CJ Exam 4

How are female institutions different from male institutions?

- smaller institutions - nonsecure

Why does collective violence occur in prisons?

- the inmate violence theory - administrative control theory - prison overcrowding theory

What are the typical characteristics of women who are in prison?

- unemployed - uneducated - sad

What was the name of the system in which a private business leased prisoners from the state for a fixed annual fee and assumed full responsibility for their supervision and control?

Convict-lease system

Why do we have private prisons and do they actually work?

Little sound evidence that private prisons arecheaper to run and/or produce better results

What is the administrative-control theory?

Repressive administrations give inmates the feeling that nothing will ever change, that they have nothing to lose, and that violence is the only means for change.

What is inmate subculture?

rules and norms set by inmates

Explain these types of rehabilitation programs in prison: 1) counseling programs 2) work release 3) furlough

1) Helps inmates control their inmates 2) Inmates can leave the institution and hold regular jobs in the community. 3)

What are the different types of prisons?

1) Maximum security prisons 2) Super-maximum security prisons 3) Medium security prisons 4) Minimum security prisons

What are the primary purposes of jail?

1) They detain accused offenders who aren't eligible for bail prior to trial. 2) They hold convicted offenders that are awaiting a sentence 3) They serve as the main institution for offenders convicted of misdemeanors. 4) They house felons when state prisons are overcrowded.

Explain the substantive rights of inmates?

1) access to to courts, legal services, and materials 2) Freedom of the press and of expression 3) Freedom of religion 4) Medical rights 5) Cruel and unusual punishment

Approximately what percentage of the prison population in the United States is female?

10%

What percent are sentenced to a split sentence?

10%

What is a day reporting center?

A correctional center where clients can report for supervision and treatment.

About how many inmates in jail have a mental illness?

2/3 of all jail inmates

What percent are sentenced to a suspended sentence?

20%

What percent of people successfully complete probation?

65%

What is residential community corrections?

Housing offenders at night but allowing them the freedom to work or attend school during the day.

What are prison farms/camps?

Used to detain offenders and are found in the South & in the West

What assessment is used in risk classification and does it work?

Yes

Does rehab work & what are the elements of successful rehab programs?

Yes - good security, correctional officers, etc.

What is a halfway house?

a community correctional facility that houses inmates before their release

What are the primary functions of parole boards?

a group of correctional officials who determine whether an inmate is eligible for and/or worthy of early release

What is the overcrowding issue?

too many inmates that lead to violence

What are the elements of the inmate social code?

unwritten guidelines that expressed the values, attitudes, and type of behavior that older inmates demanded of younger ones

How many people are in probation?

About 4 million people

How many inmates are in jail at any one time?

About 738,000

What is restitution?

An intermediate sanction that requires the offender to pay for damages inflicted on the victim?

What are the three types of violence found in a prison setting?

Collective, individual, sexual

What is a boot camp and how is it different to shock incarceration?

First-time offenders in military discipline and physical training.

What is a fine? What is a day fine?

FINE: Money that the court decides has to be paid for punishment DAY FINE: geared to an offender's net daily income

What is restorative justice?

Restorative justice programs stress healing and redemption instead of punishment and deterrence.

What is one of the greatest problems that is faced by correctional officers?

The duality of their role

What are some issues with private prisons?

- Morally distasteful - Doesn't save money - Performance problems - Lobbying and/or political contributions - Linked to numerous cases of violence, escapes, and bad conditions

What is jail?

- Short term facility-usually no sentence longer than 1 year - Administered on a county level

What do correctional officers do?

- They oversee inmates to ensure they are safe, secure, and supervised - Enforce the rules and regulations

What is house arrest?

- an offender is required to stay at home during specified periods of time - monitoring is done by random phone calls and visits or by electronic devices

What are private prisons & how prevalent are they?

- can serve as an alternative to a costly correctional facility

What are the advantages of intermediate sanctions?

- cuts on cost - less overcrowding in prisons -dissatisfaction w regular probation -better re entry rate -creating ties with community

What is the role of female correctional officers?

- different behavior and aggressive tactics then male officers

Why does individual violence occur in prisons?

- history of previous violence - prison conditions - basic survival - lack of dispute resolution mechanisms

What are the risks of reentry?

- personal and economic deficits - supervision on the outside - prison experience (??)

What factors lead to sexual victimization?

-Demographics -Design - Coercion = sex crime

What is intensive probation supervision?

A program that places a probationer under tighter control that they might experience under regular probation

What is forfeiture?

A way of targeting crime and the seizure of goods and instrumentalities related to the commission or outcome of a criminal act

What is the prions-overcrowding theory?

As the prison population continues to climb, unmatched by expanded capacity, prison violence may increase

Why are community sentences popular?

Because it makes no sense to lock up nondangerous, repentant offenders in an overcrowded and dangerous correctional system,

What does the prison inmate population look like?

Disproportionatelyyoung, male, minority, and poor

What are the tasks of probation officers?

Investigation, intake, diagnosis, treatment supervision, and risk classification.

What is risk classification?

It is used to determine the level of supervision a probationer will require in the community.

What is a suspended sentence?

Judges formulate a prison sentence and then suspend it if the offender agrees to obey the rules of probation while living in the community

About how many inmates in jail (male and female) have histories of sexual abuse?

MALE: 10% FEMALE: 50%

Which type of prisons are less secure institutions that house nonviolent offenders and provide opportunities for contact with the outside world?

Medium-secuity prisons

What is life is like both in male and female prisons.

Men: stripped, searched, deprived of life Women: institutions are smaller, non-secure, anger is inward

What type of jail has officers stationed in a central pod where they can easily interact with the inmates?

New generation jails

What is a correctional philosophy with the purpose of convincing inmates that prison is no place to be, and they should not return?

No-frills policy

What is a split sentence?

Offenders must first serve a jail term before being released on probation

What is shock probation and how is it different from a split sentence?

SHOCK: resentencing an offender to probation after a short prison stay

What are the conditions of jail?

Some are physically deteriorated and holding dangerous and troubled people

Which prison system was based on the idea that inmates should be housed alone, be kept in silence, and spend their time on individual penitence?

The Pennsylvania System

What is recognizance?

offenders can remain free if they agreed into a debt obligation with the state

What are intermediate sanctions?

punishments that are less severe and costly than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation (house arrest, restitution orders, electronic monitoring)

What is parole?

release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served

What is the inmate-balance theory?

riots and other forms of collective violence occur when prison officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms.

What is the hands-off doctrine?

state and federal courts were reluctant to intervene in the administration of prisons unless the circumstances of a case clearly indicated a serious breach of the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment

What goes on in parole hearings?

the full board meets with the offender and then decides whether the parole applicant has a reasonable probability of succeeding outside of prison

What is revocation?

the offender does not meet the requirements of their probation and the court imposes a prison sentence

What is judicial reprieve?

the temporary suspension or delay in the implementation of a criminal sentence ordered by the court.