierarchical structure
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories - freud
context-dependant memory
information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored or learned
state-dependant memory
information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned
episodic memory
memories of events experienced by a person or that take place in the person's presence.
retrospective memory
memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit (episodic and semantic) and implicit memories
explicit memory
memory that clearly and distinctly expresses specific information; also called declarative memory
implicit memory
memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly; also called non-declaritive memory
prospective meory
memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs
encoding
modifying information so that it can be placed in memory; the first stage of information processing
paired associates
nonsense syllables presented in pairs in tasks that measure recall
cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
three ways to measure memory
recognition, recall, relearning
metamemory
self-awareness of the ways in which memory functions, allowing the person to encode, store, and retrieve information effectively
Which memory system holds information coming in through the senses for a period ranging from a fraction of a second to several seconds? Sensory memory Short-term memory Episodic memory b) Semantic memory
sensory memory
rehearsal increases the amount of time information can be held in ________ long-term memory. short-term memory. sensory, short-term and long-term memory sensory memory.
short term memory
thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
savings
the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain number of time has elapsed
retrograde amnesia
the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved
retroactive interference
the inference or new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously
proactive interference
the interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently
elaborative rehersal
the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known as a way to store it in memory
retrieval
the location of stored information and its return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing
eidetic imagery
the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes
storage
the maintenance of information over time; the second state of information processing
short-term memory
the memory system that can hold the information only briefly after the trace of the stimulus decays
memory
the process by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved
echoic memory
the sensory register that boringly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli
iconic memory
the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli
hippocampus
the structure in the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories
serial-position effect
the tendency to recall more accurately the first and the last items in a series
long-term memory
the type of stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage
sensory memory
the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus that holds sensory images only briefly
interference thoery
the view that we may forget stored material because other learning, old or new, interferes with it
Flashbulb memories seem more vivid because they form strong networks of associations in the brain. false No answer text provided. true No answer text provided.
true
amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotional memories