Geology Final

Sites of exceptional fossil preservation are called fossil ____.

Lagerstatten

which general type of igneous rocks is closer in composition to the mantle?

Mafic

multicellular animals are collectively referred to as ___

Metazoans

Gondwana was a super-continent that included all of the following modern continents EXCEPT _____.

North America

which of the following was the biggest radiation of animal life, as indicated by paleodiversity studies?

Ordovician

the monophyletic group that includes bony fish and all their descendants (like us) is called _____.

Osteichthyes

The ___ evolutionary fauna diversified during the Ordovician Radiation

Paleozoic

Which evolutionary fauna suffered the most during the end-Permian extinction?

Paleozoic

the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased dramatically during the Pre-Cambrian-- what caused this increase?

Photosynthesis

which of the following factors does NOT aid fossilization (i.e does not help remains become a fossil)?

Predators

which of the following is NOT considered one of the three domains of life?

Prokaryotes

Evolution is an unavoidable consequence of three factors. List and explain those 3 factors.

Reproduction, Selection, Variation

the ____ fossil lagerstatten is unique because it represents a terrestrial hot-spring environment that preserved animals and plants during the evolution of terrestrialization

Rhynie Chert

Tetrapods are most closely related to what group of fish?

Sarcopterigians

Animals and plants from the Mazon Creek Lagerstatte in Illinois are preserved in _____ nodules

Siderite

Which of the following is one of the things that exceptional preservation preserved that normal fossilization does not?

Soft-bodied organisms

Which of the following is NOT a bias encountered when calculated global diversity?

The lunar cycle

____ is an ecological arrangement of organisms so that they use different levels of resources.

Tiering

a ____ fossil is indirect evidence of past life--sometimes called fossil behavior

Trace

ediacaran organisms have been interpreted in many different ways. Some of them seem to be extinct branches of the tree of life-branches that did not survive to today. This is the ____ hypothesis

Vendobionta

separation of organism that occurs as a result of the development of a physical barrier (thus preventing interbreeding) is called ____

Vicariance

what is a fossil that preserves any part of the body of an organism called?

a body fossil

molecular clocks use the amount of genetic difference between two animals plus the rate of mutation to predict how long ago they last shared _____.

a common ancestor

using radioactive isotopes, we can find the ___ age of rock. Using biostratigraphy, we can find the ___ age of a bed rocks

absolute, relative

Walther's law states that in an unbroken sequence of sedimentary rocks, vertically stacked facies represent ___ at the time of deposition

adjacent environments

the Murchison meteorite was remarkable contained extraterrestrial ____, which are thought to be precursors to life.

amino acids

what is it called when you do not have oxygen at the bottom of the ocean?

anoxia

which of the following is a unique characteristic possess by only one taxon?

autapomorphy

animals with bilateral symmetry, a digestive tract with both mouth and anus, and three tissue layers are called ___

bilaterians

carbonate sedimentary rocks are dominantly composed of what mineral?

calcite

complete the equation: fossil = taphonomy + ___

carcass

__is the property a mineral possesses when it breaks along flat planes of weakness within the crystal

cleavage

what do you call localized metamorphism caused by the heat released by a nearby igneous intrusion baking the rock?

contact metamorphism

clastic rocks dominate in ____ settings

continental

___crust is usually felsic in composition while ___ crust is usually mafic

continental, oceanic

Any chemical or physical change that happens to a fossil or sediment after deposition is called ____

diagenesis

Disparity is a measure of how ____ animals or plants are.

different

a rift zone or a mid-ocean ridge an example of ____ boundary

divergent

which of the following is a feature of organelles?

double cell membrane

which Paleozoic extinction event paradoxically had a decline in the extinction rate (but a complete crash in the origination rate of species?)

end-Devonian

which extinction event is associated with a coal gap?

end-Permian

which extinction was the biggest

end-Permian

a geological facies is the geological equivalent of a/the modern

environment

unconformities represent periods of ____ and/or non-deposition

erosion

a hypothesis is a/an

explanation

___volcanic rocks form at or near the surface of the Earth

extrusive

T/F: Early tetrapods needed a robust backbone and strong ribs to protect them from predators so they could survive on land

false

individual animals can evolve

false

____ is when minerals align in a plane perpendicular to stress

foliation

which of the following is NOT evidence for snowball Earth

fossilized glaciers

biostratigraphy uses ___ to correlate rock units while lithostratigraphy uses ___ to correlate rock units

fossils, rock type

which of the following is NOT one of the factors that drive seafloor spreading?

lithosphere drag

a crown group is a monophyletic group that includes all the ____ members of a given group.

living

which layer of the earth is responsible for transferring heat via convection?

mantle

____means avoiding supernatural explanations

methodological naturalism

The Cambrian Orsten Lagerstatte is different from the other Cambrian Lagerstatten we discussed because the fossil animals are tiny, and also because they are ____.

phosphatized

which of the following evolved first (i.e which did NOT evolve for the first time during Ediacaran (late Precambrian) time)

photosynthesis

the study if the history of evolutionary relationships between different organisms is called____

phylogeny

____is the chemical process of a solid forming in a liquid solution-- the process that generates evaporites

precipitation

Ecological (extrinsic) factors that may have played a role in causing the Cambrian Radiation included environmental changes and the evolution of ____.

predators

what 2 factors govern the grade of metamorphism in metamorphic rocks?

pressure and temperature

heat from within the earth comes from what process

radioactive decay

the disappearance of which of the following is NOT a sign of increasing oxygenation in the Precambrian atmosphere

red beds

which of the following is NOT a process involved in the transformation of sediment into a sedimentary rock?

regression

what was the name of the first super-continent

rodinia

a synapmorphy is a ____ characteristic, making it useful for figuring out how organisms are related

shared, derived

flight adaptions in insects may have originally been useful for either gliding or for ____.

skimming on the water's surface

all eukaryotes are multicellular

true

true or false: tetrapod lungs evolved from swim bladders?

true

the idea that the laws of nature have been uniform through time is called

uniformitarianism

which of the following was NOT one of the solutions that different arthropod groups developed in order to breathe air on land?

stomata

a layered sedimentary structure formed by microbes growing on the surface is called a _____?

stromatolite

why is the oldest known oceanic crust only about 200 million years old, whereas the oldest known continental rocks on Earth (not meteorites) are about 4.3 billion years old? In other words, what process 'deletes' the oceanic crust

subduction

the stratigraphic principle that states that in an undisturbed sequence of layered rocks the oldest rocks will be on the bottom is called the principle of ___

superposition

in the ocean, the arthropod exoskeleton was useful for protection, but on land, it was also useful for ____ and the prevention of desiccation (drying out).

support

placoderm fish had jaws like other gnathostomes, but they lacked what other feature that common ancestor of all living gnathostomes (like sharks, buffalo, and us) had?

teeth

what factor is key for growing large crystals in igneous rocks?

time

Primitive vertebrates had all of the following features EXCEPT ____.

jaws

which of the following geological events likely played a key/triggering role in End-Permian extinction?

Flood Basalt Eruption

Which is NOT a type of exceptional preservation

Fluoridization

what is the similarity of two structures due to common ancestry called?

Homology

how old is the universe according to evidence gathered from the relative motion of the stars (i.e redshift)

15 billion years

diapsids have ___ post-orbital fenestra, where as synapsids have _____.

2,1

____ is the process by which the first small proto-continental plates were combined together to make larger continental plates

Accretion

small, round, organic fossils, often with spines or other external processes common in the Precambrian--are called____.

Acritarchs

which of the following is NOT an orogeny that was responsible for building the Appalachian mountains?

Appalachian

trilobites characterize which evolutionary Fauna

Cambrian

Hexapods (insects) are most closely related to what group of arthropods

Crustaceans

what structure did teeth evolve from?

Dermal Scales

the collection of ecological factors that an organism needs to survive are called its ____.

Ecospace

Which extinction even was associated with the appearance of 'disaster taxa' and 'anachronistic facies'?

End-Permian

Which extinction event was the first to also affect Terrestrial environments?

End-Permian

multicellularity only developed in ____

Eukaryotes

what anatomical structure did jaws originate from in the ancestral gnathostome?

gill arches

Insect wings are thought to have evolved fro either paranota or _____

gills on the legs

the end-Ordovician extinction was caused by ____, which resulted in a dramatic sea-level drop and loss of continental shelf habitat.

glaciation

which of the following is NOT commonly one of the features we look at to classify clastic sedimentary rocks?

grain hardness

which of the following is NOT an example of mineral property that is used in their identification?

grain rounding

Cratons consist of felsic protocontinental blocks and metamorphosed ____ that were originally sedimentary rocks?

greenstone belts

atmosphere/ ocean circulation is governed by what basic principle?

heat rises, cold sinks

why did insects get so bloody large during the late Paleozoic?

high oxygen levels

life is ___ genetic replication

imperfect

Organism-level factors (intrinsic) factors that may have played a role in causing the Cambrian Radiation included all of the following EXCEPT the evolution of ____.

jaws

where (specifically) does seafloor spreading take place?

mid-ocean ridges

___are crystalline substances that occur naturally

minerals

what is a group that included the common ancestor and all of the descendants?

monophyletic

when oceanic crust hits continental crust at a subduction zone, the oceanic sinks. this has to do to the fact that oceanic crust is ____ than continental crust

more dense

What was the first group of arthropods to successfully colonize land?

myriapods

which of the following is true of the Precambrian but false when applied to the Cambrian. In other words which of the following is one of the ways that the Precambrian was different from the Cambrian?

no known animals with eyes

which of the following is NOT one of the 4 ingredients of life

organelles

the fact that all organisms on Earth share a basic set of cellular structures in common is evidence of our shared common ancestry. which of the following is NOT a feature that all organisms on Earth possess?

oxygen respiration

what line of evidence allows us to stratigraphically correlate rocks, as well as reconstruct the positions of the continents through time?

paleomagnetics

the idea that the simplest answer is the best is also know as the principle of ____

parsimony

what process caused the differentiation of the early (mafic) crust of the Earth into continental crust (felsic) and ocean crust (mafic) compositions?

partial melting