Classical Music

String Quartet

Beethoven: Rondo

Some scholars credit Haydn was the invention of the string quartet because: ___________________________________________

Some scholars credit Haydn was the invention of the string quartet because: He began writing string quartets because only three other musicians were on hand in summer 1757.

The piano Beethoven, Mozart, and Haydn wrote for was smaller and quieter version of the modern piano called the _____________.

The piano Beethoven, Mozart, and Haydn wrote for was smaller and quieter version of the modern piano called the fortepiano.

Neoclassical artists emphasized ______________, and ________________.

Neoclassical artists emphasized firm lines and clear structure, and moralistic subject matter.

What are Beethoven's dates?

1770-1827

Classical orchestra: Brass

2 french horns and 2 trumpets

What are Haydn's dates?

1732-1809

What are the dates of the Classical Period?

1750-1820

What are Mozart's dates?

1756-1791

Classical orchestra: Strings

1st violins, 2nd violins, violas, cellos, doube basses

Classical orchestra: Woodwinds

2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons

Classical orchestra: Percussion

2 timpani

What instruments are included in a classical string quartet?

2 violins, viola, and cello.

Describe the differences between a symphony and a classical concerto.

20-45 minutes, 3 movements for soloist and orchestra, cadenza and possible improv, double exposition, soloist = orchestra.

List two common rondo patterns:_____________

ABACA and ABACABA

Along with classical composers wanting more control over their music, another reason for the disappearance of the basso continuo was because more music was being written for _____________ who had not ______________________.

Along with classical composers wanting more control over their music, another reason for the disappearance of the basso continuo was because more music was being written for amateurs who had not mastered the difficult art of improvising from a figured bass.

At 16, Beethoven played for Mozart, and before his 22nd birthday he moved to Vienna to study with ___________.

At 16, Beethoven played for Mozart, and before his 22nd birthday he moved to Vienna to study with Haydn.

Why is Mozart considered to be a child prodigy?

At six he could play the violin, create fugue, could read music perfectly, wrote a symphony at age 8. He could think music in his head and write it down.

Symphony No. 5

Beethoven: Mvmt 1: Sonata, Mvmt 2: Theme and Variation, Third Mvmt: Scherzo; Symphony in C Minor

Classical ___________ is designed for the intimate setting of a room in a home or palace, rather than for a public concert hall.

Classical chamber music is designed for the intimate setting of a room in a home or palace, rather than for a public concert hall.

Classical composer's interest in expressing shades of emotion led to a widespread use of gradual dynamic change like: ____________ and ____________.

Classical composer's interest in expressing shades of emotion led to a widespread use of gradual dynamic change like: crescendo and decrescendo.

Classical composers exploited the individual ______________ of orchestral instruments, unlike baroque composers who used instruments interchangeably.

Classical composers exploited the individual tone colors of orchestral instruments, unlike baroque composers who used instruments interchangeably.

What might be added to a sonata form?

Coda/ Slow introduction

Comparable to the rococo style in art, ________________ was applied to the light graceful music of the early Classical period.

Comparable to the rococo style in art, the style galant was applied to the light graceful music of the early Classical period.

Coda

Concluding part of a literary or musical composition; something that summarizes or concludes

At 29 years old he began to feel the symptoms of _

Deafness.

How do we differentiate between the early, middle, and late periods in Beethoven's music? Specifically, discuss what one can hear in each period that allows us to make these distinctions?

Early: Influenced by Haydn and Mozart. Middle: Longer and heroic in tone. Late: Sublime and adventurous.

What aristocratic family finally employed Haydn as their court composer?

Eszterháza.

What are the three main sections in a movement in sonata form?

Exposition, development, coda.

Like most classical symphonies, Mozart's Symphony No. 40 in G minor has four movements: _________________________________.

Fast, slow, minuet, fast.

Describe the classical era symphony:

Four clearly divided instrumental sections. 4 Movements: Allegro, theme and variation, dance-like. 20-45 minutes.

Haydn and Mozart wrote many pieces for outdoor entertainment called ___________ or ___________.

Haydn and Mozart wrote many pieces for outdoor entertainment called divertimentos or serenades.

Haydn was a pioneer in the development of the ____________ and the _________________.

Haydn was a pioneer in the development of the symphony and the string quartet.

Symphony No. 94 "Surprise"

Haydn: Theme and Variation

In a _________, a basic musical idea-the theme-is repeated over and over and is changed each time. Haydn's Surprise Symphony is a good example of this form. This form can be outlined as: __________________

In a theme and variation, a basic musical idea-the theme-is repeated over and over and is changed each time. Haydn's Surprise Symphony is a good example of this form. This form can be outlined as: Sonata A A' A'' A''' A''''

In his later years after his return to Vienna, Austria, Haydn composed two oratorios: ____________________________

In his latter years after his return to Vienna, Austria, Haydn composed two oratorios: The Creation and The Seasons

Cadenza

In the first movement and sometimes in the last movement, special unaccompanied showpiece for the soloist.

In the visual arts during the early 18th century, the heavy monumental style of the baroque style gave way to ____________, with its ______________________.

In the visual arts during the early 18th century, the heavy monumental style of the baroque style gave way to rococo style, with its light colors, curved lines, and graceful ornaments.

Why does sonata form have such a great capacity for drama?

It's versatile, flexible, and can go through many changes.

Describe the emancipation of the composer during the classical era using Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven's lives as examples of this gradual change of status.

Joseph Haydn was considered to be a skilled servant. Mozart was tired of being a servant and went to Vienna. Beethoven was able to work as an independent musician in Vienna. He gained success through a wider middle class market. He was ultimately seen as an equal.

An almost complete opposite of Mozart, what was Beethoven's compositional process like?

Laborious. He had a journal and took a long time.

Later this style was superseded by the ___________ style, which attempted to recapture the "noble simplicity and calm grandeur" of ancient Greek and Roman art.

Later this style was superseded by the neoclassical style, which attempted to recapture the "noble simplicity and calm grandeur" of ancient Greek and Roman art.

Later, because of his growing fame as a composer, Haydn was allowed several trips to London, where he was very successful. The twelve _________ he composed on these visits are now known as the ________________.

Later, because of his growing fame as a composer, Haydn was allowed several trips to London, where he was very successful. The twelve symphonies he composed on these visits are now known as the London Symphonies .

Melodies in the classical style tend to be easy to remember because they are often based on ____________ melodies and sound balanced and symmetrical because they are frequently made up of ____________.

Melodies in the classical style tend to be easy to remember because they are often based on tuneful melodies and sound balanced and symmetrical because they are frequently made up of two phrases of the same length.

Often the third movement of a classical symphony or string quartet is made up of this pair of dances: ______________

Minuet and trio.

Minuet vs. Trio

Minuet is dignified, triple meter, ABA. Trio is quieter.

Development

Mixing themes together, Reconpictulation: Theme, bridge, 2nd theme in tonic, theme 1 wins.

Symphony No. 40

Mozart: G Minor, Sonata

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik

Mozart: Minuet

Don Giovanni

Mozart: Opera

Dies Irae (from Requiem)

Mozart: Requiem

Music was an important part of court life, and an ___________ was a symbol of prestige.

Music was an important part of court life, and an orchestra was a symbol of prestige.

Philosophers and writers, especially Voltaire and Denis Diderot saw their time as a turning point in history and referred to it as the _________________.

Philosophers and writers, especially Voltaire and Denis Diderot saw their time as a turning point in history and referred to it as the Age of Enlightenment.

Polyphonic texture was neglected in favor of a tuneful ________________ and ______________ harmony.

Polyphonic texture was neglected in favor of a tuneful melody and simple harmony.

Power shifted from the church and aristocracy to __________________.

Power shifted from the church and aristocracy to the Middle Class.

Rhythm in classical era with use a wealth of rhythmic patterns, including ____________, ______________, and frequent changes from ____________________.

Rhythm in classical era with use a wealth of rhythmic patterns, including unexpected pauses, syncopations, and frequent changes from long notes to shorter ones.

Social upheaval marked this seventy-year period, as this time encompassed four major wars including _______________________________.

Social upheaval marked this seventy-year period, as this time encompassed four major wars including the Seven Years' War, Napoleonic Wars, American and French Revolutions.

Describe the typical role of each instrumental group of the classical orchestra.

Strings: Most important - Taking melody most time with accompaniment. Woodwinds: Contrasting tone colors and often given melodic solos. Brass: Did not usually play main melody - Introduced power and filled out harmony. Percussion: Rhythmic bite and emphasis.

Name the four main classical forms in which Mozart wrote his masterpieces:

Symphony, opera, string quartet, concertos.

Name three of Mozart's operas

The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi fan tutte (The Magic Flute).

The rising middle class in the 18th century sought aristocratic luxuries like theater, literature, and music. They also craved music in their home and gave their children music lessons in hopes they may be invited and perhaps marry into the aristocracy. This created greater demand for printed ________.

The rising middle class in the 18th century sought aristocratic luxuries like theater, literature, and music. They also craved music in their home and gave their children music lessons in hopes they may be invited and perhaps marry into the aristocracy. This created greater demand for printed music.

The texture of classical era music is basically __________.

The texture of classical era music is basically homophonic.

The three master composers of the Classical period were _________________, _________________, and _____________.

The three master composers of the classical period were Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven.

Exposition

Theme 1 (tonic), theme 2 (contrasting), repeat.

Therefore composers began writing music specifically for _______________ and wrote many __________ melodies, often on middle-class ________.

Therefore composers began writing music specifically for middle-class tastes and wrote many folk-like melodies, often on middle-class subjects.

In the finale of Beethoven's 9th symphony, what unprecedented additions did he make to the orchestra?

Used a chorus and four soloists to sing Ode to Joy.

_________, the fourth largest city in Europe at the time, was the music center of Europe during the Classical period.

Vienna, the fourth largest city in Europe at the time, was the music center of Europe during the Classical period.

Whereas a late baroque place may convey a single emotion, a classical composition will _______________ in mood.

Whereas a late baroque place may convey a single emotion, a classical composition will fluctuate in mood.