Climate change Chem

Which of the following options correctly describe the greenhouse effect? Select all that apply. A)The greenhouse effect is a natural process. B)The greenhouse effect causes the average temperature on Earth to be higher than predicted when considering its distance from the Sun. C)Atmospheric gases on Earth transmit more of the Sun's radiation, causing the planet to be warmer than expected. D)Atmospheric gases on Earth trap about 80% of the infrared radiation produced by the Earth, warming the planet.

A,B, and D

How can ice-core data provide information about changes in atmospheric CO2 levels over time?

Air bubbles trapped in the ice are analyzed to determine the CO2 content at a particular time period.

Which of the following are considered possible effects of climate change?

An increase in the incidence of insect-borne diseases Changes in freshwater distribution Rise in sea levels

Which of the following options correctly describes a greenhouse gas? A)A gas that transmits ultraviolet radiation more effectively, leading to a higher atmospheric temperature B)A gas that absorbs and traps infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere C)A gas that blocks the Sun's radiation, causing the Earth to cool D)A gas that is toxic to Earth's atmosphere

B)A gas that absorbs and traps infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere

The most stable molecular arrangement is the one in which the ___________ electron groups are as far apart as possible, to minimize electron-electron __________________.

Blank 1: outer, valence, mutually repelling, or repelling Blank 2: repulsion, repulsions, or interaction

Which of the following greenhouse gases would require a wedge and dash representation in order to accurately depict its shape? CCl2F2 O3 CO2

CCl2F2

Which gas is central to the discussion of global climate change? CO2 O2 O3 NO N2

CO2

Which of the following options correctly explain how carbon-14 levels can provide information about the source of atmospheric CO2? Select all that apply.

CO2 produced by burning of fossil fuels contains virtually no carbon-14. CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels causes the carbon-14 levels in the atmosphere to decrease.

The most important greenhouse gas on Earth is carbon ___________

Dioxide

Which of the following sources provide information about atmospheric CO2 levels over time? Select all that apply.

Direct atmospheric measurements Data obtained from air bubbles trapped in ice cores

Which of the following options correctly describes the underlying principle used to determine molecular shape from a Lewis structure? Each atom attached to the central atom of a structure is located as far from the others as possible. Each bonding group of electrons around a central atom is located as far from the others as possible. Each group of outer electrons around a central atom is located as far from the others as possible.

Each group of outer electrons around a central atom is located as far from the others as possible.

The most electronegative element is _______.

Fluorine

What is the difference between the terms global warming and climate change? Global warming refers to the long-term changes while climate change refers to short-duration weather changes. Global warming is a global phenomena and climate change is local. Global warming is a theory and climate change is a fact. Global warming is one aspect of climate change.

Global warming is one aspect of climate change

A gas that is able to absorb and trap infrared radiation, resulting in a warming of the atmosphere, is called a(n)___________ gas

Greenhouse

Which of the following are common greenhouse gases? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. Cl2 H2O O2 methane (CH4) CO2

H2O, Methane, and CO2

What type of radiation is absorbed by all greenhouse gases? IR radiation Visible light UV radiation Microwaves

IR radiation

Which of the following options correctly describe the interaction of a molecule with IR radiation? Select all that apply.

IR radiation causes the bonds in a molecule to vibrate in various ways. IR radiation can excite both bending and stretching vibrations. The wavelengths of IR radiation absorbed depends on the structure of the molecule.

Any gas that can absorb ___________ , Correct Unavailable radiation can act as a greenhouse gas. (The answer is one word.)

IR, infrared, or infra-red

In order for a molecule to absorb IR radiation, which of the following must be true?

Its bond vibrations must involve a change in charge distribution.

Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas? NO O3 N2 N2O

N2

Which of the following options correctly describes the effects of the observed increase in global temperatures over the last century?

On average the planet is warmer than it was a century ago.

Which of the following are three-dimensional representations of a molecule? Select all that apply. Molecular formula Lewis structure Space-filling model Wedge-dash representation

Space-filling model Wedge-dash representation

Which event corresponded with an increase in the rate of accumulation carbon dioxide in ice cores?

The Industrial Revolution

Which of the following options correctly describe the steps required to determine the shape of a molecule? Select all that apply. The Lewis structure of the molecule must be drawn first. The shape of the molecule is dictated by the most stable arrangement of the outer electron pairs. Only electrons that form bonds need to be considered. Both bonding and nonbonding electron pairs must be considered. The most stable arrangement is the one that has the outer electron pairs as close together as possible.

The Lewis structure of the molecule must be drawn first. The shape of the molecule is dictated by the most stable arrangement of the outer electron pairs. Both bonding and nonbonding electron pairs must be considered.

Which of the following options correctly describe the changes observed in global temperature over time? Select all that apply.

The average global temperature has increased over the same period as atmospheric CO2 levels have increased. The average global temperature of the Earth has increased over the past century.

Which statement about ice cores is correct?

The deepest layers are the oldest layers.

Which of the following factors influence the ability of a molecule to act as a greenhouse gas? The size of the molecule The mass of the molecule The shape of the molecule

The shape of the molecule The molecule's shape determines its ability to absorb IR radiation.

Which of the following options explain why the term "global warming" is considered inaccurate by some scientists? Select all that apply. The term "global warming" could be thought to describe a benign influence. On average the Earth's temperatures have not really increased over time. Global warming is a phenomenon that has been occurring for millions of years. The effects of global warming vary across the globe.

The term "global warming" could be thought to describe a benign influence. The effects of global warming vary across the globe.

Ozone is able to act as a greenhouse gas because its _____ shape allows it to vibrate in ways that involve _____ in overall charge distribution. linear; a change bent; change bent; no change linear; no change

bent; change

The natural process by which Earth's atmospheric gases trap the infrared radiation radiated by Earth is called the _____ effect. This causes Earth's average surface temperature to be _____ than that predicted when considering the distance of the Earth from the Sun. global warming; lower greenhouse; lower greenhouse; higher global warming; higher

greenhouse; higher

Small changes in the average global temperatures are expected to have a(n) _______ impact on our climate.

huge

An infrared spectrum records ______.

intensity of transmitted radiation vs. wavelength

he central oxygen atom in H2O is surrounded by four electron pairs. The two lone pairs occupy more space than the bonding pairs, causing the bond angle in H2O to be _____ the ideal angle of 109.5o. greater than less than the same as

less than

Nonbonding electron pairs are also referred to as ___________ pairs.

lone, unshared, or lone electron

In order for a molecule to absorb IR radiation, the energy of the IR radiation must _____.

match one of the vibrational energy modes of the molecule

In general, a lone pair occupies _____ space than a bonding electron pair, and will therefore _____ the bond angle between bonding pairs.

more; decrease

In order to predict if a given molecule can act as a greenhouse gas, we must determine its molecular _______________ structure , Incorrect Unavailable using the Lewis structure.

shape or geometry

Methane has a _____ shape.

tetrahedral

Match each molecular shape correctly to its associated bond angle. tetrahedral trigonal planar linear trigonal pyramidal

tetrahedral-109.5o trigonal planar-120o linear-180o trigonal pyramidal-less than 109.5o

Direct measurements of atmospheric CO2 levels in Hawaii show that since 1960 _____. (Select all the options that complete the sentence correctly.)

the CO2 levels in a given year fluctuate depending on the time of year the annual average CO2 levels have increased steadily

In order to be a greenhouse gas, a molecule must _____. (Select all that apply.)

undergo a change in overall charge distribution during vibration be composed of three or more different atoms

Electronegativity generally increases _______ on the periodic table, excluding noble gases. down and to the left up and to the left up and to the right down and to the right

up and to the right

The bond angle for a tetrahedral molecule (such as CH4) is equal to _____.

109.5o

What ratio is analyzed to provide data for estimating temperatures?

2H:1H

4 bonding pairs 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair 2 bonding pairs 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs 3 bonding pairs

4 bonding pairs-tetrahedral 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair-trigonal pyramidal 2 bonding pairs-linear 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs-bent 3 bonding pairs-trigonal planar

Which of the following options correctly relate the number of outer electron groups in a molecule to its observed shape? Select all that apply. A molecule with three bonding pairs and one lone pair will be trigonal planar. A linear shape is observed for a molecule with two bonding electron groups and no lone pairs. A molecule with four bonding electron groups is planar. A molecule with two bonding and two nonbonding electron pairs will be bent.

A linear shape is observed for a molecule with two bonding electron groups and no lone pairs. A molecule with two bonding and two nonbonding electron pairs will be bent.