Final Review

Escalation of commitment can be effectively minimized by ensuring that

those who make the decision are different from those who implement and evaluate it.

According to the four-drive theory, the drive ________ is most closely associated with the need for achievement and self-esteem.

to acquire

When managing change, learning interventions should be used

to break routines that cause resistance to change.

Which leadership theory or perspective adopts the view that leaders are agents of change?

transformational leadership perspective

Lewin's force field model emphasizes that effective change occurs by ________ the current situation, moving to a desired condition, and then ________ the system so it remains in the desired state.

unfreezing; refreezing

Which of the following communication channels has the highest media richness?

videoconference

A new employee in the finance department of the Hogan Company prominently displays diplomas and past awards indicating his financial expertise. What contingency of power is this person trying to increase?

visibility

Although there are many forms of brainwriting, what is the one common feature that each form has?

Individuals write down their ideas.

________ refers to any behavior that attempts to alter someone's attitudes or behavior.

Influence

________ is the cornerstone of effective value creation.

Information

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding divergent thinking?

It aids in applying concepts or processes from completely different areas of life.

What effect does "noise" have in the communication model?

It distorts and obscures the sender's intended message.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about intuition?

It is both an emotional experience and a rapid nonconscious analytic process.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about communication within a corporate organization?

It is important in the decision-making process.

By creating ________, employee involvement reduces the fear of the unknown and the not-invented-here syndrome.

a sense of ownership

Transformational leaders

energize and direct employees to a new vision and corresponding behaviors.

Outcome-input ratio and comparison other are elements of

equity theory.

Decision makers tend to rely on their implicit favorite when they

evaluate decision alternatives sequentially.

Which of these is the final step in the rational choice decision-making process?

evaluating decision outcomes

Informal groups

exist primarily for the benefit of their members.

Which of the following sources of power originates from the power holder's own characteristics?

expert power

Which of the following is a form of "soft" influence tactic?

ingratiation

When trying to point to an object, Japanese people tend to:

point with an open hand

Employees who receive a fixed amount of pay each week and feel underrewarded are most likely to

reduce their work effort.

EFT, Inc. wants to empower and engage its employees. They have several teams consisting of highly skilled employees and no one person on these teams has a specifically assigned position. Instead, employees lead each other as the occasion arises, so there is no formal hierarchy or organizational chart. This type of leadership is known as

shared leadership.

For everyday disputes between two employees, managers should use ________ as a third-party intervention.

mediation

Managers at Trendy Fashions, a large retail chain, experiences conflict and organizational politics. The company's customer service ratings suffer, and managers points to other departments as the cause of the problem. The conflicts and politics further contribute to the customer service problems. The CEO of this chain hears about the appreciative inquiry process and thinks this might be a good technique to use to improve this situation. He needs more information on this process. One reason the CEO's idea of using an appreciative inquiry approach might be successful is that this approach takes the organization from "what is" to ultimately

"what will be."

________ occurs when employees at the acquired company willingly embrace the cultural values of the acquiring organization.

Assimilation

________ leadership refers to how well leaders are aware of, feel comfortable with, and act consistently with their self-concepts.

Authentic

Which of the following is a difference between rituals and ceremonies?

Ceremonies are usually formal, whereas rituals are informal.

Which of the following statements is true about the drives of people?

Drives are innate and universal to human beings.

According to expectancy theory, providing counseling and coaching to an employee who lacks self-confidence is most likely to increase the employee's ________ expectancy.

E-to-P

According to business leaders, how should people make decisions in organizations?

Effective decision making involves identifying, selecting, and applying the best possible alternative.

In the creative process, which of the following refers to the experience of suddenly becoming aware of a unique idea?

Illumination

Which of the following statements is TRUE about confirmation bias?

It is otherwise known as postdecisional justification.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about email?

It is usually inappropriate for ambiguous and novel situations.

Which of the following is a positive consequence of workplace conflict?

It makes for better decision making by reexamining assumptions.

Which of the following is a benefit of job rotation?

It minimizes health risks from repetitive strain and heavy lifting.

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of leadership?

Leadership is influencing, motivating, and enabling others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organization.

________ theory identifies conditions that either limit the leader's ability to influence subordinates or make a particular leadership style unnecessary.

Leadership substitutes

Which of the following generally occurs during the storming stage of team development?

Members try to establish norms of appropriate behavior and performance standards.

Which of the following is TRUE about mental models?

Mental models can blind employees to new opportunities and unique problems.

What happens during the dreaming stage of the Four-D model of appreciative inquiry?

Participants envision what might be possible in an ideal organization.

Which of the following is a major criticism of Maslow's needs hierarchy theory?

People do not progress through the hierarchy as the theory predicts.

________ leadership includes behaviors such as listening to employees for their opinions and ideas, and showing consideration of employee needs.

People-oriented

________ is the tendency to experience stronger negative emotions when losing something of value than the positive emotions experienced when gaining something of equal value.

Prospect theory effect

________ teams allow employees to collectively plan, organize, and control work activities with little or no direct involvement of a higher-status supervisor.

Self-directed

________ are unconscious, taken-for-granted perceptions or ideal prototypes of behavior that are considered the correct way to think and act toward problems and opportunities.

Shared assumptions

Which of these statements about organizational stories is TRUE?

Stories are most effective at communicating corporate culture when they describe real events with real people.

Which of the following is a feature of relationship conflict?

The conflict episodes are viewed as personal attacks rather than attempts to resolve the problem.

Which of the following is TRUE at the highest level of employee involvement?

The entire decision-making process is handed over to employees.

Which of the following refers to "walk the talk"?

The leader steps out and behaves in ways that symbolize the vision.

Which of the following is TRUE about organizational culture?

The strength of an organization's culture refers to how widely and deeply employees hold the company's dominant values and assumptions.

What effect do mental models have on the decision-making process?

They adversely influence evaluations by making it difficult to see new opportunities.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about superordinate goals?

They are higher order aspirations such as the organization's strategic objectives.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about action scripts?

They effectively shorten the decision-making process.

How do norms affect the behavior of group members?

They help groups regulate and guide the behaviors of their members.

Whenever a team in Ads Today, an advertising firm, wins a new contract, the successful team rings a loud bell and breaks out a bottle of champagne. In organizational culture, this practice would be considered

a ceremony.

Management by walking around (MBWA) refers to

a practice in which executives get out of their offices and learn from others in the organization through casual face-to-face dialogue.

Jessie and Preston are both managers at CPA4U, a large accounting firm. Each has a very different management style. Jessie frequently checks on her subordinates to see if there is any way she can help them to complete their projects. As a supervisor in the financial sector, Jessie maintains her moral integrity and is not swayed by pressures to take shortcuts. She tries to know a little bit about her employees' outside interests and always remembers everyone's birthday. Preston keeps to himself more and communicates with his subordinates mainly through emails; he's not particularly interested in his employees' after-work activities. His subordinates know exactly what is expected of them; they submit daily reports on their progress toward the weekly goals he has assigned them. Which type of leader is Jessie?

a servant leader

Jessie has worked in the same office of DEF Insurance LLC for 6 years. She has always taken extra care to follow the office norms and to ensure that everyone at work is happy. She tries to be friends with everyone at work and hates getting into arguments with people. With the given information, we can conclude that Jessie most likely has a high need for

affiliation.

Most employees at United FiberTech support the idea that the company's success depends on their willingness to continually change and improve customer service. United FiberTech probably has

an adaptive culture.

In organizational communication, "flaming" generally refers to

an emotionally charged email that communicates strong negative emotions.

According to the action research model, which of the following occurs during the "diagnose the need for change" step?

analysis of data

The core elements of organizational behavior modification are depicted by the A-B-C model in which A, B, and C stand for

antecedents, behavior, and consequences.

In the expectancy theory, valence refers to the

anticipated satisfaction or dissatisfaction that an individual feels toward an outcome.

"Faultlines" are more likely to occur when teams

are diverse.

Nadia has a relationship conflict with her colleague at the workplace. She tries to evade the conflict by having minimal communication with her colleague so as to reduce any chances of confrontation. What conflicting style has Nadia adopted in this case?

avoiding

Arbitration has a ________ level of control over the final outcome and a ________ level of control over the process.

high; low

Perceptual defense refers to the

blocking out of bad news or information that threatens our self-concept.

Which of these refers to the degree and nature of interdependence between the power holder and others?

centrality

Referent power is typically associated with

charisma.

Bill started with the company in the accounting department as a staff accountant nearly two years ago. Yesterday, after several moves within the organization, he was named vice president of accounting. Other employees, even those who had been with the company for years, said there was just something about Bill that made you like and trust him. He worked well with everyone, never threw others under the bus to further his own career and is described by coworkers and management as an all-around great guy. Bill's interpersonal attraction known as, ________, is associated with ________.

charisma; referent power

"Strong ties" are

close-knit relationships.

Which of the following strategies to reduce the restraining forces should be used only if all other strategies fail?

coercion

The highest priority and first strategy required for any organizational change is to

communicate the need for change.

As a manager of XYZ Company, you are assigned to resolve a conflict between two departments in your organization, Department A and Department B. Both parties have equal power. Both parties are under time pressure to resolve the conflict. You also realize that the parties lack trust/openness for problem solving. Which conflict resolution style would you use in this situation?

compromising

In order to maintain the exchange relationship, the dependent party must have ________ over the dominant party.

countervailing power

The concept of bounded rationality holds that

decision makers process limited and imperfect information and rarely try to select the best choice.

The number or percentage of connections you have in a network is called

degree centrality.

The four stages of appreciative inquiry, in order, are

discovery, dreaming, designing, and delivering.

The ________ of human beings are also called primary needs.

drives

Path-goal theory argues that

effective leaders select the most appropriate behavior based on the situation.

Employees are more likely to comply with a supervisor's legitimate power when the

employees have high power distance.

At Sunshine Toys, several employees must work together to develop a new product. No one in this group has worked with any of the others before, and the development of this product has not been attempted previously. According to the media richness model, which of the following communication channels is most appropriate in this situation?

face-to-face meetings

Based on the four elements of the MARS model, all of the following are the most commonly cited reasons why people resist change EXCEPT

fear of failure.

According to the communication model, which of the following represents the first three steps in sequence?

form message, encode message, and transmit message

Which of the following networking styles increases a person's expert power?

gaining valuable information from other members through networking

People tend to be more creative when they

have a reasonable level of job security.

Amber loves to solve puzzles. At first glance, a new project that Amber just received reminds her of a puzzle. Excited to get started, she researches the problem and lays out the information in the order that Amber believes will lead to a solution. Her boss, Joanie approached and asked Amber what she was doing. Amber explained her approach, and Joanie told her step-by-step the way the project should be completed without even considering Amber's skills and experience. Which other of Amber's characteristics did Joanie ignore?

her internal locus of control

BarkBark Inc. and Happy Toys Ltd. are considering a merger and are worried that their two organizational cultures will clash. They perform a detailed diagnosis by collecting and analyzing data about the employees of the two companies. They identify several overlapping values, which they feel can be combined into a cohesive new culture. What type of cultural merge would be best in this situation?

integration

In the context of communication barrier, ________ refers to specialized words and phrases for specific occupations or groups that are used in communication.

jargon

Which of the following foundations of trust is determined mainly by the other party's predictability?

knowledge-based

Which of the following factors leads to relationship conflicts in teams?

low levels of communication

One advantage of countercultures is that they

maintain surveillance over and critically review the company's dominant culture.

Which of the following is a way to increase employee motivation by improving the P-to-O expectancies?

measuring employee performance accurately and distributing more valued rewards

The capacity of a communication medium to transmit information is referred to as

media richness.

The main purpose of a bicultural audit is to

minimize cultural clashes in corporate mergers.

Establishing a preset level at which the decision is abandoned or reevaluated is recommended mainly to

minimize escalation of commitment.

Effective managers should

minimize the relationship conflicts that exist in the organization.

Goal setting influences employee behavior and performance mainly by improving

motivation and clarifying role perceptions.

The chief executive of Telecommco, a large telecommunications company, wants to restructure the organization so that product leaders would have more power than the executives in charge of each region. The regional executives try to prevent this restructuring because it would weaken their power and possibly reduce their salaries in the long term. The product leaders also put up some resistance because they feel that things work just fine the way they are. This action by the regional executives is primarily an example of resistance due to

negative valence of change.

The optimal level of difficulty of a goal

occurs when the goal is challenging but not impossible.

Change is inevitable and often continuous because

organizations need to remain aligned with the dynamic external environment.

High team efficacy can cause team members to be ________ their decisions.

overconfident about

In the communication process, filtering occurs when

people communicate mainly positive information about themselves by screening out negative information.

According to social identity theory,

people define themselves by their group affiliations.

Single Corp. is a company with three divisions that produce completely different products. These three divisions must seek funding from the head office for a capital expansion project. The relationship between these three divisions would be best described as ________ interdependence.

pooled

Power is the ________ to change someone's behavior.

potential

Rituals are

programmed routines of daily organizational life that dramatize the organization's culture.

Brainstorming requires team members to

provide as many ideas as possible.

Employees with ________ interdependence, in which work output is exchanged back and forth among individuals, should be organized into teams to facilitate coordination in their interwoven relationship.

reciprocal

When compared to people in low-cohesion teams, members of high-cohesion teams

resolve conflicts swiftly and effectively.

In team dynamics, process losses are best described as

resources expended on team development and maintenance.

Which of these forces are commonly called resistance to change?

restraining forces

Alvin, the production manager of Paragon Company, wants to select the best supplier of raw materials from among several vendors. He has several choices and has done research into which company provides the best services and products. One company is known to be extremely timely, another is much lower in price but often late in deliveries, and the third is well-known to provide the highest quality products available. According to the rational choice decision making process, Alvin should select the vendor that offers the most

satisfaction.

The director of nursing is looking throughout the hospital for a new format of work schedule for the nurses. She evaluates each schedule system as soon as she learns about it. Eventually, she finds a schedule that is good enough for her needs and ends her search even though there may be better schedules available that she hasn't yet learned about. In this case, the Director of Nursing is engaging in

satisficing.

Situations with both ________ produce the highest risk of conflict.

scarce resources and high task interdependence

People with a high need for affiliation tend to

seek approval from others.

Which of the following is the highest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

self-actualization

Which strategy for merging two distinct cultures is most appropriate when the two merging companies are in unrelated industries or operate in different countries because the most appropriate cultural values tend to differ by industry and national culture?

separation

Which of the following types of task interdependence exists among production employees working on assembly lines?

sequential interdependence

With funding from her family, Sarine is currently developing a new line of dolls for her business, which she hopes will take her company to the next level. At first, she encountered some minor problems with the construction of the dolls and spent a fair amount of money engineering them to be the way she had envisioned. Unfortunately, she then found out that there was a patent protecting the way the doll's arms were connected, so she spent more money redesigning the dolls. After an unexpectedly uninterested response from the public toward the dolls, she decided that they needed to be marketed differently in order to sell. So Sarine allocated more resources to marketing and had the packaging of the dolls redesigned and created a new advertising campaign. The cost of manufacturing these dolls has now exceeded four times the initial proposed cost, but she is determined to make it work. She is embarrassed by how this has gone, but she continues to put up a brave front. Sarine should have done all of the following in order to avoid this escalation of commitment EXCEPT

she should have involved fewer people in the decision evaluation process.

Jacob was assigned recently to a large team working on a major software release that was taking longer than expected. Jacob and the other latecomers into the project spent a month partnered with a senior programmer who went over the project in detail with them and got them up to speed. Unfortunately, this training put the project even farther behind schedule. After a few months of working on the project with many other programmers, Jacob's work output becomes noticeably lower than it was before when he was working independently. Jacob's reduced work output is most likely due to

social loafing.

According to Lewin's model, ________ occurs when the driving and restraining forces are roughly in equilibrium.

stability

The expectancy theory model

states that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes.

Which of the following leadership styles in path-goal theory is the same as people-oriented leadership?

supportive

Which of the following leadership styles should be used by leaders when team cohesiveness is low?

supportive

A role is a set of behaviors that people are expected to perform because

they hold certain positions in a team and organization.

A task force refers to any

temporary team formed to solve a problem, realize an opportunity, or design a product or service.

Initial offer points, target points, and resistance points represent three elements in

the bargaining zone model.

Listeners often engage in an automatic process of "catching" or sharing another person's emotions by mimicking that person's facial expressions and other nonverbal behavior. Which of the following drives causes this effect?

the drive to bond

Which of the following fundamental drives is highly influenced by effective communication?

the drive to bond

The yielding conflict management style should be used if

the issue is much less important to you than to the other party.

Charisma refers to

the personal traits that provide referent power over others.

A deculturation strategy of merging two corporate cultures should be applied

when the acquired firm's culture doesn't work.