Church History test 2

Know about the plague and who was to "blame"

- On the continent the "Black Death" of 1348-1351 removed a third of the population. This led some to practice penitential flagellation intended to assuage God's wrath. Others turned on the Jews who were blamed for the outbreak.

8. INDULGENCES Know all about them, really, not kidding, lots O' questions on this, maybe.

- An indulgence was a payment to the Catholic Church that purchased an exemption from punishment (penance) for some types of sins. You could not get an indulgence to excuse a murder, but you could get one to excuse many lesser sins, such as thinking lustful thoughts about someone who was not your spouse. - The customers for indulgences were Catholic believers who feared that if one of their sins went unnoticed or unconfessed, they would spend extra time in purgatory before reaching heaven or worse, wind up in hell for failing to repent. Crusaders were promised immediate salvation if they died while fighting to "liberate" the Christian holy city at Jerusalem. Church leaders justified this by arguing that good works earned salvation, and making Jerusalem accessible to Christians was an example of a good work. - Over time, Church leaders decided that paying money to support good works was just as good as performing good works, and it evened things up for people who were physically incapable of fighting a Crusade. - In other words, indulgences functioned like "confession insurance" against eternal damnation because, if you purchased an indulgence, then you wouldn't go to hell if you died suddenly or forgot to confess something. - In later years, the sale of indulgences spread to include forgiveness for the sins of people who were already dead.

7. Know the cities that the various reformers were associated with

- Martin Luther -Germany - Anabaptists (Zwingli) - Switzerland - John Calvin-- Switzerland - Anglicans & Henry VIII - Puritans & Separatists- England - William Tyndale - England

9. Know in what document Arminius's theology is finally written out.

- The theology of Arminianism was not fully developed during Arminius' time, but was systematized after his death and formalized in the Five Articles of Remonstrance in 1610. The works of Arminius (in Latin) were published at Leiden in 1629, and at Frankfort in 1631 and 1635. After his death, at the Synod of Dort (1618-1619), his teaching was condemned by the State church. Later, however, Arminianism received official "toleration" by the State and has since continued in various forms within Protestantism - The Five articles of Remonstrance refers to the document drawn up in 1610 by the followers of Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609). A "remonstrance" is literally "an expression of opposition or protest," which in this case was a protest against the Calvinist doctrine of predestination contained in the Belgic Confession. Consequently, those followers of Arminius who drafted this protest were given the name "Remonstrants." - This document was condemned as heresy by the reformed churches at the Synod of Dort, 1618-1619.

1. "imperishable principals."

- Uniqueness of the Bible, the Word of God, the only rule of Faith and Practice - The justification of the believer by faith alone, without works - The priesthood of all believers - Religious Liberty - Strengthening of the state and its deliverance from Subservience to Rome - Ethical value of this life and the sanctity of daily labor and of marriage, children, and the home. - Sanctity of human vocation, whether clerical or lay. - Virtues of thrift and industry.

Know A LOT about the indulgences

Although early reformers had many complaints about the Catholic Church of the 16th century, the practice of selling "indulgences" raised the most opposition. An indulgence was a payment to the Catholic Church that purchased an exemption from punishment (penance) for some types of sins. You could not get an indulgence to excuse a murder, but you could get one to excuse many lesser sins, such as thinking lustful thoughts about someone who was not your spouse. The customers for indulgences were Catholic believers who feared that if one of their sins went unnoticed or unconfessed, they would spend extra time in purgatory before reaching heaven or worse, wind up in hell for failing to repent. The sale of indulgences was a byproduct of the Crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries. Because they risked dying without the benefit of a priest to perform the appropriate ceremonies, Crusaders were promised immediate salvation if they died while fighting to "liberate" the Christian holy city at Jerusalem. Church leaders justified this by arguing that good works earned salvation, and making Jerusalem accessible to Christians was an example of a good work. Over time, Church leaders decided that paying money to support good works was just as good as performing good works, and it evened things up for people who were physically incapable of fighting a Crusade. Over several centuries, the practice expanded, and Church leaders justified it by arguing that they had inherited an unlimited amount of good works from Jesus, and the credit for these good works could be sold to believers in the form of indulgences. In other words, indulgences functioned like "confession insurance" against eternal damnation because, if you purchased an indulgence, then you wouldn't go to hell if you died suddenly or forgot to confess something. In later years, the sale of indulgences spread to include forgiveness for the sins of people who were already dead. That is evident in this passage from a sermon by John Tetzel, the monk who sold indulgences in Germany and inspired Martin Luther's protest in 1517.

Know what happened to cause a crisis in the church before the reformation actually gets off the ground.

Continuing crisis of the Church: Personal and spiritual crisis, rejection of formal ritual and doctrine, emphasis on personal salvation

The 3 popes and the history that got us to the point of having 3 at the same time.

In 1378, rival popes, one in Rome the other in Avignon began a 40 year struggle for supremacy. By the early 15th century three rival popes each claiming to be Peter's true successor were struggling for temporal headship of the richest institution in Europe, the Catholic Church.Urban, Clement, Alexander V

Know what happened to John Huss!

In 1402, a young professor from Charles University in Prague Jan Hus (John Huss) was appointed preacher. Hus emphasized the authority of Scripture and rejected canon law. However he did affirm the authority of the ancient fathers. He was promised safe conducted by the emperor to the Council of Constance that had been called to resolve among other things the problem of multiple popes. On July 6, 1415, Hus was burned at the stake as a dangerous heretic. In 2001, Pope John Paul issued a belated papal apology for the act. Hus' case had not been helped by his followers back home, who were in open rebellion against the church even before his execution. The central issue was receiving communion in both kinds that is bread and the cup. The church not wanting the laity to spill the blood of Christ with held the cup from the laity.

Know about Wycliffe (spelled wrong in the power point wyciffe ,My bad)

In spite of war, the Black Death and random violence, the 14th century witnessed a revival of learning closely linked to such emerging educational institutions the universities of Oxford, Paris and Charles University in Prague. At Oxford John Wyciffe (also Wyclif) emerged as a major critic of the institutional church. Wyciffe who was for a time a civil employee of the British government, believed that church was to be a spiritual body without wealth or temporal power. He believed that Scripture was the ultimate authority and that the papacy was a human institution created by Constantine, not Christ. In his mature thought, preaching (in English not Latin) replaced the celebration of the Eucharist as primary element in worship. By the time of his death in 1384, he advocated the abolition of the entire papal system. Wyciffe's ideas spread to what is now the Czech Republic. Here they united with an indigenous tradition of lay apocalyptic preachers who preached in Czech, did mission work among prostitutes and vigorously attacked the sins of the clergy

Recall the captain's rant about Calvinism and the primary objection Arminians have to it.

Jacob Arminius Total Depravity - Human beings are so affected by the negative consequences of original sin that they are incapable of being righteous, and are always and unchangeably sinful; human freedom is totally enslaved by sin so we can only choose evil. Conditional Election - election is conditional upon faith in Christ. God therefore saves all those who freely choose to fulfil the predestined condition of salvation. Those who choose salvation are the elect of God. Unlimited Atonement - The effects of the Atonement are freely available to all those whom He has chosen, which includes all humanity, "whosoever will may be saved." Prevenient Grace - God's grace is free and offered without merit; however, human beings have been granted freedom by God and can refuse His grace. For The Salvation Army, the phrases 'whosoever will may be saved' and 'repentance toward God, faith in our Lord Jesus Christ... are necessary to salvation' (Doctrines 6 and 7), clearly indicate the importance of human decision making and agency in the process of salvation. Conditional Preservation: backsliding is possible. God graciously gives free will, so that we may respond to his grace and also, of we desire, turn away from it. John Calvin Total Depravity - Human beings are so affected by the negative consequences of original sin that they are incapable of being righteous, and are always and unchangeably sinful; human freedom is totally enslaved by sin so we can only choose evil. Unconditional Election - Since human beings cannot choose for themselves, God by His eternal decree has chosen or elected some to be counted as righteous, without any conditions being placed on that election. Limited Atonement - The effects of the Atonement, by which God forgave sinful humanity, are limited only to those whom He has chosen. Limited Atonement - The effects of the Atonement, by which God forgave sinful humanity, are limited only to those whom He has chosen. Irresistible Grace - the saving grace of God will always be effective for those he has elected to save, so that in God's timing any resistance will be overcome and they will be brought to faith. The Holy Spirit is able to overcome any resistance to salvation. While affirming the doctrine of prevenient grace, that grace which 'goes before' and prepares the human being for salvation, and acknowledging the role of the grace of God in all aspects of the experience of salvation, Perseverance of the Saints - Salvation is so 'secure' that it cannot be negated in any way through our personal behavior or response to God. It is impossible for those who have been truly saved to backslide, for that would be to deny the grace of God. Those who apparently fall away will either return, or were never truly saved.

Arminius! 3 fill in the blank questions! Oh No!

Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609), was a Dutch Reformed theologian and professor of theology at the University of Leiden. He is most noted for his departure from the Reformed theology of the Belgic Confession resulting in what became the Calvinist-Arminian controversy addressed at the Synod of Dort (1618-1619). Arminius was born Jacob Hermansen at Oudewater, Utrecht, on October 10, 1560. Taking a Latinized form of one's name was a custom of the time for theology students. His father died while Jacob was an infant, leaving his mother a widow with small children. A priest, Theodorus Aemilius, adopted Jacob and sent him to school at Utrecht. His mother was slain during the Spanish massacre of Oudewater in 1575. About that year Arminius was sent to study theology at the University of Leiden by the kindness of friends Namely Rudophus Snellius. Arminius remained at Leiden from 1576 to 1582. His teachers in theology included Lambertus Danaeus, Johannes Drusius, Guillaume Feuguereius, and Johann Kolmann. Kolmann believed and taught that high Calvinism made God both a tyrant and an executioner. Under the influence of these men, Arminius studied with success and had seeds planted that would begin to develop into a theology that would later compete with the dominant Reformed theology of John Calvin. Arminius began studying under Theodore Beza at Geneva in 1582. He was called to pastor at Amsterdam and was ordained in 1588. He was reputed to be a good preacher and faithful pastor. In 1590 he married Lijsbet Reael. Arminius is best known as the founder of the anti-Calvinistic school in Protestant theology that bears his name -- Arminianism. In attempting to defend Calvinistic predestination against the onslaughts of Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, Arminius began to doubt and changed his own view. He became a professor of theology at Leiden (sometimes Leyden) in 1603 and died there on October 19, 1609.. The theology of Arminianism was not fully developed during Arminius' time, but was systematized after his death and formalized in the Five Articles of Remonstrance in 1610. The works of Arminius (in Latin) were published at Leiden in 1629, and at Frankfort in 1631 and 1635. After his death, at the Synod of Dort (1618-1619), his teaching was condemned by the State church. Later, however, Arminianism received official "toleration" by the State and has since continued in various forms within Protestantism

Know about John Calvin and what he did theologically and not.

John Calvin was a law student at the University of Orléans when he first joined the cause of the Reformation. Calvin's religious teachings emphasized the sovereignty of the scriptures and divine predestination—a doctrine holding that God chooses a select few to enter Heaven, regardless of their good works or their faithCalvin used Protestant principles to establish a religious government; and in 1555, he was given absolute supremacy as leader in Geneva. - As Martin Luther's successor as the preeminent Protestant theologian, Calvin was known for an intellectual, unemotional approach to faith that provided Protestantism's theological underpinnings, whereas Luther brought passion and populism to his religious cause. - While instituting many positive policies, Calvin's government also punished "impiety" and dissent against his particularly spare vision of Christianity with execution. In the first five years of his rule in Geneva, 58 people were executed and 76 exiled for their religious beliefs. Calvin allowed no art other than music, and even that could not involve instruments. Under his rule, Geneva became the center of Protestantism, and sent out pastors to the rest of Europe, creating Presbyterianism in Scotland, the Puritan Movement in England and the Reformed Church in the Netherlands. - T = total depravity U = unconditional election L = limited atonement I = irresistible grace P = perseverance of the saints

Know about Luther but don't kill yourself. He only makes a cameo on the test. Where was he declared a heretic? Inquiring minds want to know.

Martin Luther was officially excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church. In March, he was summoned before the Diet of Worms, a general assembly of secular authorities. Again, Luther refused to recant his statements, demanding he be shown any scripture that would refute his position. There was none. On May 8, 1521, the council released the Edict of Worms, banning Luther's writings and declaring him a "convicted heretic

Know about Henry, Mary, Ollie* and the puritans. Don't kill yourselves learning dates, they are too boring to learn and don't really teach you anything anyway.

The puritans were, as a group, a people who wanted to simplify and purify the church of England. Hence the name puritan. It was the general belief of the people who made up the puritans that the church was far to catholic in its outlook and needed to be purified of this tendency. As well as a significant amount of immorality that had crept in. Please take note that the puritans that made up the group in England were very different in many respects to their colonial counterparts. By enlarge the puritan strain in America went off the rails pretty badly as compared to those on the continent. Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that sought to "purify" the Church of England of remnants of the Roman Catholic "popery" that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Puritans became noted in the 17th century for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that informed their whole way of life, and they sought through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation. Their efforts to transform the nation contributed both to civil war in England and to the founding of colonies in America as working models of the Puritan way of life. In its place the Puritans emphasized preaching that drew on images from scripture and from everyday experience. Still, because of the importance of preaching, the Puritans placed a premium on a learned ministry. The moral and religious earnestness that was characteristic of Puritans was combined with the doctrine of predestination inherited from Calvinism to produce a "covenant theology," a sense of themselves as elect spirits chosen by God to live godly lives both as individuals and as a community. Beliefs • Calvinistic. • Saw God in all things including the commonplace. • Valued all vocations • Work glorified God and bettered society. Idleness is bad. • Success or wealth is a blessing, not earned. • Were sexually progressive rather then inhibited when compared to the middle ages. Seen as Good and for companionship. Bloody Mary King Henry VIII separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534, and the cause of Protestantism advanced rapidly under Edward VI (reigned 1547-53). During the reign of Queen Mary (1553-58), however, England returned to Roma Catholicism, and many Protestants were forced into exile. Many of the exiles found their way to Geneva, where John Calvin's church provided a working model of a disciplined church. Out of this experience also came the two most popular books of Elizabethan England—the Geneva Bible and John Foxe's Book of Martyrs—which provided justification to English Protestants to view England as an elect nation chosen by God to complete the work of the Reformation

Know a Tyndales claim to fame

William Tyndale (1494-1536) Biblical translator and martyr; born most probably at North Nibley England, in 1494; died at Vilvoorden, Belgium, Oct. 6, 1536. Tyndale was descended from an ancient Northumbrian family, went to school at Oxford, and afterward to Magdalen Hall and Cambridge. His literary activity during that interval was extraordinary. When he left England, his knowledge of Hebrew, if he had any, was of the most rudimentary nature; and yet he mastered that difficult tongue so as to produce from the original an admirable translation of the entire Pentateuch, the Books of Joshua, Judges, Ruth, First and Second Samuel, First and Second Kings, First Chronicles, contained in Matthew's Bible of 1537, and of the Book of Jonah His work was so excellent, that his work is not only the basis of those portions of the Authorized King James Version of 1611, but constitutes nine-tenths of that translation, and very largely that of the English Revised Version of 1885

Know how the states fared during the decline of the papacy

were territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Italian Peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.

Do know about the scientists and what they did, if you "Kant" you will regret it later. I'd "wager" it might be in the essay section.**

• Copernicus: 1500's: Proved the earth revolves around the sun • Newton: He warned against using the law of gravity to view the universe as a mere machine, like a great clock. He said: "This most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent Being. [...] This Being governs all things, not as the soul of the world, but as Lord over all; and on account of his dominion he is wont to be called "Lord God" παντοκρατωρ [pantokratōr], or "Universal Ruler". [...] The Supreme God is a Being eternal, infinite, [and] absolutely perfect." • Galileo made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and philosophy. He invented an improved telescope that let him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots and the rugged lunar surface. His flair for self-promotion earned him powerful friends among Italy's ruling elite and enemies among the Catholic Church's leaders. His advocacy of a heliocentric universe brought him before religious authorities in 1616 and again in 1633, when he was forced to recant and placed under house arrest for the rest of his life. (got this of the internet) • Kant focused on ethics, the philosophical study of moral actions. He proposed a moral law called the "categorical imperative," stating that morality is derived from rationality and all moral judgments are rationally supported. What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong; there is no grey area. Human beings are obligated to follow this imperative unconditionally if they are to claim to be moral. • Voltaire made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and philosophy. He invented an improved telescope that let him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots and the rugged lunar surface. His flair for self-promotion earned him powerful friends among Italy's ruling elite and enemies among the Catholic Church's leaders. His advocacy of a heliocentric universe brought him before religious authorities in 1616 and again in 1633, when he was forced to recant and placed under house arrest for the rest of his life. • Pascal is often credited with the discovery of the mathematical theory of probability, and he also made serious contributions to number theory and geometry. • For all of these scientists/theologians the question of God became a real search. As science advanced, the threat to Christianity increased. Would men regard Christianity as untenable or irrelevant because it could perhaps not be proved, or in proving found to be different than what the church proposed. Could Christians bring the new tools they discovered into the service of their faith? • Only through submission to God can we gain certain knowledge. Pascal goes on to propose his famous wager to show that it is reasonable to believe in God. Either God exists or he does not, and we cannot use reason to determine which alternative is true. However, both our present and our future lives may be affected by the alternative we choose. Since choosing to believe that God exists may lead to eternal life and happiness, and nothing is lost if we are wrong about the other choice, it is better to accept the theistic alternative. • Belief is a wise wager. Granted that faith cannot be proved, what harm will come to you if you gamble on its truth and it proves false? If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing. Wager, then, without hesitation, that He exists.

How were people feeling about the church before the reformation?

• Revolution in religious thought & practice - Challenged established authority & secured triumph of secular power - Shaped identities & changed map of Europe - Contributed to centuries of violent conflict - Contributed to ascendancy of individualism • In 1302 amid a struggle for power with the Philip IV of France Pope Boniface VIII issued the papal bull Unam Sanctam claiming that all temporal powers are subject to "spiritual" authority, which in the person of the pope can be judged by God alone. • As is often the case, popes with real power had claimed far less. In the ensuing struggle the office of the papacy fell under the control of the French king. In 1309, the pope (now under the control of the king of France) relocated to Avignon in southern France. It remained there until 1377. • In 1378, rival popes, one in Rome the other in Avignon began a 40 year struggle for supremacy. By the early 15th century three rival popes each claiming to be Peter's true successor were struggling for temporal headship of the richest institution in Europe, the Catholic Church. • The decline of the institutional power of the pope was occurring even as new national states England, France and Spain were gaining power • Although England and France were at war and Spain was still preoccupied with driving the Moors out of the Iberian Peninsula, England, France and even the emerging kingdom of Bohemia sought to limited Rome's control over church life. • On the continent the "Black Death" of 1348-1351 removed a third of the population. This led some to practice penitential flagellation intended to assuage God's wrath. Others turned on the Jews who were blamed for the outbreak. • In England violent peasant uprisings resulted in the destruction of government records and the killing of the archbishop of Canterbury in 1381. ___________________________________________________________________________ • Political Factors - Establishment of centralized nation-states who opposed a universal church. • Economic Factors - Nation states did not want their tax dollars going to Rome. • Intellectual Factors - As people studied the Greek & Hebrew they discovered that the interpretations provided by the Church were not always accurate. • Moral Factors - Corruption was rampant in the Church • Social Factors - Middle Class was developing • Theological Factors - Scripture plus some other form of authority - Tradition took over Scripture - Inaccessibility of Scripture - Works over Faith

Know a good bit about scholastics and mystics

• Scholasticism - an attempt to rationalize theology in order to buttress faith by reason. - Religion would be defined by academics & philosophy rather than from a Biblical point of view - Important Changes Cathedral School established which allowed more scholarship Systematic theology was split apart from Biblical Study • Theology went up - Bible study went down Commentaries replaced the study of the Word Universities sprouted up all Over - Inward disciplines Prayer Scripture Reading Meditation Fasting Study - Outward disciplines Simplicity Solitude Submission Service - Corporate disciplines Worship Confession Guidance Celebration