CIS 2010 Final

predictive analytics

extracts information from data and uses it to predict future trends and identify behavioral patterns

data dictionary

compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model

utility software

provides additional functionality to the operating system, used to maintain and repair the computer

primary key

A field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table

Management Information Systems (MIS)

A business function, like accounting and human resources, which moves information about people, products, and processes across the company to facilitate decision-making and problem-solving

cryptocurrency

A digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange

data warehouse

A logical collection of information, gathered from many different operational databases, that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks

foreign key

A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables

ETL (extraction, transformation, and loading)

A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse

information scrubbing

A process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information (i.e. missing records, redundant records, missing key, etc.)

assignment

A statement that assigns a value to a variable

bitcoin

A worldwide cryptocurrency and digital payment system called the first decentralized digital currency, as the system works without a central repository or single administrator

virtualization

Creates multiple "virtual" machines on a single computing device

Business Intelligence (BI)

Information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making

software updates

Occurs when the software vendor releases updates to software to fix problems or enhance features.

entity relationship diagram

a technique for documenting the entities and relationships in a database environment

stored attribute

The attribute that is used to derive the attribute

decentralization

The process of distributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location or authority

analytics

The use of math and statistics to derive meaning from data

conditional statement

This is the ability to test a variable against a value and act in one way if the condition is met by the variable or another way if not

miners

Transactions are authenticated by a network of these who complete complex mathematical problems to arrive at the same unique solution to verify the transaction

data redundancy

When the same data exists in more than one place in a database

digital ledger

a bookkeeping list of assets (i.e. money, property, ideas), identified ownership, and transactions that record the transfer of ownership among participants, all transactions are recorded with a date, time, participant names and other information

data artist

a business analytics specialist who uses visual tools to help people understand complex data

field

a characteristic of a table

Big Data

a collection of large, complex data sets, including structured and unstructured data, which cannot be analyzed using traditional database methods and tools

system

a collection of parts that link to achieve a common purpose

attribute

a column or specific field of the data elements associated with an entity

information integrity

a measure of the quality of information, occurs when a system produces incorrect, inconsistent, or duplicate data

data types

a particular kind of data item, as defined by the values it can take, the programming language used, or the operations that can be performed on it (i.e. real, integer or Boolean)

format

a pre-established layout for data

record

a row or a collection of related data elements

subsystem

a self-contained system within a larger system (i.e. hardware within an entire computer system)

systems thinking

a way of monitoring the entire system by viewing multiple inputs being processed or transformed to produce outputs while continuously gathering feedback on each part

(1) Any well-connected node in the Bitcoin blockchain can determine, with certainty, whether a transaction does or does not exist in the data set (2) A prohibitively high cost to attempt to rewrite or alter transaction history

advantages of bitcoin

(1) transparency (2) reduced transaction costs (3) faster transaction settlement (4) decentralization (5) user-controlled networks

advantages of blockchain

(1) increased flexibility (2) increased scalability and performance (3) increased information integrity (4) increased information security (5) reduced information redundancy

advantages of relational databases

multitasking

allows more than one piece of software to be used at a time (i.e. using excel and simultaneously printing a document)

double-spend

asset transferred more than once

null-valued attribute

assigned to an attribute when no other value applies or when a value is unknown

derived attribute

attribute can be calculated using the value of another attribute

many-to-many relationship

between two entities in which an instance of one entity is related to many instances of another and one instance of the other can be related to many instances of the first entity

one-to-many relationship

between two entities in which an instance of one entity can be related to many instances of a related entity

one-to-one relationship

between two entities in which an instance of one entity can be related to only one instance of a related entity

composite attribute

can be divided into smaller components, which represent more basic attributes that have their own meanings

simple attribute

cannot be broken down into a smaller component

(1) digital ledger (2) hash/digital signature (3) miners (4) decentralized

central components of blockchain

internal databases

collection of consumer and market information within a company network describing items of interest

JOIN

command used to combine two or more tables

AND

command used to display a record (i.e. message) if all the conditions separated by the function are true

FROM

command used to specify the table that you're getting the data from

information cube

common term for the representation of multidimensional information

table

composed of rows and columns that represent an entity

process

computer program that processes the data

data mart

contains a subset of data warehouse information

feedback loops

controlling every step, at each step you observe the output then adjust the process as required

system software

controls how the various technology tools work together along with the application software

operating system software

controls the application software and manages how the hardware devices work together, supports multitasking

database management system (DBMS)

creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security

inputs

data that is entered in a computer

external databases

databases supplied by organizations outside the firm such as online information databases

business rule

defines how a company performs certain aspects of its business and typically results in either a yes/no or true/false answer

data visualization

describes technologies that allow users to "see" or visualize data to transform information into a business perspective

metadata

details about data

dirty data

erroneous or flawed data

peer-to-peer

every user is allowed to connect to the network, send new transactions to it, verify transactions, and create new blocks

(1) excel (2) email (3) twitter (4) skype (5) photoshop

examples of application software

(1) iOs (2) Android (3) Windows (4) MacOS (5) Linux

examples of operating system software

(1) backup (2) encryption (3) antivirus (4) uninstaller (5) anti-spam (6) screen savers

examples of utility software

cardinality

expresses the specific number of instances in an entity

data analytics

extensive use of data, statistical, and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and fact-based management to drive decisions and actions

data scientist

extracts knowledge from data by performing statistical analysis, data mining, and advanced analytics on big data to identify trends, market changes, and other relevant information

(1) entity (table) (2) field (3) record (4) attribute (field) (5) primary key (6) foreign key (7) composite key

features of relational databases

single-valued attribute

having only a single value of each attribute of an entity (i.e. person cannot have more than one age)

hash

how computer science and advanced mathematics protect the blockchain's integrity and anonymity, includes digital signatures from the existing blockchain as well as the new transaction

data model

logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures

database

maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)

Multi-valued attribute

means having the potential to contain more than one value for an attribute at any given time (i.e. person can have more than one college degree)

feed-forward loops

monitor input variations to adjust the process to compensate

blockchain

new way to store and record transaction, blocks are linked together cryptographically to ensure they are temper-proof

software upgrades

occurs when the software vendor releases a new version of the software, making significant changes to the program

(1) duplicate data (2) incorrect data (3) violates business rules

problems with dirty data

distributed computing

processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing environment

integrity constraints

rules that help ensure the quality of information

tools

something that helps a process move forward

barriers

something that holds a process back

entity

stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event

fast data

the application of big data analytics to smaller data sets in near-real or real-time in order to solve a problem or create business value

data aggregation

the collection of data from various sources for the purpose of data processing

information redundancy

the duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places

output

the resulting information from the computer program

data element

the smallest or basic unit of information(i.e. customer's name, address, email, discount rate, preferred shipping method, product name, etc.)

(1) simple vs. composite (2) single-valued vs. multivalued (3) stored vs. derived (4) null-valued

types of attributes

(1) many-to-many relationship (2) one-to-many relationship (3) one-to-one relationship

types of entity relationships

prescriptive analytics

use techniques that create models indicating the best decision to make or course of action to take

application software

used for specific information processing needs, including payroll, customer relationship management, project management, training, and many others

Structured Query Language (SQL)

users write lines of code to answer questions against a database

open system

where the inputs are converted to the output through a process