CHs 19-23

How did merging three experiences: the rich heritage of Africa, the ugly legacy of Slavery in America, and the realities of modern urban life, embody the spirit of the Harlem Renaissance? How long did the Harlem Renaissance last? What stopped the momentum of the Harlem Renaissance?

"Geometric symbolism," was developed by Aaron Douglas. The combination of the three emerging experiences in conjunction with geometric symbolism painted the Harlem Renaissance onto canvas. One-third cultural heritage, one-third modern urban life, and one-third slavery's emotional wounds, the Harlem Renaissance had a large amount of subject matter to work from and used geometric symbolism as the resounding style of this movement which lasted from 1924-29 when the stock market crashed. (pg. 499)

What term is used to describe Jackson Pollock's method of painting? What did Pollock say this method of painting allowed him to do?

"drip technique" Pollock said that his method of working allowed him to be "in" the painting, to forget himself in the act of painting, and that is also the best way to look at his works, to lose ourselves in them. (pg. 501)

Discuss the Mughals arrival from Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent, paying close attention to their Persian influence in architecture and illustrated books.

A new culture developed in India with the arrival of the Mughals, an Islamic people from Central Asia who established an empire on the subcontinent beginning in the 16th century. Like most Islamic groups from Central Asia, the Mughals were influenced by Persian culture. In India, persian forms mingled with Indian elements to create a uniquely Indian form of Islamic art. (pg. 435)

When did Zen Buddhism become the leading cultural force in Japan? Why did Zen training appeal to Samurai? Explain the purpose of "koan."

A new type of Buddhism, Zen, became the leading cultural force in Japan toward the end of the 14th century, during the Muromachi period (1392-1568). Because Zen training was spartan and rigorous, it appealed to the highly disciplined samurai. The best-known Zen teaching tools are koan, irrational questions designed to "short-circuit" logical thought patterns. "What is the sound of one hand clapping?" is a well-known koan. (pg. 450)

What is artist Aaron Douglas' most famous work? What are the dimensions of that work? Explain his unique style of "geometric symbolism."

Aaron Douglas' most famous work is actually a series of murals done for the 135th Street branch of the New York Public Library. The series is called Aspects of Negro Life. (pg. 499) Aaron's background as a painter and illustrator probably helped him to develop geometric symbolism. Geometric symbolism is not directly defined in the book. Geometric symbolism conveys looped ideals and geometric shapes into sociopolitical viewpoints that help the artist to define his or her point or surface subconscious feelings that cannot be released by writing about them. (pg. 499)

How old was Alice Neel when she had her first important show? What did an important art critic say about her as a result of that show?

Alice was 74 when she had her first important show. (pg. 519) An important critic later said that Alice Neel was the best portrait painter of the 20th century, and then she herself did not contradict that statement. (pg. 519)

How many of the famous monolithic statues have been found on Easter Island? What purpose do scholars believe these statues served? What is the average height of these statues? When did Easter Islanders begin erecting these statues?

Almost 1,000 (pg. 455) Memorials to dead rulers or other important ancestors (pg. 455) about 36 feet (pg. 455) around 900 C.E. (pg. 455)

Identify the most prominent German Neo-Expressionist from the early 1980's. What subject matter did this artist paint? How have most critics interpreted this artist's works?

Anselm Kiefer (pg. 521) His work often dealt directly with the great trauma of his country's past: the horrors of Nazi power under Adolf Hitler and the atrocities of World War II. (pp 521-22) Most critics have read Kiefer's work as a kind of exorcism - an attempt to drive out the evil spirits of Germany's past. (pg. 522)

Explain the Postmodern practice of "appropriation." Why may Sherry Levine's Fountain, 1991 be the ultimate Postmodern statement?

Appropriation refers to the artistic recycling of existing images. (pg. 521) Because she exalted Duchamp's ready-made sculpture, Fountain. His was already said to have stood for contemporary artistic ideas of his time. In Post-modernistic fashion, Sherry Levine recreates his work with another style of Postmodernism, appropriation. By piecing these ideals together in her gleaming bronze version, and omitting patronage to Duchamp, her sculpture, Fountain, 1991, is said to be the "ultimate Postmodern statement." (pg. 521)

How did the manufacture and availability of portable oil colors in tubes make painting a portable activity for painters? How did this contribute to Impressionism?

Art move d outdoors - not the artificial outdoors of Manet, but the true outdoors. (pg. 476) Many of the Impressionists took their canvases, brushes, and paints outside to be part of the shifting light they wanted to depict. (pg. 476)

Explain why the game is what the viewer makes of it in Gabriel Orozco's Horses Running Endlessly, 1995. Where does Orozco create his work?

Because there are no kings and queens in the game, nor any other types of pieces, the game is what the players make of it. (pg. 536) He prefers to work in temporary spaces or in the confines of an apartment amid the furnishings and accumulations of everyday life. (pg. 534 and 536)

Which artwork in this chapter features a Chinese fantasy of an Indian prince? Explain the symbolism in this piece?

Bodhisattva guide of Souls, Tang dynasty, late 9th century C.E. The fragment of a hanging scroll illustrated here portrays a bodhisattva leading the soul of a fashionably plump, well-dressed little Tang lady to her eternal reward in the Western Paradise, imagined in the upper left corner as a Chinese palace. (pg. 439)

Define "bodhisattva." What has the artist shown in The Bodhisattva Padmapani (the Beautiful Bodhisattva), c. 462-500 C.E.

Bodhisattvas are saintly beings who have delayed their own release in order to help others attain enlightenment. The artist has depicted the bodhisattva Padmapani, an image so lovely that it has become known as The "Beautiful Bodhisattva." (pg. 430)

Explain the principle behind Marcel Breuer's famous armchair, designed in 1928.

Breuer's armchair, made of canvas panels and steel tubing, was supposed to be economical to manufacture, making good design available to everyone. (pg. 497)

Explain the core belief in the cyclical nature of time shared by Buddhism and Hinduism.

Buddha accepted the belief, current in the India of his day, that time is cyclical and that all beings, even gods and demons, are condemned to suffer an endless series of lives unless they can gain release from the cycle. His insight was that we are kept chained to the world by desire. His solution was to extinguish desire by cultivating non attachment, and to that end he proposed an eight-fold path of moral and ethical behavior. By following this path, we too may awake, see through the veil of illusion to the true nature of the world, and free ourselves from the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. (pp 428-29)

Explain why the Japanese culture's ability to absorb and transform new ideas while keeping older traditions vital is one of its enduring strengths.

Buddhism did not eclipse Shinto, which continued to exist alongside it. Similarly, the earlier architectural ideas that produced the shrine at Ise were continued along with the newer Chinese-inspired forms. This ability to absorb and transform new ideas while keeping older traditions vital is one of the enduring strengths of Japanese culture. (pg. 446)

Describe the path of Buddhism as it spread from India to China and Japan.

Buddhism had begun to filter into China during the Han dynasty, when missionaries from India arrived over the Silk Road. During the Six Dynasties period, it spread increasingly through the divided north and south. When China was reunited under the Sui dynasty (581-618 C.E.), the new emperor was a devout Buddhist; and during the first century of the Tang dynasty (618-906 C.E.), virtually the entire country adopted the Buddhist religion, and vast quantities of art were created for the thousands of monasteries, temples, and shrines that were founded. (pg. 439)

Which form of art was admired by scholars most during the Yuan dynasty?

Calligraphy was the art that scholars of the Yuan dynasty admired above all others. (pg. 443)

Which culture reached its height in 1500, at which time most of central Mexico paid them tribute?

By 1500, Aztec power reached its height, and much of central Mexico paid them tribute. (pg. 463)

Roy Lichtenstein often based his imagery on commercial art and comic book images. What did he accomplish by isolating these images from their original context and dramatically shifting their scale?

By isolating images from their original context and dramatically shifting their scale, Lichtenstein draws our attention to the elements they are made of - black lines, flat colors, and dots. (pg. 509)

Explain how Chuck Close explores the process in which a camera "sees" in his Photorealist painting Phil, 1969. What aspects of photography interested Chuck Close?

Close's subject was faces and how photography recorded them. Close was interested in the medium's subtle distortions and shifts in focus - now sharp and detailed, now soft and blurred. (pg. 510)

Why is Conceptualism not a style, but a way of thinking about Art? Why did early Conceptualists such as Joseph Kosuth want to get rid of the art object as a reaction to the burgeoning art market?

Conceptual art: Art created according to the belief that the essence of art resides in a motivating idea, and that any physical realization or recording of this idea is secondary. (pg. 550) The burgeoning art market implicitly equated art worth luxury commodities such as antique furniture or designer clothing. Kosuth shifted his art into ideas and documented them in ways that had little or no perceived material value. (pg. 514)

Who said, "If you study culture widely and sum it up in an orderly way of life, you may therefore avoid being uncivilized"?

Confucius (pg. 444)

Explain the purpose of warfare in the Mayan culture.

Conquest between centers of Maya in the search for human sacrifices was the most common reason for warfare (among Mayan centers). (pg. 460)

Describe the art movement founded by Vladimir Tatlin in 1913. What did Tatlin believe regarding advanced ideas about Art? What happened when this art movement was condemned by the Soviet regime?

Constructivism was founded by Vladimir Tatlin in 1913. (pg. 496) Tatlin believed that advanced ideas about art should be put to practical use, and that artists should apply their talents to architecture, graphic design, theatrical productions, textiles, monuments, festivals, and all other visual forms. (pg. 496) When Constructivism was condemned by the Soviet regime in 1922, many of its artists left the Soviet Union to spread its ideals elsewhere. (pg. 496)

Explain "Daoism." What is the difference between "a dao" and "the Dao"?

Daoism is concerned with bringing human life into harmony with nature. A dao is a "way" or "path." The Dao is the Way of the Universe, a current that flows through all creation. (pg. 438)

How did Impressionism get its name?

During the years following Manet's sensation in the Salon des Refuses, young French artist increasingly sought alternatives to the Salon. One group in particular looked to Manet as their philosophical leader, although he never consented to exhibit with them. They thought of themselves as Realists, for like Manet and Courbet they believed that modern life itself was the most suitable subject for modern art. In 1874 they organized their first exhibition as The Anonymous Society of Artists, Painters, Sculptors, Print makers, etc. A painting in the exhibit by Claude Monet called Impression: Sunrise, however, caught the attention of a critic named Castagnary, who used the title to explain what the artists had in common. They were not aiming for perfection, he wrote, but to capture an impression; they did not want to portray a landscape but the sensation of a landscape. All in all, he was quite taken with them: "I swear there's talent here, and a lot of it. These young people have a way of understanding nature that is neither dull nor banal. It's lively, nimble, light, ravishing.... It's admittedly sketchy, but how much of it rings true!" He titled his review "The Impressionists." The name stuck in the public imagination, and the artists themselves largely accepted it. (pg. 476)

Did the early art of Buddha include images of its founder? Explain.

Early Buddhist art avoided depicting the Buddha directly. Instead, sculptors indicated his presence through symbols. A pair of footprints, for example, indicated the ground where he walked; a parasol indicated space he occupied. (pp 429-30)

How did Zen priest-painters use a painting technique called haboku to express sudden enlightenment?

Enlightenment in Zen is above all sudden. Zen priest-painters embodied this sudden appearance of meaning out of chaos in a painting technique called haboku, "splashed ink." (pg. 450)

Who was considered to be the leading painter of the Romantic art movement in France? Describe how this artist's technique differed from that of artists painting in the Neoclassical style.

Eugene Delacroix' technique is freer and more painterly than Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres' neoclassical masterpieces. Eugene's romantic forms are built up with fully loaded brush strokes, contours are blurred, and colors are broken. (pg. 473)

What type of style does "expressionism" describe? To what specific art movement does Expressionism (with the capital 'E') refer?

Expressionism describes any style where the artist's subjective feelings take precedence over objective observation. (pg. 484) Spelled with a capital E, it refers especially to an art movement that developed in Germany (German Expressionism) in the early 20th century, where the expressive ideal had its greatest influence. (pg. 484)

How did Mary Flanagan create "a collective unconscious from the depths of computer memories?"

Flanagan's collection, 2001, is actually a software program that can be downloaded onto a PC. It scours the host computer for bits of data stored in memory - e-mails, images cached by a Web browser, documents, photographs, videos, sound files, and so on. It samples these and contributes the fragments to a vast Internet collection of similar data from thousands of other computers. From this immense pool of fragments, it fashions a constantly shifting collage floating in a dark, cinematic space. (pg. 527) Checked her website at http://maryflanagan.com/work/collection/ and concluded that the program cannot be purchased nor downloaded. But, this page summarizes the concept of collection, 2001.

How did Kara Walker's art take on the highly charged subject of racism in America?

Her attention turned to the 19th century to probe where the wound really lies, in the experience of slavery and plantation life. (pg. 524)

Who created the "hard-edge painting" Harran II, 1967? Describe the "hard edge" painting style shown in his work.

Frank Stella Hard-edge painting is a variation of color field painting in which areas of flat color are separated by sharp, precise edges. (pg. 509)

Who was the first major American painter to live and work west of the Mississippi River? Does that really look like a bear cub to you, sitting on the bow of the boat in Traders Descending the Missouri? (It looks like a cat to me...just saying. If you are so inclined, please mention on the discussion board what kind of animal it looks like to you.

George Caleb Bingham (pg. 482) After viewing the painting thoroughly, the "bear" purportedly seated on the bow of the boat does not look like a bear or a bear cub at all. The figure appears to be a cat. I checked the figure's "mysterious reflection" in the Missouri River too. The figure's reflection and its conjunctive identification are not discernible to me. In summary, I too believe the animal seated on the bow of the boat is indeed, a black cat. (pg. 482)

How did Paul Cezanne's emphasis on structure in painting influence Georges Braque, thereby directly influencing Cubism? What did Braque and Picasso realize regarding geometric rhythms and multiple viewpoints in Cubism?

Georges Braque developed an intense personal identification with Cezanne, who also progressed from awkward beginnings to mastery. Picasso grew to share this interest, and for a time he renounced his natural gifts to pursue together with Braque this new line of investigation. Both artists emerged stronger for it. (pg. 489) Picasso and Braque also realized that the geometric rhythms of an object could be assembled from multiple views. (pg. 490)

Which Post-Impressionist developed Pointillism? Why was this artist considered to be the most faithful to the idea of painting modern life?

Georges Seurat (pg. 478) Georges Seurat's use of Pointillism, as opposed to the other Post-Impressionists, placed his paintings on a more scientific footing. His discrete dots and dashes of pure color were supposed to blend in the viewer's eye. Seurat is known for confronting the industrialized modern world. These factors combined allude to his description, "the most faithful to the idea of painting modern life." (pg. 478)

Identify the artist who is best known for paintings such as The Black Bang, 2010. Does the artist claim that her work is a feminist statement or a critique of Islam? Explain.

Ghada Amer (pg. 530) She cautions against interpreting her work too narrowly, either as a feminist statement or as a critique of Islam. She said, "I wanted to break my own barrier, not the barriers of the West or the Muslim world." (pg. 530)

What did artist Giorgio de Chirico believe a work of art must achieve to become "truly immortal?"

Giorgio de Chirico said, "To become truly immortal a work of art must escape all human limits: logic and common sense will only interfere. But once these barriers are broken it will enter the regions of childhood vision and dream." (Getlein, 2013, p. 490)

How did Fernand Leger's Woman and Child, 1922 reflect the vision and philosophy of the Bauhaus and De Stijl?

Good design, economical limitations, and manufacturing processes were felt in Fernand Leger's Woman and Child, 1922. In a lecture titled "The Machine Aesthetic," Leger praised the beauty of industrial products and the dedication of those who made them. His painting style has honest surfaces of industrial production - even the bodies seem to be made of manufactured parts. Nevertheless, the painting portrays the figures of woman and child; they are embraced in an ordered well-lit room. All the while, the woman and child are content and calm. These factors and feelings exude his vision and philosophy pertaining to Bauhaus and De Stijl. (pg. 498)

What incident convinced Vasili Kandinsky that art should be free from representational subject matter? Explain his beliefs regarding the nature of color and its influence upon the soul.

He discovered the power of nonrepresentational art when he was struck by the beauty of a painting he didn't recognize in his studio. It turned out to be one of his own works, set the wrong way up. (pg. 486) About color, Kandinsky wrote, "Generally speaking, color influences the soul. Color is the keyboard, the eyes are the hammers, the soul is the piano with many strings. The artist is the hand that plays, touching one key or another purposively, to cause vibrations in the soul." (pg. 486)

Why did Jasper Johns choose familiar images for his subject matter? What did he mean when he said this allowed him to concentrate on "other things?"

He said that by choosing these motifs, the work of composition had already been done for him, and he could concentrate on "other things." Paradoxes for one. (pg. 506)

What type of art is Nigerian-British artist Yinka Shonibare, MBE known for? What is the story behind his work The Big Three, 2009?

He is known for installations featuring headless mannequins dressed in 18th- or 19th-century-style clothing made of colorful "African" cloth. (pg. 529) It refers to the three major American automobile manufacturers: Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors. The figure here represents the CEO of Chrysler. Shonibare exhibited the work together with similar figures representing the CEOs of Ford and General Motors and a life-size wrecked car. The work is a stab at the modern aristocracy of these three CEOs and their "larger than life" lifestyles in the wake of economic crisis, specifically the 2008 economic crash. (pg. 529)

Which artist was told by his teacher "You are born to simplify painting"? Did this artist's work focus on political or social issues? Explain. What were this artist's favorite subjects?

Henri Matisse (1869-1954) (pg. 485) His work focused on neither politics nor social issues. (pg. 485) His favorite subjects to paint were the human body (usually a beautiful female body) and the pleasant domestic interior. The joys of home life, of family, of cherished objects dominate his expression. (pg. 485)

Who emerged as the leader of the Fauves? What is the literal translation of "fauves?"

Henri Matisse emerged as the leader of the Fauves. (pg. 484) fauves: "wild beasts" (pg. 484)

Identify one of the first important African-American artists who moved to Paris in 1894 and regularly exhibited at the Salon. You have seen his work in an earlier chapter.

Henry Ossawa Tanner (pg. 482)

What characteristics in Willem de Kooning's Women series of paintings caused a stir in the art world? Explain what de Kooning said happened to the image of the women as he worked.

His forceful gestures seem to tap into his conscious and subconscious feelings toward women, and the results are nothing short of monstrous. De Kooning admitted that he began each painting from a magazine photograph of a beautiful woman; yet, as he worked, they mutated into grimacing monsters. (pg. 503)

Identify the place that had a profound effect on Danish artist Olafur Eliasson. Explain how color and nature influence Eliasson's art.

Iceland (pg. 538) Color and nature produce sensory experiences by simple, artificial means. (pg. 538)

Which Japanese artwork featured in this chapter features the removal of the roof to give viewers a bird's eye view of the interior? What story is told in this artwork?

Illustration I from the "Azamaya" chapter of The Tale of Genji, Heian period, first half of 12th century. The illustration depicts a group of court ladies and their servants. To the left, a woman seated with her back to us is having her hair combed. Facing her across the alcove, in robes of green and orange, is Ukifune, the heroine of the last portion of Genji. She looks at a picture scroll while a nearby servant reads aloud. (pg. 447)

When and where was the first national art museum opened?

In 1793, the Louvre, an art museum in Paris, opened; it was the first national art museum.

What was the "Salon des Refusés? "Why was Edouard Manet's Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe considered to be the most notorious work in the 1863 Salon des Refusés? Explain why Manet "borrowed" the composition for Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe from Renaissance works of art. Which two Renaissance works did Manet claim to "update?"

In 1863, the Salon jury rejected almost three thousand of the submitted works, which caused such an uproar among the spurned artists and their supporters that a second official exhibition was mounted - the "Salon des Refuses" (showing of those who had been refused). (pg. 475) Edouard Manet achieved two goals when he completed Le Dejeuner sur l'herb, 1863. First, he wanted to join Courbet and other artists in paintings modern life. Second, he wanted to prove that modern life could produce eternal subjects worthy of the great masters of the museums. However, his critics caught onto his gimmick. His critics despised him for "trying to achieve celebrity the easy way, by shocking his public. Others found the technique inept." (Getlein, 2013, p. 475)

What did the Qin dynasty accomplish in 221 B.C.E.? Why did Emperor Shihuangdi fill his tomb with terra cotta soldiers?

In 221 B.C., the state of Qin (pronounced "chin") claimed victory over the other states, uniting all of China into an empire for the first time. They protected the emperor's (Shihuangdi's) tomb behind them, about half a mile to the west. (pp 436-37)

Who does Judy Chicago honor in her work The Dinner Party, 1979? Why did she use such craft techniques as ceramics, weaving, needlepoint, and embroidery?

In Judy Chicago's The Dinner Party, 1979, she honors women and their expressive outlets throughout history. (pg. 518) Throughout history, the vast majority of women have been severely limited to ceramics, weaving, needlepoint, and embroidery as their only forms of acceptable expressive outlets within society. In order to break that mold, she produced The Dinner Party, 1979. (pg. 518)

What is depicted in Korean artist Do Ho Suh's Home Within a Home-Prototype, 2009-11? Describe the technique Do Ho Suh used to create Home Within a Home-Prototype.

It depicts the house Suh lived in during his student years in Rhode Island, cut into quarters and pulled apart so that we can see the interior. (pg. 533) Rapid prototyping uses selective laser sintering technology. In essence, it is designed on a computer. A 3-D printer makes the work via a blueprint. (pg. 533)

Land art is also known by what other label? How did Postminimalist artists utilize Land art to escape from the "Art" establishment?

It is also known as Earth art. (pg. 513) In Land art, the artist escapes from the "Art" establishment. Land art bypasses conventional urban exhibition spaces and makes art that cannot be sold as commodity. It is generally large in scale, made in a landscape from natural elements found there, such as rocks and dirt. (pg. 553)

Define the Japanese term "otaku." Explain how Japanese artist Takashi Murakami uses "otaku" as his subject matter. Who actually creates Murakami's works?

It refers to people with obsessive, all-consuming interests, especially the devoted fans of manga, anime, and video games. (pg. 533) Murakami began making sculptures and paintings based in Japan's popular culture, in which an obsession with cuteness goes hand in hand with erotic undercurrents and strange mutations that embody deep cultural memories of the atomic bombings. (pg. 534) Murakami's works are created by Kaikai Kiki, Ltd., a company he founded. (pg. 534)

What was the term "postmodern" first used to describe? Explain which qualities Postmodernism often emphasized.

It was first used to describe architecture such as Renzo Piano and Richard Rodgers' Georges Pompidou National Center of Art and Culture. (pg. 520) Instead of the rational order of International style, Postmodernists often emphasized other, equally human qualities such as playfulness, curiosity, and eccentricity. (pp 520-21)

Which Surrealist painting featured in this chapter offers a Surrealist view of one of the most famous of all Spanish paintings, Las Meninas by Velázquez?

Jan Miro's Carnival of the Harlequin, 1924-25 (pg. 494)

Identify the artist who carried forward Jacques-Louis David's style of Neoclassicism into the 19th century. What similarities in style and subject matter does this artist share with Jacques-Louis David? Why is their work similar?

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Their similarities, especially in Jupiter and Thetis, 1811, were clear contours, clean colors, and precise draftsmanship. Above all of the traits that Jean took away from working for Jacques-Louis David, the most notable one was subject matter, specifically history. Their work is similar because Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres was one of Jacques-Louis David's art students. (pg. 472)

Identify the New York artist who began as a graffiti artist in the 1970's. Who did this artist study and admire?

Jean-Michel Basquiat (pg. 522) He studied and admired painters from Leonardo through Picasso to the Abstract Expressionists. (pg. 522)

Who was considered to be the Dadaist with the most lasting impact on American art in the 20th century? Explain this artist's definition of a "ready-made."

MARCEL DUCHAMP's "ready-mades" probed the border between art and life in a way that later generations have returned to again and again. A ready-made is a work of art that the artist has not made but designated. (pp 492-93)

Is Sol LeWitt's Wall Drawing #122 intended to be permanent? Why or why not? Why did Sol LeWitt refer to his work as Conceptual?

Lewitt's wall drawings are not intended to be permanent. They are realized as temporary installations, usually by a team of artists, left on view for a time, and then painted over. In regard to Sol LeWitt's preference for critics to refer to his work as conceptual because he said that it was "primarily about ideas." LeWitt wrote, "The idea becomes a machine that generates the art." (pp 514-15)

Explain how Minimalism emphasized the idea that a painting or sculpture is primarily a physical object.

Minimalism: A broad tendency during the 1960s and 1970s toward simple, primary forms. Minimalist artists often favored industrial materials (sheet metal, bricks, plywood, fluorescent lights), and their sculptures (which they preferred to call objects) tended to be set on the floor or attached to the wall rather than placed on a pedestal. (pg. 553)

Identify the American artist who traveled to Paris and remained there, specializing in domestic scenes, after she was invited to join the Impressionists.

Mary Cassat (pg. 482)

Our textbook states that masks and their associated rituals, known as masking, played important roles in some Indian cultures. Explain the purpose of the Kwakiutl mask Crooked Beak. Explain the mythology associated with this mask.

Masks are also danced by many peoples of the Pacific Northwest, including the Kwakiutl, Kwakwaka'wakw, who live along the southern coast of British Columbia. The flamboyant Kwakiutl mask illustrated here is Crooked Beak, one of the four mythical Cannibal Birds who live at the north end of the world and eat human flesh. During the winter, the four monsters ritually invade the human community. They kidnap young men of noble families and turn them into cannibals. This kidnapping and transformation take place within the larger ceremony of potlatch, in which a host generously feeds guests from numerous villages over the course of many days. On the final day, the elders of the gathering ritually cure the young man of his cannibalism. The four Cannibal Bird masks dance as part of this ritual, after which they are banished for another year. (pg. 470)

What roles do masks and masquerades play in the Tolai culture of New Britain? Explain the terms "tubuan" and "duk duk." What are the roles of the "tubuan" and "duk duk?" How are those roles related?

Masks are used to materialize spirit beings. (pg. 455) tubuan: the female spirits of society (pg. 455) Duk duk: male spirits, also danced by maskers, that punish lawbreakers at the bidding of the community's leaders (pg. 455) The male spirits are reborn each year from the tubuan, who are immortal. With their costume of leaves, tubuan represent nature and the natural order of things, and they lend their support to the authority of the human community's leaders. Yet all is not so simple, for the powers of the tubuan are volatile and potentially a force for chaos, and a true leader must show that he can control them. (pg. 455)

In what part of Mesoamerica did the Mayan civilization develop? Identify and explain at least four accomplishments of the Mayan culture.

Mayan civilization arose in the southeastern portion of Mesoamerica, primarily in the Yucatan Peninsula and present-day Guatemala. (pg. 460) Longevity, astronomy, biology, and the mathematical concept of zero. (pg. 460)

Why is Meret Oppenheim's Object (Luncheon in Fur) 1936 considered to be a good example of a Surrealistic poetic object?

Meret Oppenheim's Object (Luncheon in Fur), 1936 embodies the characteristics of a surrealist object. Surrealist objects often juxtapose incongruous elements to provoke a shiver of strangeness or disorientation. (pg. 494)

How were Mimbres jars and bowls decorated? What is the source of most of our examples of Mimbres ceramics? Explain the concept of "ritual killing" associated with Mimbres ceramics.

Mimbres jars and bowls were decorated with geometric designs or with stylized figures of animals or humans. (pg. 468) Most of Mimbres ceramics have been recovered from burials. (pg. 468) As grave goods, the vessels often seem to have been ritually "killed," either by shattering or, as here, by being pierced with a hole. (pg. 468)

What was a favorite subject of Post-Impressionist Paul Cezanne? How many painted or drawn versions of this subject did Cezanne create?

Mont Sainte-Victoire, a mountain near his home (pg. 481) Altogether, he made 75 painted or drawn versions of the scene. (pg. 481)

According to our textbook, artists created installations- spaces conceived of as works of art for viewers to enter and experience. How does Bruce Nauman's Green Light Corridor, 1970, involve the viewer?

Nauman's Green Light Corridor,, 1970, asks viewers to enter a long, narrow corridor lit with green fluorescent light. The corridor is only a foot wide, so viewers must work their way down it sideways. When they emerge from this claustrophobic experience, their eyes have been so saturated with green light that they produce a complementary afterimage, coloring everything magenta for a time. (pg. 513)

Is anyone sure of exactly when humans first occupied the Americas? Explain the most widely accepted theory, according to our textbook.

No. (pg. 458) Sometime before 13,000 years ago - and possibly as early as 30,000 years ago - migrating peoples crossed over a now-submerged land bridge linking Siberia with Alaska, then gradually pushed southward, seeking hospitable places in which to dwell. Firm evidence of human presence at the tip of South America has recently been dated to about 12,500 years ago, indicating that by them both continents were populated, if only sparsely. (pg. 458)

Was the New York School an actual school? Why or why not? What other label was often affixed to painters of the New York School?

No; it wasn't a school in the sense of an institution or of instruction. The New York School was a convenient label under which to lump together a group of painters also known as the Abstract Expressionists. (pp 500-01)

Li Cheng was largely responsible for the style of which dynasty's monumental landscape paintings? What were the characteristics of Li Cheng's landscapes?

Northern Song dynasty Li Cheng used mobile midair perspective, monochrome ink, vertical format, flowing water, shrouding mists, and a buildup of forms culminating in towering mountains. He used these characteristics harmoniously in his paintings to depict a spacious whole. (pg. 441)

Which civilization is often called the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica?

Olmec civilization (pg. 459)

Which Post-Impressionist artist journeyed to Tahiti to escape what he called "the disease of civilization?" Did he find what he was looking for? Explain.

PAUL GAUGUIN found an escape from "the disease of civilization" by journeying to the islands of the South Pacific to paint. There, he found his inspiration for his brand of impressionism. In his painting, Te Aa No Areois (The Seed of Areoi), 1892, we can see a lightened palette with flattened forms, broad color areas, a strong outline, tertiary color harmonies, a taste for the exotic, an aura of mystery, and a quest for the "primitive." (pg. 480)

Who was the most famous artist associated with the European movement in the Netherlands known as De Stijl? Explain this artist's vision of the world. How did he think of his canvases? What did he believe regarding the future of art?

PIET MONDRIAN thought of his canvases as places where we could turn to stabilize ourselves and restore our calm. (pg. 497) In Mondrian's vision of the world, people would be surrounded by rational beauty and thus become balanced themselves. (pg. 497) He also believed that they would not be necessary - no art would be necessary - in a FUTURE where people lived in environments such as Gerrit Rietveld's Schroeder House. (pg. 497)

While Fauvism's mission seemed to be liberating color from its descriptive role, which two artists associated with Cubism reduced the role of color to a minimum in order to concentrate on the problem of representing form in space?

Pablo Picasso (pg. 487) and Georges Braque (pg. 489)

Who, according to our author, was one of the most naturally gifted artists in history, who could produce any kind of style he chose?

Pablo Picasso (pg. 489)

One of the ideas behind Postmoderism is pluralism. Explain the idea of pluralism.

Pluralism is the idea that art can take many directions at the same time, all of them equally valid. (pg. 521)

Explain the term "Process art." What determined the meaning of the work in "Process art?"

Process art: A trend in Postminimalism in which the subject of a work of art was what it was made of (materials) and how it was made (processes). (pg. 555) In process art, the meaning of a work embraced what it was made of and how it was made. (pg. 512)

Which God in the Aztec pantheon was believed to bring windstorms, which in turn brought much needed rain and water?

Quetzalcoatl (pg. 460)

Describe the first art movement to be born in the 19th century, which arose as a reaction against Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Why was Gustave Courbet considered to be one of its leaders?

Realism and realist artists sought to depict the everyday and the ordinary rather than the historic, the heroic, or the exotic. Gustave Courbet was considered to be one of the leaders of Realism. After his death in 1877 and the admittance of his painting, A Burial at Ornans, 1849-50, a sympathetic critic said, "He painted people from the lower end of the social scale with with seriousness, strength, and character usually reserved for gods, heroes, and kings." (Getlein, 2013, p. 474) This statement best summarizes Gustave Courbet's impact on art. (pg. 474)

Where was the use of gold, as well as the knowledge of extracting and working gold, first developed in the Americas?

The knowledge of extracting and working gold was first developed to the south, in Peru. Yes, Peru is considered to be apart of the Americas. [Peru covers 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi) of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.] (pg. 465)

Identify the Neo-Dada artist who created art made from "found" materials and named his new art "combine paintings," a process also known as "assemblage."

Robert Rauschenberg (pg. 505)

Explain why Romanticism was not a style so much as a set of attitudes and characteristic subjects. What types of subjects did Romantic artists tend to choose?

Romanticism urged the claims of emotion, intuition, individual experience, and above all, the imagination. [This attitude of Romanticism was in stark contrast to the Age of Reason which esteemed leading thinkers, who placed their faith in rationality, skeptical questioning, and scientific inquiry.] Romantic artists gloried in such subjects as mysterious or awe-inspiring landscapes, picturesque ruing, extreme or tumultuous human events, the struggle for liberty, and scenes of exotic cultures. (pg. 473)

How have scholars interpreted the relaxed abdomen of Torso, from Harappa, Indus Valley civilization, c. 2000 B.C.E.?

Scholars have interpreted the relaxed abdomen as a sign that the Indus people practiced the breathing exercises we know from later Indian culture as a component of yoga, the system of physical self-mastery that can be used to lead to spiritual insights. (pg. 427)

What have scholars deciphered regarding the Indus writing system? Explain.

Scholars have not been able to decipher the Indus writing system, and anything it has to tell us about Indus culture must remain a mystery. (pg. 427)

Describe the new social class that arose in Chinese culture during the Song dynasty.

Scholars were the product of an examination system designed to recruit the finest minds for government service. (pg. 442)

Why did sculptor Louise Nevelson say she preferred working with wood instead of metal? What kinds of material did she use to create her "monumental, monochromatic assemblages" such as Sky Cathedral, 1958?

She said that welding metal reminded her too much of the war. The materials that Nevelson used for Sky Cathedral, 1958, were shallow wooden boxes filled with bits of scavenged wood, the whole painted black. (pg. 504)

Explain the beliefs associated with Shinto in Japan.

Shinto is often regarded as the native religion of Japan, but religion is perhaps too formal a word. Shinto involves a belief in numerous nature deities that are felt to be present in such picturesque sites as gnarled trees, imposing mountains, and waterfalls. A simple, unpainted wooden gate may be erected to mark a particularly sacred site. The chief deity of Shinto is female, the sun goddess. Purification through water plays an important role, as does the communion with and appeasement of spirits of the newly dead. The constant presence of nature in Japanese art, together with the respect for natural materials simply used, reflects the continuing influence of these ancient beliefs. (pg. 445)

Who was the Buddha before he became the Buddha? When and where was he born?

Siddhartha Guatama, one of Northern India's numerous leaders during 6th century B.C., later became the Buddha. Siddhartha Guatama (563-483 B.C.), a.k.a., "the Buddha" was born a prince of the Shaka clan in northern India, near present-day Nepal. (pg. 428)

Explain the goals of education at the Bauhaus school of design in Germany, founded in 1919. What did the leaders of the Bauhaus hope to achieve?

Students studied a variety of disciplines, and their education was designed to eliminate traditional divisions between painters, sculptors, architects, craft artists, graphic designers, and industrial designers. (pg. 497) Its leaders sought to build new guiding principles of design compatible with 20th century technology. (pg. 497)

Which art movement was directly influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories of the unconscious? What is possibly the most famous of all Surrealist works?

Surrealist works (pg. 494) Salvador Dali's The Persistence of Memory, 1931, is possibly the most famous of all Surrealist works. (pg. 494)

How did the Industrial Revolution influence European middle-class culture at the beginning of the 19th century? How did this affect art museums and artists?

The 19th century gave birth to our industrialized middle-class culture of mass production, mass advertising, and mass consumption, including the mass consumption of leisure activities such as shopping, going to entertainments, or visiting museums. (pg. 471) They made art available to the public (including artists) in a way we now take for granted. (pg. 471)

Where did the people known to archaeologists as Anasazi live? When were they first present in that region? What was unusual about their Cliff Palace? Explain the term "kiva."

The Anasazi lived in the southwestern part of North America. (pg. 468) The Anasazi had been present in the aforementioned region from the first several centuries B.C.E. (pg. 468) Cliff Palace was occupied for about a hundred years before being mysteriously abandoned in the early 14th century. (pg. 468) kivas: are large, round chambers, mostly underground and originally roofed, used for religious or other ceremonial purposes. (pg. 468)

Which group of people were the most powerful culture during the time the Spaniards arrived in Mesoamerica?

The Aztecs (pg. 459)

Who are the Guerilla Girls and what is their mission?

The Guerilla Girls are an anonymous group of female artists who staunchly protest against sexism or racism in the art world. (pg. 525)

Which culture believed stones and people to be equally alive and capable of changing into one another?

The Inca (pg. 465)

Explain how the temple complex known as Angkor Wat in Cambodia indicated the Khmer ruler's position as "god-king."

The Khmer kingdom dominated the region of present-day Cambodia and much of the surrounding area between the 9th and 15th centuries. Taking the title devaraja, "god-king," Khmer rulers identified themselves with a deity such as Vishnu, thus a temple erected to the king, who was viewed as one of the deity's earthly manifestations. The finest and largest example is the beautiful temple complex known as Angkor Wat. (pg. 434)

Identify the first South American people to leave a substantial record of art. In what types of crafts did the artists of this culture excel? What is considered to be one of their great innovations?

The Moche dominated a large coastal area at the northern end of the central Andes during the first six centuries C.E. The Moche were exceptional potters and goldsmiths. (pg. 464) Tens of thousands of Moche ceramics have been found, for one of their great innovations was the use of molds for mass production. (pg. 464)

Explain the purpose of "kachina" in Southwestern Pueblo cultures. How many "kachina" have been identified?

The Pueblo cultures of the Soutwest acknowledge numerous supernatural beings called kachina. Danced by maskers, kachina enter into the community at important times to bring blessings. They may appear, for exmple, early in the year as auspicious presences so that rain will follow for the new crops. Later, after a successful growing season, they dance at harvest ceremonies. (pg. 469) Over two hundred kachina have been identified, each with its own name, mask, character, dance movements, and powers. (pg. 469)

Which culture used metaphors, such as "water burning" as a term for war, and "the song of shields," or "flowers of the heart upon the plain" to refer to warfare?

The TENOCHTITLAN produced feather-work headdresses, cloaks, and other garments exclusively for nobles and high officials. (pg. 463)

Where did Pop artists, like Andy Warhol, find their visual material? What was considered to be a turning point in his career in 1963?

The artists of Pop found a gold mine of visual material in the mundane, mass-produced objects and images of America's popular culture - comic books, advertising, billboards, and packaging. (pg. 507) Warhol moved into a new studio in New York. A friend decorated the entire space in silver paint and aluminum foil, a large group of acquaintances and admirers and hangers-on converged, and thus was born - the Factory. (pg. 507-08)

Explain the staining technique that Helen Frankenthaler used in the color field painting, Mauve District, 1966.

The colors were soaked into the canvas like dyes which bonded it with the fabric. (pg. 504)

What did the first scholars to study Mayan art believe regarding the images depicted in Mayan art? How have those beliefs changed since the 1960's when scholars began deciphering the inscriptions on Mayan art?

The firs scholars to study the Maya believed that their art was primarily sacred and depicted cosmic events such as stories of the gods. (pg. 462) Thanks to our understanding of Mayan writing, we now realize that Mayan art is almost entirely concerned with history. (pg. 462)

What was considered to be the great artistic event of the Edo period in Japan?

The great artistic event of the Edo period was the popularity of woodblock prints, a new form that made art available to everyone. (pg. 451)

Explain why the term "Post-Impressionism" is a neutral term that refers to a group of artists who came after Impressionism. Identify four Post-Impressionist artists. Do they have similar styles or are their styles highly personal and unique to themselves? Explain.

The group of artists who admired many aspects of Impressionism, especially its brightened palette and direct painting technique were known as Post-Impressionists. (pg. 478) Georges Seurat, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Paul Cezanne (pg. 478) Because their styles are so highly personal, they became known as Post-Impressionists for this simple reason: they came after Impressionism. (pg. 478)

When, according to our textbook, did the history of China begin?

The history of China begins firmly with the Shang dynasty (1500-1050 B.C.), whose kings ruled from a series of capitals in the Yellow River Valley. (pg. 436)

Explain how the feather cloaks of Hawaii and the meeting houses of the Maori people of New Zealand embody ideas about the order of society and the protective power of the gods.

The house is understood as the body of the sky father, the supreme deity of the Maori. The ridgepole is his spine, and the rafters are his ribs. His face is carved on the exterior, where other elements symbolize his embracing arms. Meetings thus take place within the god, which is to say within his protection, sanction, and authority. (pp 456-57)

Explain the ideas of Confucius regarding human conduct. What is the principle concern of Confucianism?

The principle concerns of Confucianism are correct and respectful relations among people (are the key), beginning within the family, then extending outward and upward all the way to the emperor. Confucius urged people to honor ancestors and Heaven, as the Zhou deity was called. Apart from that, he had little to say about spiritual matters. (pp 437-38)

Explain how the viewer is presented with three ways of documenting an idea in Joseph Kosuth's One and Three Chairs, 1965.

The viewer is presented with three ways of documenting Kosuth's idea in One and Three Chairs, 1965: an actual chair, a photograph of that chair,, and a dictionary definition of the word, "chair." (pg. 514)

What event is Feng Mengbo's Long March: Restart, 2008 based upon? Describe the unusual images of weapons featured in this installation. How does the artist convey "East meets West and communism meets capitalism?" What are the dimensions of this installation?

This interactive video game is based upon the Long March, a famous event in 20th-century Chinese history, an episode from the prolonged civil war that pitted the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party against the Kuomintang, the army of the Chinese Nationalist Party, for control of the country. (pg. 532) One of the unconventional weapons is a Coca-Cola can. East meets West and communism meets capitalism as icons, scenes, and characters drawn from popular video games of the time mingle with Chinese landmarks, slogans, and characters and famous historical images such as Red Square in Moscow and the American moon landing. (pp 532-33) The dimensions of this installation are variable. (pg. 532)

Why are several North American Eastern Woodlands cultures known collectively as the "mound builders?" Where is the most famous mound located?

This is because they created earthworks, some of them burial mounds, in geometric forms or in the shapes of animals. (pg. 466) The Serpent Mound in Ohio is the most famous of the mounds still visible. (pg. 466)

Which American painter specialized in Realism and painted The Biglin Brothers Racing, 1873-74?

Thomas Eakins (pg. 482)

Identify the substance considered to be sacred by many North American cultures. When and where was it first domesticated? How did this substance make its way to North America? In what North American cultures did the vehicle, or implement for delivery of this substance become a sculptural art form? In what way was this substance considered sacred?

Tobacco was considered a sacred substance by many North American peoples. (pg. 466) Tobacco was first domesticated in the Andes around 3000 B.C.E. (pg. 466) Tobacco made its way north, by way of Mexico some two thousand years later. (pg. 466) In North America, smoking tobacco became viewed as a form of prayer. The rising smoke faded into the other world, bidding its spirits to come witness or sanction human events. Interestingly, whereas knowledge of tobacco arrived from the South, the stone pipe itself is a North American invention. (pg. 466)

Explain why refrigerator magnets depicting a dress-up version of Michelangelo's David and Botticelli's Venus as jewelry are examples of visual culture.

Visual culture is all about fluid concept, with the broadest definition embracing all visuality, all human cultural products with a significant visual component, from medieval playing cards to theme parks to television programs, including those products we know as art. (pg. 535)

Explain how artist Terry Winters used paint to express "the invisible, unquantifiable, overwhelming abstract entity that has become the central reality of our time: information."

Winters developed a linear visual language whose basic markings of I and O reflect the on/off, if/then binary logic of computers. Just as streams of these simple choices generate complicated programs, so Winters used them to create dense, layered paintings that seem to allude at once to a satellite photograph of a city, the twin lobes of the human brain, the circuitry of a computer, the explosion of a galaxy being born, the intricate maze of the World Wide Web, pure energy expanding outward. (pg. 526)

What type of interior does Brazilian sculptor Ernesto Neto consider ideal for creating one of his works? Where did he create the temporary installation Leviathan Thot, 2006?

a cave (pg. 536) Pantheon in Paris (pg. 536)

What single item enabled the freedom of movement necessary for Emily Jacir to complete her project called Where We Come From, 2001-2003?

an American passport (pg. 530)

Our textbook tells us "Where de Kooning emphasized the physicality of paint, Rothko did the opposite..." What term describes Mark Rothko's variety of Abstract Expressionism as seen in Orange and Yellow, 1956?

color field painting (pg. 503)

What does British painter Jenny Saville consider her subject to be? Does she prefer working from live models or photographs? Does she create small-scale or large-scale works? How is the scale of her work intended to affect the viewer?

flesh (pg. 538) She prefers working from photographs. (pg. 538) She creates large-scale works. (pg. 538) She hopes that viewers will approach until the image dissolves in an intense, all-encompassing awareness of the sensuous physicality of the paint itself and the varied markings and densities on the surface. (pg. 538)

What type of materials did Subodh Gupta use in making the work Very Hungry God, 2006? How did Gupta evoke a Hindu ritual outside the church that housed his Very Hungry God? How would knowledge about Hindu beliefs and rituals enrich the experience of those who visited Gupta's Very Hungry God installation?

kitchen vessels (pg. 531) Although Very Hungry God, 2006, was housed in a Catholic church in an immigrant neighborhood on the outskirts of Paris, it evoked a Hindu ritual outside the church. The food was offered; then, Gupta offered vegetarian soup to passersby outside the church where his sculpture was housed for the night. In this way, he evoked a ritual outside of the church. (pg. 532) The fact that he offered the visitors who came to view his sculpture some food prior to their visit may have been overlooked at the surface level. By learning more about Hindu rituals and culture, the enrichment of the overall experience was significantly enhanced. (pg. 532)

What process was used to make the tumbaga pendant made by artists of the Tairona culture? What materials were used to make this pendant? Who was this pendant intended to portray? Explain the meaning of the birds that unfold like wings.

lost-wax technique (pg. 466) gold and copper (pg. 465) Tumbaga pendants were intended to portray rulers of the Taironal culture, which flourished in northern Colombia after about 1000 C.E. (pg. 465) The phrase, "birds that unfold like wings" represents the spirit alter egos that give him (the shaman ruler of the Taironal culture) access to the other world. (pg. 466)

What did the Italian Futurists believe was the glory of the new 20th century?

motion itself (pg. 491)

What was considered to be the most important form of art during the Japanese Heian period?

poetry (pg. 447)

What group of people originally settled Australia? Where did they come from and when did they arrive in Australia?

the Aborigines (pg. 453) They arrived by sea from Southeast Asia as early as 50,000 years ago. (pg. 453)

The oldest examples of Pacific art are the earliest rock engravings of which culture?

the Aborigines (pg. 454)

Which Polynesian culture practiced the art of tattooing most extensively? Explain the sacred ritual of tattooing in this culture.

the inhabitants of the Marquesas Islands in the South Pacific (pg. 457) Tattooing was performed ritually by a specialist, tukuka, who invoked the protective presence of specific deities. (pg. 457)

What was a favorite subject of the Impressionists? Why are Berthe Morisot's Summer's Day, 1879 and Pierre-Auguste Renoir's Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876 good examples of this favorite type of Impressionist subject?

the leisure activities of the middle class Impressionism: A movement in painting originating in the 1860s in France. Impressionism arose in opposition to the academic art of the day. In subject matter, Impressionism followed Realism in portraying daily life, ESPECIALLY THE LEISURE ACTIVITIES OF THE MIDDLE CLASS. Landscape was also a favorite subject, encouraged by the new practice of painting outdoors. In technique, Impressionists painters favored alla prima painting, which was put into the service of recording fleeting effects of nature and the rapidly changing urban scene. (pg. 552) Both paintings exhibited the leisure activities of the middle class. Both were painted outdoors. Both portrayed daily life. These reasons combined, explain why these two compositions are good examples of Impressionism and THE LEISURE ACTIVITIES OF THE MIDDLE CLASS. (pp 476-78; pg. 552)

Explain the term "yakshi."

yakshi: is a nature spirit embodying ideas of fertility and abundance. The yakshi is not part of the Buddhist faith but belongs to older and more widespread Indian beliefs. (pg. 429)