Circulation

Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 +H2O + ATP Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water Energy Dioxide

what happens during the course of this disease?

During the course of this disease, fatty deposits called plaques develop in the inner walls of arteries, narrowing the passages through which blood can flow.

Aspirin

an anticlotting agen and anti- inflammatory drug that decreases the risk of heart attacks.

Closed Circulatory systems

are found in vertebrates, earthworms, squids, and octopuses and consist of a circulatory fluid, blood, that is confined to vessels, keeping blood distinct from the interstitial fluid is more complex than open circulatory systems - in order for substances to move out of or into blood, diffusion will take place.

In the aorta, the movement of blood is due to ________

blood pressure

How do substances leave blood and enter interstitial fluid?

by: - diffusion - vesicles that form by endocytosis on one side of the cell and then release their contents by exocytosis on the other side - pressure-driven flow through clefts between epithelial cells

Pulmonary circuit

carries blood between the heart and has exchange tissues in the lungs

Systemic circuit

carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body. - gas exchange will occur on a thin moist surface

Arteries

carry blood AWAY FROM the heart to body organs and tissues (large blood vessels)

Lymph vessels

carry lymph fluid which only contains water, fat, and white blood cells

Capillaries' function

convey (transports) blood between arteries and veins within each tissue (small blood vessels that are only one cell thick) - Diffusion will occur through their walls

atrium

each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles - right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the veins of the body; - left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein.

Phylum-Arthopoda

Organism with exoskeleton and jointed appendages

Circulatory systems

facilitate exchange with all body tissues

In all birds and mammals the heart has ________ chambers

four - two atria - two ventricles

Arteries have the _______ pressure than any other blood from the heart.

highest

ventricles

hollow part or cavity of the heat two of the four main chambers of the heart, left and right.

Cardiovascular system of a fish

includes a heart with two main chambers: 1) atrium- receives blood from veins 2) ventricle- pumps blood to gills via large arteries (SINGLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)

Sphygmomanometer

instrument used to measure blood pressure

Double circulatory system

made up of the pulmonary and the systemic circulatory systems.

Veins

return blood TO the heart (large blood vessels with valves to prevent backflow)

Cardiovascular system

vertebrate circulatory system cardio=heart vascular=vessel

pulmocutaneos circuit

when gas exchange occurs both in the lungs and across thin, moist skin.

Open circulatory system

when the blood does not stay in a network of tubes and is less complex than closed circulatory systems - found in all arthropods and most molluscs and consist of a tubular heart, open-ended vessels, and blood that directly bathes the cells and functions as the interstitial fluid. - Blood is not carrying oxygen due to a lack of hemoglobin. - Blood will carry nutrients and waste

atherosclerosis

- a chronic cardiovascular disease that gradually impairs the arteries of humans causing a stroke or heart attack

Animals with thick, multiples layers of cells use a true circulatory system that consists of

- a muscular pump (heart) - a circulatory fluid (blood) - a set of tubes (vessels) to carry the circulatory fluid

Red marrow inside bones

- a spongy tissue in which unspecialized stem cells differentiate into blood cells

What must an animal do to sustain life?

- acquire nutrients - exchange gases - dispose of waste products

Arteries and veins

- are made up of connective, tissue, smooth muscle, and epithelial cells - are lined by a single layer of epithelial cells - have elastic fibers in an outer connective tissue layer that allows these vessels to recoil after stretching

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

- detects electrical impulses in the heart and - can provide data about heart health

Blood flow through the double circulatory system of humans

- drains from the *superior vena cava* (from the head and arms) or *inferior vena cava* (from the lower trunk and legs) into the right atrium and then to the ventricle - moves out to the lungs via the pulmonary artery (carries deoxygenated blood) - returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein (carries oxygenated blood) - leaves the heart through the aorta (largest artery)

Blood Pressure

- force that blood exerts against the wall of your blood vessels - created by the pumping of the heart, it drives the flow of blood from the heart through arteries and arterioles to capillary beds - measured by systole/diastole

three-chambered heart

- frogs and other amphibians have it - the right atrium receives blood returning from the systemic capillaries in the body's organs - the ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and skin (pulmocutaneos circuit)

Gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians and flatworms

- functions in digestion and - distributes substances throughout the body

The SA (sinoatrial) node

- generates electrical impulses in atria - sets the rate of heart contractions

The lymphatic system

- helps to circulate fluid throughout the body - absorbs the digestive end products of fat in the Villi of the small intestine - it helps to fight infections (bacterial or viral) since it carries white blood cells

Inflammation

- is the body's general response to tissue damage - this body response causes heart attacks

when a stem cell divides,

- one daughter cell remains a stem cell and - the other can take on a specialized function

The AV (atrioventricular) node

- relays these signals to the ventricles - triggers ventricular contractions

How does blood travel against gravity, up legs?

- veins are squeezed by pressure from muscle contractions between two muscles or muscles and bone or skin - one-way valves limit blood flow to one direction, toward the heart.

osmotic pressure

a force that tends to pull fluid (water) back because blood has higher concentration of solutes (matter) than the interstitial fluid.

In the veins, the movement of blood is due to_______

the movement of legs, arms, bending, breathing, etc

Hypertension

(high blood pressure) is a serious cardiovascular problem in which blood pressure is persistent at or above 140 systolic and/or 90 diastolic.

Blood is made up of

- 55% plasma - 45% blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Interstitial fluid/ Intracelular fluid

- Fluid that serves as a medium for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste. - is made up of water, white blood cells, and substances that dissolve in the fluid.

Capillaries

- Have very thin walls consisting of a single layer of epithelial cells - are narrow, about adquire as one red blood cell, and - exchange gas and fluid with the interstitial fluid

What do arteries have?

-a thick layer of smooth muscle in their walls that can constrict and reduce blood flow

Natural Pacemaker

1) Heartbeat starts at the SA node 2) It then triggers the AV node 3) It then signals the bundle of his (specialized muscle fibers) 4) It finishes at the Parkinje fibers.

Plasma is made up of

90% water and many other different substances

Red blood cells

= Erythrocytes - carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

White blood cells

= Leukocytes - fights pathogens (disease causing agents) - defense and immunity

Platelets

= Thrombocytes - clots wounds (blood clotting)

Artificial pacemaker

A device that emits electrical signals to trigger normal heartbeats by stimulating heart to beat at the SA node.

Phylum- Mollusca

the soft body organism. ex) clams, snails, octopus

Single Circulation

Blood passes through the heart of a fish once in each circuit through the body. - A single circuit would not supply enough pressure to move blood through the capillaries of the lungs and then to the body capillaries of a terrestrial vertebrate.

Right side of the heart

Handles only oxygen-poor blood= deoxygenated

Pulmonary Circulation

Heart --> Lungs ---> Heart

Left side of the heart

Receives and pumps only oxygen-rich blood=oxygenated

Double circulation

What land vertebrates have in which blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the lungs.

systole

When the heart is contracted and blood flows from atria into ventricles.

diastole

When the heart is relaxed and blood flows from veins into heart chambers

Systemic Circulation

Vein --> Heart --> Artery --> Body --> Vein --> Heart (Aorta) Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium --> right ventricle --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta bring oxygenated blood to the bodt systems. Heart --> Body --> Heart

septum

muscular wall between the right and left sides of the heart in the double circulatory system and that keep the blood from mixing between the two sides.

What do veins have?

one-way valves that restrict backward flow of blood

Subphylum- vertebrate

organism with backbone

Cardiac Cycle

the contraction and relaxation of the heart in a rhythmic sequence and consists of two main phases: - diastole - systole