Military history online course

George Washington never forgot that he was, first and foremost, a citizen. However, he was not a strong proponent of the militia, which he considered incapable of sustained or offensive operations. Washington had a solid appreciation for the British Army and hoped to put his own on a similar footing. Washington demonstrated his commitment to civil authority by reporting to Congress on all matters and adhering to all Congressional orders. In doing so, he was reasonably successful in making the regular army amenable to American prejudices against it. As the Revolution wore on, the cause and the commander would become so intertwined that in the eyes of many patriots they were one and the same.

(it was fill in the blank)

Which of the following were reasons Lee advanced for invading the Union for the second year in a row?

An invasion that led to victory on Union soil could result in foreign recognition. B. An invasion was an opportunity to raid for supplies. An invasion would force the Union to send reinforcements from the Western Theater. E. An invasion would preempt a Union attack on Virginia.

Why did the United States consider its national interests threatened by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990?

Annexing Kuwait gave Iraq control of over 20 percent of the world's known oil reserves. C. Saddam threatened the balance of power in the Persian Gulf region. D. If Saddam also conquered Saudi Arabia, he would control 40 percent of the world's oil reserves.

1. In wartime, filled its ranks with volunteers, only resorting to drafts or impressments as a last resort 2. Often more effective in conducting extended campaigns 3. The administration, organization, and effectiveness of this force varied from one colony to the next 4. Represented a step toward professional, standing forces in America 6. Faced challenges associated with high turnover Initially required service from every able-bodied man between the ages of 16 and 60

Colonial Militia (6) Provincial Units (2,4) Both ( 1,3,5)

1. This group was instrumental in the early conflicts of the Revolution because they demonstrated American readiness to defend their rights. 2. Though its ranks were never full, this group became the foundation for the resistance. 3. The presence of this group in the colonies ensured that the British Army encountered opposition wherever they went. 4. Despite its shortcomings, this group was instrumental in providing the manpower needed to raise a large military presence on the battlefield. 5. One of the strengths of this group was its ability to mount and mobilize on a moment's notice. 6. The men in this group were willing to endure near starvation because they were steadfastly committed to fighting for their freedom and liberties.

Colonial Militia(1,3,4,) Minutemen(1,5) The Continental Army(1,2,6)

How did patriot ideology complicate Congress's efforts to raise and provide for the Continental Army?

Colonists upheld the very spirit of the revolt, which opposed the use of standing military forces to suppress liberties.

Restructured the National Guard

Dick Act

Which of the following were reasons why many tribes or tribal factions hated reservation life?

Did not support their cultural lifestyle D. Collocated with unfriendly bands Unhealthy surroundings

What were the primary characteristics of eighteenth century European warfare?

Discipline was used to ensure men were obedient and willing to fight. Warfare was very systematic and employed linear tactics. The armies reflected the society and social classes.

Why did the Army suffer disproportionately under Eisenhower's New Look?

Budget cuts were experienced by all three services, but the majority of cuts were seen in the Army's ground forces

How did China support the NLF during the Vietnam War?

China provided military aid. C. China provided strategic advice. D. China provided economic aid.

Which of the following contributed to Allied logistical problems?

Distance from the ports of entry to the front lines C. Unexpected operational success against the Germans D. Elimination of the railroads by the Combined Bomber Offensive

What outcome was a significant blow to the Confederacy?

Dividing Confederate territory so that it was no longer a single contiguous area

In what ways did WWI contribute or lead to WWII?

Germany felt coerced to sign the treaty at the end of WWI. B. The people of Germany were dissatisfied with the government and the state of the country after WWI and voted the Nazis into power. C. Britain and France were unwilling to intervene and halt Hitler's aggressions.

What was the consequence of the Allies' decision to not pause at the Seine?

It stretched Allied logistical capabilities to their limit.

What was the significance of LeMay's Tokyo raid during World War II?

It was the most destructive bombing raid in history.

There were numerous reasons why the United States opposed amalgamation. Which reason was most important to President Wilson?

It would lessen the role American leadership would be able to play in the peace negotiations that followed the war.

Eisenhower planned to avoid this operation, but was convinced to commit troops.

Liberation of Paris

What challenges did the All-Volunteer Force face as American involvement in Iraq continued year after year?

Low enlistments as fewer numbers volunteered for service in Iraq Increased tours of duty to Iraq with shorter periods between tours

The Americans used massive bombing to help break the stalemate.

Operation COBRA

Allied forces from the Mediterranean Theater were used to seize French ports to open supplementary lines of communications.

Operation DRAGOON

The Soviets wanted the operation to help take pressure off the Eastern Front and to win the war.

Operation OVERLORD

Which operation caused the American public to withdraw support for humanitarian operations?

Operation RESTORE HOPE

Compare the Eastern and Western Indians by categorizing the social, cultural, and military practices.

Western Indians: highly mobile and dependent on bison Eastern indians: fortified villages, women tended crops, diplomatic familiarity

Which stage of Mao's three stages of military warfare did the Viet Minh utilize from the Geneva Accords through 1961?

fist stage

Industry did well and worked closely with the military.

food

Which of the following were disadvantages for the American forces fighting in the Hürtgen Forest?

The terrain made movement difficult. B. The Germans usually knew where they were. C. The weather often grounded air support.

What "unique conditions" existed in North America that shaped the development of the American militia?

The terrain was heavily forested, making transportation a challenge Colonial armies faced a new, unfamiliar enemy: the American Indian.

Several issues characterized the costly but necessary landing on Tarawa. Which of the following issues did the Marines encounter in the area they chose for landing at Tarawa?

The tides were low in this area. C. The boats could not get over the reef.

What education was added for officers and selected civilians due to military unification?

Training for officers in planning and conducting joint military operations Instruction for logisticians in mobilizing the nation's resources for war D. Development of officers and civilians for duties connected with the execution of national policy at the highest levels

The government took control due to inefficiencies and holdups.

Transportation

Which of the following defines "limited warfare" as it evolved after the Thirty Years' War?

Warfare fought for national interests

What significance did Wilson's Fourteen Points play in the Great War?

Germans wanted peace based on the terms in Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, but they did not get it.

Why did Lee's victory at Chancellorsville fail to advance the Confederacy's interests?

. After Jackson died, Lee did not have a subordinate who carried out his plans as effectively. B. The Confederacy lost 20 percent of the Army of Northern Virginia. The strategic situation in Virginia was the same as before the Battle of Chancellorsville. E. The Union army was still intact, and able to fight.

Which of the following did the Royal Air Force's modernization efforts focus on during the period between the two world wars?

. Aircraft B. Raid plotting Radar

Identify from the following those reform ideas advocated by Emory Upton.

. An expansible army B. Promotion by examination General staff system

Since the beginning of the nuclear era, Air Force bombers in the Strategic Air Command played the most important role in plans for delivering nuclear weapons. As the United States improved its bombers, it deployed smaller, more powerful nuclear devices. Technological improvements also made weapons smaller and more powerful. Identify the three elements of the United States nuclear triad.

. B-52 B. Intercontinental ballistic missiles C. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles

In what ways did the Army's amphibious invasion of Sicily (Operation HUSKY) represent improvement over the early invasion of North Africa (Operation TORCH)?

. Better-landing craft to get ashore quicker Effective maintenance of unit integrity D. New amphibious trucks to ease supply over beaches

How did America respond, from an industrial resources standpoint, to the attack on Pearl Harbor?

. Boards were created to manage the use of scarce materials. B. Factories were converted into war production facilities.

How did Saddam Hussein try to unravel the coalition during the Persian Gulf War?

. By attacking Israel with Scud missiles

Why did the United States under President Eisenhower, in contravention of the Geneva Accords, support Diem's refusal to hold the Vietnam-wide elections in 1956?

. Diem was widely unpopular and it appeared probable that he would lose to Ho. B. Diem claimed that undemocratic conditions precluded a legitimate election.

Which of the following hindered the U.S. Army's effectiveness in North Africa?

. Dispersing units in small parcels rather than being concentrated B. Little direct support from aircraft and friendly fire incidents in North Africa C. Ineffective coordination of units

Why were America's first encounters with Ho Chi Minh sympathetic?

. During World War II, Ho's fighters help to rescue American pilots downed by the Japanese. Ho furnished the United States with information about Japanese forces in Indochina during World War II.

Which of the following was universally agreed upon as the most important factor of U.S. nation-building efforts?

. Education

The Army was responsible for protecting African Americans from persecution from regressive groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. Which of the following acts provided the legal authorization for federal Soldiers to act in defense of citizens of states that had reentered the Union?

. Enforcement Acts

The sheer scale of World War II strained and in some cases broke the traditional gender spheres of combatant nations, to include the United States. Which of the following were ways in which women contributed to the American war effort?

. Factories hired female workers to fill jobs left vacant by men serving overseas. C. Women's Army Corps allowed women full legal military status for serving their country.

What was the purpose of General Grant's 1864 strategy?

. General Grant's four-pronged strategy was intended to prevent the Confederates from shifting troops and resources to threatened sectors. Campaigns through the South's interior would destroy economic resources, demoralizing citizens and crippling the Confederate forces' ability to sustain operations.

Why did U.S. and British Allied leaders affirm the "Germany First" policy in late 1941?

. Germany had declared war on the United States. The Germans seemed a much more formidable foe for both the United States and Britain.

Why did General Westmoreland reject the U.S. Marine Corps CAP program during the Vietnam War?

. He thought the neutralization of enemy main-force units took precedence over pacification for American combat units. B. He thought the South Vietnamese were better suited for the pacification of their own villages. C. He did not think he had sufficient forces to apply the CAP model throughout South Vietnam.

The new November offensive illustrated that fighting in the Hürtgen Forest had not changed. What problems were again experienced?

. High casualties among combat leaders Difficulty getting supplies forward D. Inexperienced replacements

Which of the following made combat leadership more difficult for the American small unit leader in the Hürtgen Forest?

. High casualty rates of officers C. Inexperience of replacements D. Controlling movements without enough company officers

What differences between Eastern and Western Indians affected the operational methods the Army used to fight the Plains Indians?

. Highly mobile C. Refused to fight pitched battles

When first elected president, Ronald Reagan had limited foreign and military policy experience yet soon made it a defining aspect of his administration. Which of these animated him to revitalize the Cold War?

. His ardent anti-Communism An intuition that America wanted a stronger foreign policy

Which of following were components of the Allied strategy against Japan?

. Isolation of Japan from external natural resources Strategic bombing D. Invasion of the home islands

What role did the U.S. Army play in the peacekeeping operation in Kosovo?

. It deployed Task Force Hawk into Albania with the intention of attacking ground targets in Kosovo. . It established itself as a credible ground force and served as an interim police force after Miloševic signed the peace treaty and Serbian forces withdrew.

How did the Combined Bomber Offensive contribute to Allied victory?

. It reduced Germany's ability to transport men and materiel to the front. It preoccupied the Luftwaffe with defense of the homeland providing the Allies air superiority on both fronts.

Which of the following did the National Defense Act of 1920 accomplish?

. It reorganized the U.S. Army into the Regular Army, the National Guard, and the Organized Reserves. It charged the War Department with responsibility for mobilization planning and preparation in the event of war. D. It required that officer promotions, except for doctors and chaplains, be made from a single list.

In 1878, a Democratic Congress passed the Posse Comitatus Act that had a direct impact on the role of the Army. What was the purpose of this act?

. It restricted the Army's legal authority to enforce federal laws.

Why did President Kennedy increase the Special Forces strength from 1,500 to 9,000 and employ them in Vietnam during his first year in office?

. Kennedy believed that the Special Forces were the most adept at preparing the ARVN to fight a counterinsurgency war.

How did the operational requirements for more forces in Central Asia during the Global War on Terrorism alter the expectations for service within the Reserve Component?

. Larger numbers of reservists and National Guardsmen were being sent on overseas missions. Reservists and National Guardsmen on overseas missions were mobilized for extended periods of time, beyond the six-month deployment many had become accustomed to. D. The purpose of the reserve shifted from one used to reinforce active components as operations progressed to one where reservists and National Guardsmen became necessary additions to active components early on.

The goals set by the United Nations for the coalition forces' action against the Iraqi invasion included which of the following?

. Liberate Kuwait from Iraq.

Which of the following inhibited the long-term effectiveness of nation-building efforts in Cuba?

. Modest reconstruction of the education system B. Rapid change to government structure

Which of the following describes contributions of the AEF in 1918?

. Offered the British help and postponed fielding American divisions Held firm against the German offensive along the Marne River near Chateau Thierry D. Took and held Cantigny, bolstering American confidence

Throughout World War II, the United States subordinated postwar political concerns to the military imperative of defeating the Axis by the most expeditious means available. Which of the following provide evidence of the Americans' prioritization of military victory over postwar designs?

. Refusing to "race" Soviet forces for control of Germany terrain or Eastern Europe Encouraging the Soviet Union to enter the war against Japan

Which of the following led up to the Lend-Lease Act of March 1941?

. Roosevelt directed the transfer of World War I weapons, ammunition, and aircraft to France and Great Britain. B. The United States provided Great Britain with 50 older destroyers in exchange for Atlantic bases. The United States agreed to produce heavy bombers for Great Britain.

What happened in Bosnia that changed the humanitarian operation to a peace enforcement operation?

. Serbian forces began seizing United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) peacekeepers using them as shields to prevent UN attacks. C. The Serbs fired a mortar round into a crowded market, killing dozens of innocent civilians.

What advancements allowed countries to project force anywhere around the globe to protect their interests?

. Technology B. Electronics C. Communications

Which of the following are components of the Powell Doctrine?

. The American public and Congress must support any commitment of military forces. B. There must be clearly defined objectives and an exit strategy prior to any commitment of military forces. C. Overwhelming force must be applied to ensure a quick victory.

How was the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) beneficial to the Army?

. The Army became equipped to handle the stress of battle through demanding, realistic training exercises. The training exercises the Army received were incorporated from standards addressed in FM 100-5.

Identify leading factors for the Army's slow adoption of the latest advances in arms.

. The Army was hampered by military conservatism. C. The Treasury lacked funds.

In November 1942, American and British forces landed in North Africa in Operation TORCH. Why did America's land war against Germany begin in North Africa?

. The British thought it was premature to attack continental Europe. C. President Roosevelt needed, for political reasons, to get American forces into the fight against Germany as soon as possible.

The Joint Chiefs refused to subordinate either of the twin drives to the other. How did the lack of unified command affect the drives across the Pacific?

. The Joint Chiefs capitalized on the competiveness of the two commanders, Nimitz and MacArthur. The lack of unified command forced the Japanese to contend with two forces simultaneously.

How did Japan's dependency on foreign imports affect the outcome of World War II?

. The United States was able to intercept merchant vessels. C. The Japanese economy was vulnerable due to the interdiction of raw materials.

What developments unrelated to Vietnam influenced the evolution of the AirLand Battle doctrine?

. The beginning of the Arab-Israeli War, which demonstrated a "new lethality" on the battlefield due to the deadliness of modern weapons. D. A change in the U.S. military's perspective and focus, which required the military to maintain a smaller defense establishment and integrate the Reserve Component into more military missions.

Which of the following accurately define the characteristics, efforts, and capabilities of the U.S. military in conducting a counterinsurgency?

. The capabilities provided from the Revolution in Military Affairs are not sufficient to carry out successful counterinsurgency operations and are often times detrimental to such operations. The success of a counterinsurgency mission relies not only on eliminating insurgents but also on helping the host nation effectively establish a national government and security force.

What helped the Germans to regroup for the Ardennes counteroffensive?

. The delay caused by the Allies' supply situation

Take a moment to check your understanding of the connection between WWI to WWII. In what ways did WWI contribute to WWII?

. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles angered Germans, who lost territory and were saddled with oppressive reparations and moral responsibility for the war. The horrible bloodletting of four years of war chastened Britain and France, which were unwilling to address Germany's subsequent violations of the Treaty of Versailles.

Which of the following were reasons against the amphibious landing at Inch'on during the Korean War?

. The high tidal currents B. The possibility of North Korean defenders on the channel island of Wohmi-do The 12-hour delay between landing waves because of the tides

The liberation of Grenada in October 1983 came with difficulties for the military. Which of these statements are true?

. The operation was cobbled together without much time for coordination. B. Military forces lacked direction and open communication between the Army and the Marines. The rescue of American students became a much larger operation than planned.

The success of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive was due in large part to which event?

. The success was due to innovative, adaptable leaders such as Hunter Liggett.

What prewar assumption was incorrect concerning the new technologies of artillery and machine guns?

. They bolstered the offense not the defense.

In this activity, you will analyze the methods the Army used in Sheridan's successful campaign against the Southern Plains Indians in 1868-69 and in the Red River War in 1874-75. Why did the Army use converging columns and winter campaigns?

. To make the Indians stand and fight C. To achieve decisive results

What was the rationale for invading Italy?

. To open the Mediterranean to Allied shipping C. To tie down German forces and prevent their employment on the Eastern Front D. To have airfields close to Germany and the Balkans

What were the goals of the CAPs?

. To protect the coastal population C. To establish relationships with the civilian population D. To gain intelligence regarding National Liberation Front operatives and infrastructure

In 1983, the Army established the School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. What was the intent of this program?

. To provide an advanced education in the operational art C. To provide the Army with a coterie of planners and strategists at the division level and above

Why did President Eisenhower undertake a "New Look" at American military policy?

. To reduce spending To be able to retaliate quickly and at the place of his choosing

How was the occupation of Japan different from the occupation of Germany?

. Was under American rather than Allied control B. Was disarmed rapidly and without incident Japan retained its government

How did the Army change its tactics to fight the Plains Indians?

. Winter campaigns C. Converging columns

1. This was established to provide peace and security on the western frontier. 2. This was enacted to regulate colonial trade. Forcing colonists to abide by these regulations would help to alleviate Britain's financial burden while simultaneously tightening its control of the colonial economy. 3. Under this regulation, the colonies were required to provide shelter, supplies, and transportation for British forces that were serving in the American standing army. 4. This was established to impose a direct tax on the colonists in order to help cover the costs of maintaining the British regular troops in the colonies.

1. Proclamation line 2. Navigation act 3. quartering act 4. stamping act

Why did Lee wish to invade the Union for the second year in a row?

A decisive Confederate victory on Union soil might compel the Union to negotiate for peace. An invasion to the North would preempt a Union attack on Virginia, and draw Union forces from the Western Theater.

In the early years of the 20th century, military commanders prescribed to the offensive doctrine. The invention of more lethal weapons, such as high-explosive artillery, made this tactic less effective in battle. Still, commanders were reluctant to change tactics. Which of the following beliefs explain why commanders remained committed to the offensive doctrine, even in the face of massive firepower and casualties?

A great power must be prepared to face great losses. B. Men and nations with high morale will obtain victory despite new weapons. "Real" Soldiers are willing to make the ultimate sacrifice.

By positioning his corps along Emmitsburg Road, Sickles created which of the following?

A salient position that left the corps vulnerable to attack on multiple sides

What were the advantages of the German tactical defensive in the Hürtgen Forest during World War II?

A small force could defend against a larger attacking force. B. Prepared defensive positions could withstand artillery fire. The Germans could easily and accurately use mortars and artillery to shell the Americans' location.

Identify contributions made by the Army in the years following the Civil War.

A. Improvement of harbor and river water resources B. Meteorological observations in the newly acquired Alaskan territory Suppression of labor strikes

Why was the Army's Chief of Staff, General Matthew B. Ridgeway, a proponent of a balanced force?

A. It would help the United States cope with a general or limited war. B. It would make the Army more relevant in American defense policy.

The Army performed occupation duty in several locations prior to the end of the Civil War and the start of Reconstruction. In which of the following locations did the Army act as occupiers?

A. New Mexico B. California . Mexico

Which of the following indigenous forces did the Army rely on during operations on the Philippines?

A. Philippine scouts B. Unauthorized paramilitaries C. Philippine constabulary D. Indigenous police forces

The Boxer uprising in 1900 was the result of years of foreign interference in China. The United States initially stayed out of the conflict, but eventually committed the military to a multi-national rescue operation. What considerations led President McKinley to send forces to China?

A. The United States wanted to ensure its own access to China's lucrative markets. The other nations increased diplomatic and political pressures on the United States.

Why did the planners of the Persian Gulf War use three supporting attacks instead of the generally preferred single supporting attack?

A. The two divisions of the I Marine Expeditionary Force, with reinforcements, provided the main supporting attack on the most direct approach to Kuwait City. Because suitable missions were needed for the two Saudi and Gulf Coalition Joint Forces Commands (East and West), the planners added two additional supporting attacks.

Why did the United States support France's effort to retain its Indochina colonies following World War II, despite the United States' general advocacy for decolonization?

A. With Mao's victory and the Communist takeover of mainland China, the United States feared the spread of communism through Indochina. By supporting France's control over Vietnam, the United States hoped to contain the spread of communism. B. The United States wanted to support France's post-World War II economic recovery so France could contribute to the defense of Europe.

In November 1943 at the SEXTANT Conference, the Combined Chiefs refined their plan for continuing the offensive against Japan. Which were the main axes of attack?

Across the Central Pacific Across the Southwest Pacific

Which of the following means did the U.S. Army use to defeat the insurgents in the Philippines?

Adapted tactic to local conditions B. Property and crop destruction C. Re-concentration of civilian populations D. Employed local indigenous tribes to gain rebel intelligence

Which of the following contributed to the success of the U.S. and British Combined Bomber Offensive?

Additional trained pilots B. Long-range fighter escorts The activation of the 15th Air Force in Italy in October 1943

Under his leadership, the Navy worked to maximize the aircraft capacity of carriers.

Admiral William Moffett

Which of the following were results of the ARCADIA Conference?

Affirmation of the U.S. pledge to defeat Germany first The establishment of the Combined Chiefs of Staff

He led the development of the system that became known as ground-controlled interception (GCI).

Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding

In one of the greatest risks of the war, the United States decided to limit the U.S. Army to 90 divisions. Why did the United States cap the Army at 90 divisions?

American planners were concerned that a larger force would limit the U.S. industrial capacity. . In terms of Allied contributions, American industrial output was more important than combat strength.

Provided a method to reeducate officers on the new organization structure

Army War College

What role did the U.S. threat of nuclear weapons play in events around the world such as the Korean War, the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, the Quemoy and Matsu Crisis, and other conflicts?

Atomic weapons alone did not guarantee the United States security and demonstrated the continuing need for conventional forces.

German U-boats were responsible for 70 percent of destruction to Allied shipping during the war but had a negligible effect on overall tonnage shipped. What opportunities did the Germans exploit to gain their few U-boat successes and force the United States and Allies to adjust tactics?

B. German U-boats took advantage of the air support gaps where Allied planes were out of range to escort the convoys. This allowed the U-boats to patrol in packs, enabling larger attacks. C. German U-boats used the timing of predictable routine Allied patrols along inshore waters to target individual merchant ships that were unescorted.

What were the characteristics of the United States' counterinsurgency strategy and efforts in Afghanistan under McChrystal's command?

B. Increase the number of troops in the country and place U.S. forces among the local populace. Focus on winning hearts and minds by protecting Afghan civilians from both U.S. and enemy fire.

Which of the following made it difficult for the Americans to attack the Westwall?

B. Its use of the natural terrain C. Its man-made obstacles

In what way did the 24th Infantry Division fulfill its mission during the early days of the Korean War despite being unprepared?

B. The mission of the 24th Division was to delay the advance of the North Korean army. General Walker needed a two-day delay in order to allow a counteroffensive force to be deployed on the peninsula.

Prior to the start of the war, the U.S. Navy had formulated a strategic plan for weakening Spain in both the Philippines and in Cuba. However, these plans were not implemented as intended. Last minute changes seriously threatened the effectiveness of the strategy in the Caribbean. What factor led to this last-minute strategy change?

B. The public demanded protection of the Atlantic seaboard.

During the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee executed several attacks. Why did the Confederate attacks on 2 and 3 July fail?

Because Lee had failed to establish a decisive plan for his attack and gave loose orders that his commanders often felt were suggestions and open to interpretation D. Because Lee and his commanders were often misinformed about the Union position and failed to coordinate and implement appropriate attack efforts

Which of the following goals did President McKinley articulate in 1898?

Benevolent assimilation

What controversies attended the bombing of the dams in the main agricultural area of North Korea during the Korean War?

Bombing the dams would destroy the rice fields, the main source of food. B. There was a debate as to whether bombing the dams should be classified as an interdiction of the rail lines or a maximum destruction strategy.

What were the strategic objectives of Great Britain and the American colonies at the beginning of the American Revolution?

Britain intended to reinstate the authority of the royal government and make the colonists contribute financially to imperial defense in America, while the colonists sought redress for the grievances they suffered under imperial attempts to impose taxation and limit expansion.

1. Because of their experience and reliability, this group was responsible for a bulk of the fighting. 2. Understanding that their survival was highly dependent on which force they sided with, this group often hesitated to commit until a clear-cut winner was determined. 3. This group was used to perform strenuous support functions, such as cutting roads, building fortifications, and occupying captured territory. 4. This group was uniquely skilled in skirmishing, long-range raids, and reconnaissance. 5. The discipline and training of this group played a significant role in the British victory over the French. 6. Initially unwilling to fully cooperate and provide recruits and supplies, this group was given subsidies for their involvement.

British Regular Army (1,5) Colonial Militia American (3,6) Indians (2,4)

How did commanders innovate in an effort to break the stalemate on the Western Front?

By developing new weapons such as gas B. By developing new equipment such as the tank C. By developing new defensive and offensive tactics

How did the Army rethink its mission and capability requirements following the Persian Gulf War?

By emphasizing expeditionary operations demanding enhanced strategic mobility C. By shifting additional capabilities to the Reserve Component in order to compensate for reductions in end strength

With its diminishing strength, how did the U.S. Army accomplish its occupational mission in postwar Germany?

By establishing a mobile police force

How did Truman attempt to restrain MacArthur's criticism?

By issuing an executive order that required all government officials to clear public statements on military and foreign policy with the administration

How did England's war minister, William Pitt successfully cultivate wartime cooperation and unity between American colonial forces and British regular forces?

Capitalized on colonial self-interest by offering subsidies Relied on the provincials to perform support tasks that enhanced the regulars' effectiveness in the field

What prompted the United Nations to participate in the Korean War?

Capitalizing on the Soviet Union's boycotting of the meeting of the UN Security Council, the United States requested resolutions from that body - first demanding the withdrawal of North Korean forces, then authorizing the use of force to restore the sovereignty of the Republic of Korea.

What outcome was the most strategically significant, because the Confederacy could not absorb these losses?

Capturing Pemberton's entire army

Which location did the Union refer to as the "Gateway to the Deep South"?

Chatanooga

Eliminated the position of Commanding General of the Army

Chief of Staff

The Army performed many duties during Reconstruction. Which of the following is an example of the Army's role in physically rebuilding the South?

Cleared railroad debris

industry did well but with some shortages due to the government system, not industry's failure.

Clothing

In what ways did coalition command of the air contribute to victory during the Persian Gulf War?

Coalition air supremacy allowed Schwarzkopf to move 270,000 troops and materiel to the western Kuwait border, undetected by Iraq. B. Air attacks against Baghdad disrupted the Iraqis' command and control systems. C. The air attacks demoralized the Iraqi ground forces' will to fight, and led many to surrender.

Which of the following were demonstrated by the Allies in operation OVERLORD and were necessary for its success?

Coalition planning, coordination, and support C. Successful joint operations D. Combination of infantry, artillery, and armor ground support

Why did President Nixon and General Abrams want to expand operations into Cambodia in 1970 during the Vietnam War?

Communist forces used it as a sanctuary B. To buy more time for Vietnamization to progress C. To retain the initiative during a bombing halt over North Vietnam

See if you can recall the order in which these events took place, starting with the earliest event in 1979.

Communist takeover of Nicaragua 2)Operation URGENT FURY 3)Operation JUST CAUSE 4)Fall of the Berlin Wall

Which of the following were essential aspects of most industrialized governments' war efforts?

Compulsory military service Centralized economic planning D. Committing a significant portion of their population and resources to the war effort

Which of the following were ethical and moral challenges faced by the Army when dealing with the Plains Indians?

Conflicting notions of justice and duty C. Methods that caused suffering among noncombatants

In this activity, identify nation-building contributions made by the Army in the years following the Civil War.

Construction of the Library of Congress B. Improvement of water resources C. Carrying out the King Survey

Why were counterinsurgency efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq manpower-intensive?

Counterinsurgents must stabilize the situation by overseeing widespread order and security. Counterinsurgency efforts involve many duties and requirements to include humanitarian relief, ground warfare, intelligence gathering, and training of local forces.

What was the importance of professional education to the organization and training of the AEF?

Created officers capable of coordinating large numbers of staff and troops Created officers with similar approaches in strategic and tactical situations

Sheridan and Custer drew dangerous lessons from previous victories, which led to Custer's defeat at the Battle of the Little Big Horn.

Custer : Committed his regiment piecemeal when not in supporting range of others, Was confident of handling any Indians encountered Sheridan: Deemed coordination as optional, Planned use of loose structure of converging armies Both: Believed Indians would flee unless forced to fight

Which of the following are reasons why the United States entered World War I?

Define the post-war peace C. Retaliate for loss of ships and resources

What role(s) did General Westmoreland assign to the South Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War?

Defense of Saigon C. Pacification

During the war, did the following technological advances primarily support the offense, defense, or both?

Defense: airplanes, artillery, trenches Offense: airplanes, artillery, gas, tanks, trenches

Which of the following acts gave controversial authority to the Army?

Enforcement Acts

What was the "main battle" that faced U.S. forces involved in the Surge campaign in Iraq in 2007?

Establishing political reconciliation in Iraq

Which phrase did President Reagan use to characterize the Soviet Union during the Cold War Revitalization?

Evil Empire

Which opportunity did the Confederates miss on day 1, putting them in a less favorable position for the following day?

Failure to force union soldiers off of cemetery hill and culps hill

The Goldwater-Nichols Defense Act overhauled functions within military departments, including transferring oversight of which of the following areas?

Financial management Information management D. Research, development, and acquisition

From 1954 through 1961, the revolution in South Vietnam was in what stage of Mao's protracted war?

First Stage

What key changes took place during the military revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Forces became more disciplined as a result of tactical innovations.

He led the effort to mobilize the Army by combining trucks, ammunition, and the M2A1 105-mm towed howitzer.

General Douglas MacArthur

Which of the following led President Truman to relieve General MacArthur of his command during the Korean War?

General MacArthur publically criticized and attempted to change Truman's strategy in a letter to House Minority Leader Joseph W. Martin, who read it to Congress.

Provided a dedicated staff focused on long-range planning

General Staff

What document guided the U.S. Army's counterinsurgency operation in the Philippines?

General order 100

Which of the following statements describes Germany's interwar military modernization efforts?

Germany's post-World War I military doctrine rejected hierarchal leadership and allowed ground officers to exercise initiative in response to changing battlefield conditions. B. Germany took advantage of Great Britain's tank experiments and test maneuvers by applying what it learned to its tank development. C. Germany was able to modernize its air warfare capacity. D. Germany applied its military doctrine to the newly formed panzer units within its army.

In this May 1969 battle during the Vietnam War, elements of the 101st Airborne Division fought a costly battle for a piece of terrain that they then abandoned. Critics alleged that this battle illustrated the folly of MACV's tactics.

Hamburger Hill

Which leadership traits did Lieutenant Wilson demonstrate during the Battle of Hürtgen Forest in 1944?

He kept his composure under stress. B. He applied tactical knowledge and his experience. He sought information of enemy positions and movements.

How did Eisenhower use airpower to seek a conclusion of the Korean War?

He made known his willingness to consider the use of nuclear weapons. B. He threatened to increase the air attacks on North Korea.

Why did President Truman refer to the Korean War as a "police action"?

He used the euphemism to limit the war to the Korean Peninsula and to avoid provoking China or the USSR from participating.

Why did President Truman authorize the use of the atomic bomb during World War II?

He wanted to limit American casualties.

Why did the United States support General Diem?

He was in position to resist the Viet Minh and the spread of communism.

How did the attack on Pearl Harbor impact American public opinion about engaging in World War II?

It removed the lingering hesitancy for America to enter the war.

What are some of the major issues that surfaced as the Army moved toward an All-Volunteer Force?

How to implement appropriate management and leadership practices B. How to keep and pay Soldiers once recruited How to recruit highly qualified Soldiers

How was Tarawa important in the development of the amphibious doctrine?

It proved the validity of the "Tentative Manual of Landing Operations."

Which of the following characterized the American Indian method of warfare?

Individual initiative

What was revealed at the Battle of Kasserine Pass?

Inexperience of the U.S. Army troops Weaknesses of the Allies' command and coordination D. Inferiority of some U.S. Army equipment

In what way(s) did William T. Sherman influence military reform during the interwar years?

Initiated the Military Services Institute of the United States. C. Established a small tactical school at Fort Leavenworth D. Commissioned the study of foreign military systems

the Japanese expansion initially involved a number of invasions. In this activity, you will organize each of Japan's invasions in the correct order.

Invasion of Manchuria 2)Invasion of China 3)Invasion of Indochina 4)Invasion of the Philippines

What tangible effect resulted from union control of the Mississippi River?

Isolating the Eastern Theater from resources west of the Mississippi River

How did Operation CARTWHEEL influence subsequent operations in the Pacific Theater during World War II?

It became the model used in the Pacific for the remainder of the war.

Why did Westmoreland reject the "enclave strategy" favored by Ambassador Taylor?

It ceded the initiative to the enemy and failed to capitalize on the Army's advantages in firepower and mobility.

Once the Iraqi regime fell in 2003, looting and lawlessness became a significant challenge. Not only did this manifestation of Iraq's economic dysfunction tarnish the allied victory, it also altered the focus of Phase IV operations. How did the environment after the fall of the Iraqi regime change the overall strategy for establishing peace in Iraq?

It demonstrated the need for a more comprehensive reconstruction effort and required the United States to devote more resources than originally planned.

In response to an expanding Army mission and manpower shortages, Congress passed legislation in 1908 that authorized the creation of the Medical Reserve Corps. What was the long-term significance of this legislation?

It established the U.S. Army Reserve as the third component of the Army.

How was the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor a significant strategic defeat for Imperial Japan?

It failed to neutralize the U.S. Pacific fleet and removed the lingering hesitancy for America to enter the war.

Why did the Battle of Midway represent the "turning point" of the war against Japan?

It reduced Japan's ability to execute major offensives.

At his request, Lee allowed Major General J.E.B. Stuart and three brigades of cavalry to ride east in an attempt to maneuver around Union forces. What impact did Stuart's expedition have on Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia prior to the Battle of Gettysburg?

It had a negative impact because it cut Lee's communication with his primary source of intelligence, and left him advancing in northern territory with no knowledge of his enemy's whereabouts.

The Goldwater-Nichols Act assisted in reworking the command structure of the U.S. military. Which of these changes were made as part of this Act?

It increased the powers of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. B. It streamlined the military chain of command. C. Service chiefs were assigned advisory roles on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Why was Guadalcanal important?

It lay astride the strategic line of communications between Australia and Hawaii.

Why was the Bush administrations' plan for Phase IV post-combat operations insufficient for the situation in Iraq?

It was erroneously based on assumptions that the Iraqi military and government would survive and be quickly and effectively rebuilt. It did not anticipate the development of an insurgency after the Hussein regime crumbled. D. It failed to account for the lingering effects of the devastation to Iraqi infrastructure.

Which of the following describe the Red Ball Express?

It was established in August 1944 as a solution to get supplies to Allied troops. B. It operated in support of the advance by delivering supplies every day from St. Lô to Chartres. . It was a truck convoy system manned primarily by African American troops to support the effort in Northern France in 1944.

Why was the Vossenack-Schmidt sector important to the Germans?

It was key to the Roer River dams. C. Control of its ridges might prevent any threat to the road and communications center of Düren. D. The loss of Vossenack and Schmidt might threaten the plans for a counteroffensive in the Ardennes.

Why did the Kennedy administration initially de-emphasize the policy of "massive retaliation"?

Its "all or nothing" approach seemed to render nuclear weapons unusable. B. The Kennedy administration favored a "flexible response" that enabled a range of responses.

Which of the following most constrained Japan's and Germany's technological innovations?

Lack of resources and fuel

Which of the following characterized the colonial militia?

Lacked discipline and experience Existed primarily for internal defense against slave uprisings and limited expeditions against the American Indians or enemy colonists

What reasons did Pershing give concerning disadvantages of amalgamation for the U.S.?

Language problems with the French B. Irish-American dislike of the British

Pickett's Charge was a costly failure for the Confederates. Which of the following did not contribute to this failed attack?

Longstreets eagerness to attack and crush the union forces

Which of the following Filipino tribes was employed by the U.S. Army to gather intelligence?

Macabebe's

He advocated developing the tank as a weapon.

Major General J. F. C. Fuller

He pushed for developing the Marines as an amphibious assault force in the early 1920s.

Major General John Lejeun

The Panama Canal project was extremely dangerous due to tropical disease and sanitation concerns. The Army Medical Department was able to significantly reduce the number of deaths due to tropical diseases in the region. Which of the following diseases were wiped out or contained?

Malaria Yellow Fever

Which general evaded the U.S. Army in Batangas?

Malvar

Which of the following were logistical concerns that the United States had by mid-war?

Manning factories since so many men were fighting overseas B. Supplying the necessary resources for a war on two fronts Transporting resources where they were most needed, either in Europe or the Pacific

What was Lee's plan of attack for day 2?

Manuever around the union left flank and roll up the union line

A few days before the battle, Major General George Meade was appointed as commander of the Union Army of the Potomac. Along with his appointment, Meade received a directive to keep the Confederates away from Washington and Baltimore. What actions did Meade take to carry out this directive?

Meade decided to shift his movement northward, keeping Lee's army to his west. Meade assumed a defensive position, ready to attack if Lee moved toward Washington or Baltimore, but planning to otherwise avoid a fight on terrain that was not to his advantage.

Which of the following statements correctly define military history?

Military history deals with the interaction of military affairs with political, social, and economic trends in society.

How did the troops' response after Bill was shot demonstrate the effect of fratricide on troop morale?

Morale decreased; they considered Sam the villain for falling asleep on his watch.

In the late 1890s, tensions mounted between the United States and Spain. As public opinion turned against Spain, a series of events increased the American public's demand for war. Which of the following events was the last straw that prompted President McKinley to ask Congress to declare war on Spain?

Mysterious sinking of battleship Maine

Which of the following altered the military's plans for orderly demobilization?

National budget D. Protests

American units had trained extensively and were fully prepared to make the best use of their technical advancements. Which of these did they use most successfully in Panama?

Night vision devices

What stipulations did President Truman place on the UN advance north of the 38th Parallel during the Korean War?

No UN troops could invade Manchuria or the USSR. B. The operation would be cancelled if either China or the USSR intervened before the crossing of the 38th Parallel. Only South Korean troops could operate along the international borders.

The Eisenhower Administration placed an emphasis on what two things to contend with worldwide commitments?

Nuclear capabilities and covert operations

What effect did the post-WWII occupation duties in Japan have on the Eighth Army?

Occupation duties in Japan transformed the military forces into a 9 to 5 organization rather than a combat-ready military force. Over time, the forces became weak in both organization and strategic capability.

Which represented a renewal of the general offensive launched in January 1968 during the Vietnam War?

Offensives of May and August 1968

There were 20,000 Soldiers performing occupation duties during Reconstruction. These Soldiers were responsible for an area of 750,000 square miles and more than 9 million people. In what ways did the number of Soldiers affect the Army's performance?

Officers were able to keep civilian courts open. B. Soldiers were spread too thinly to respond quickly to acts of violence. Soldiers were not able to protect everyone from civil rights violations.

Which of the following are reasons that Major General Liggett assumed command of the First Army from General Pershing during World War I?

Pershing divided the AEF into two armies, one under Liggett and one under Bullard, to give himself a more manageable span of control. D. Pershing's First Army was becoming too unwieldy.

Pershing had many challenges in building the AEF. Which of the following of Pershing's decisions differed from the Allies' approach?

Pershing's insistence on additional training in offensive tactics

The 10-month siege of this city prevented the South from sending troops to defend against other Union offensives.

Petersburg

What was the meaning of "amalgamation" during World War I?

Placing American Soldiers into British or French units

What reasons prompted President Lincoln to promote General Grant to General in Chief in early 1864?

President Lincoln realized that General Grant had the drive to fight and showed an aptitude for strategic planning.

The Navy's initial objective in the Philippines was to cut off revenues from the island and give the Spanish government an inducement for peace after Cuba was freed. Which of the following events changed these objectives and strained the wary alliance between the U.S. Army and the Filipino resistance?

President McKinley decided to keep the Philippines as a territory.

Which statements accurately describe the purpose of Project VOLAR?

Project VOLAR experimented with ways to raise morale, increase retention rates, and decrease disciplinary problems. C. Project VOLAR was designed to reconcile traditional notions of military discipline with the need to recruit and maintain the morale of an All-Volunteer Force.

Identify the noteworthy functions of the U.S. Army as a frontier constabulary.

Protected against Indian attacks B. Provided employment opportunities for surrounding settlement dwellers C. Negotiated treaties between Indian tribes, settlers, trappers, hunters, and prospectors D. Enforced reservation system

What was the principal focus of the Truman administration's early efforts at containment?

Providing economic assistance to alleviate the social conditions conducive to communist expansion

What are the key differences between colonial militias and provincial regiments?

Provincial forces more closely resembled the regular professional forces of the British armies Provincial forces were more effective for longer campaigns and expeditionary operations.

What were the advantages of amalgamation for the French and British?

Quickly replace fallen troops . Manpower to hasten victory

Vietnamization entailed different phases. Which of these were phases under the broad policy of the program during the Vietnam War?

Redeployment of American forces and the changing of their combat role B. Improvement of the South Vietnamese Army's support capabilities C. The use of nearly 11,000 advisors working with the Army

The United States invaded Panama on 20 December 1989. What justifications did President Bush use for the invasion?

Safeguarding the lives of the U.S. citizens in Panama C. Combating drug trafficking and money laundering D. To protect the integrity of the Panama Canal treaty

What steps did Pershing take in France to establish the foundation for the AEF?

Select the location of the American zone of operations Establish a logistical system for transporting troops and supplies D. Develop an organizational plan

Which of the following is an example of officer behavior having positive effects on troop morale?

Sledge's conversation with Duke (the lieutenant)

This area of the South's interior was subjected to the most severe destruction. The destruction was not only part of the campaign to demoralize the Southerners and prevent the military from supplying itself but also to punish the citizens for bringing war to the country.

South Carolina

What were the three stages of the initial campaign to secure Allied lines of communication between Hawaii and Australia during World War II?

South Pacific forces would seize bases in the southern Solomons. B. Southwest Pacific forces would move up the coast of New Guinea. South and Southwest Pacific forces would converge on Rabaul before advancing toward the Philippines.

President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction policies were often at odds with the radical Republicans in Congress. In fact, he vetoed much of the legislation that protected civil rights. Which response best describes President Johnson's attitude toward Reconstruction?

Southern states should be forgiven and reenter the Union quickly without a lot of restrictions

Which of the following were elements of Germany's post-World War I military doctrine?

Speed B. Initiative C. Surprise

At the end of the Spanish-American War, the Army realized it needed to modernize equipment and weapons if it was to remain a strong force. Which of the following weapons were adopted by the Army after the Spanish-American War?

Springfield rifle B. Rapid-firing machine gun C. .45-caliber Colt automatic pistol

When the Army invaded Iraq in 2003, it discovered that Saddam Hussein's tactics to defend the country were much different from what he had employed in the 1990s. Which of the following actions did Hussein take to defend Iraq in 2003, much to the surprise of American planners?

Terrorized the local population to discourage cooperation with allied authorities. Conducted guerilla warfare using ambush and surprise to attack U.S. forces while masking his force in urban terrain using civilians and civil infrastructure as cover. D. Cooperated with local terrorists and special operations forces to supplement his regular army.

What is meant by the expression, "no more Task Force Smiths"?

That American Soldiers should never again be sent to war undertrained and underequipped due to a lack of focus and funds

What part did the AEF have in the Allied plans for 1917 and 1918?

The AEF was expected to employ troops for the reduction of the St. Mihiel salient.

How did the French and Indian War engender friction between British officials and American colonists?

The American colonists began to fear and mistrust the British, and felt that their methods of discipline were excessive and cruel. Disagreements over who was financially responsible for the debt incurred during the war heightened, with the British trying to enforce taxation while the colonists felt their reimbursements were insufficient. Believing that the colonists should willingly submit to their authority, the British attempted to establish control over the colonies.

Why did Army leadership favor the Total Force Policy?

The Army leadership believed that failure to utilize the reserve units was one of the reasons for the lack of public support in Vietnam. Implementing the Total Force Policy to include the reserve units would ensure that the Army would not enter another war without the reserve units.

Why was fiscal year 1974 a pivotal year for the survival of the All-Volunteer Army?

The Army needed was a smaller size. C. The change in the role of women in the Army.

How did the United States solve the problem of preparing to fight a numerically superior Soviet foe?

The Army relied on technologically superior hardware that could defeat an enemy with a higher advantage. The Army began to work on the new "big five" equipment systems to restore America's technological superiority.

Secretary McNamara reorganized the Army National Guard to bring it into balance with the nation's contingency planning. To obtain troops necessary to fill out the Reserve, Congress revised the Reserve Forces Act of 1955 in September 1963. The Army also revised its Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program to improve the flow of qualified officers in the Active Army and Army Reserves. What was the effect of McNamara's reorganization efforts?

The Army strengthened its ROTC program at colleges and universities. B. A two-year program was added for those students who had completed the six-week field training program but who were unable to complete the first two years of ROTC. C. The Army relied on the selective service for manpower during Vietnam.

Which of the following were logistical and/or administrative issues faced by Secretary of War Baker when the United States entered the war?

The Army's General Staff was not a strong coordination agency providing oversight. B. War Department purchasing committees competed against each other on the open market. . Baker did not have a strong Chief of Staff to control the General Staff and manage the bureaus.

Which battle took place south of Verdun and was the first major battle fought independently by the American army since their arrival in France during World War I?

The Battle of St. Mihiel

Why were the South Vietnam Central Highlands strategically important during the Vietnam War?

The Central Highlands served as a strategic fulcrum from which the VC could attack any part of South Vietnam. . The VC had mounted an offensive in the Central Highlands and overrun border camps and tribal villages, which threatened to split the country.

How did the Chinese involvement change the Korean War?

The Chinese forces effectively halted the UN advance on the Yalu River. The United States feared escalation of the Korean War into a World War III.

Why was the permanent loss of Chattanooga a strategically significant blow to the Confederacy?

The Confederacy could not replace the large number of casualties it sustained in its effort to retain control of Chattanooga. ,The Union now controlled another major rail and river hub and was postured to drive into the heart of the Confederacy.

Why did casualties have a greater strategic impact on the Confederacy than the Union?

The Confederacy did not have a large enough population pool to recruit or conscript enough replacement soldiers.

Why did General Lee not employ the successful strategy employed by General Grant?

The Confederacy lacked the means to seriously diminish the Union's military capacity and economic means to wage the war. The Confederacy lacked the manpower to prevail in a war of attrition.

What was different in the campaign known as the Sioux War of 1876 from Sheridan's two previous successful campaigns?

The Indians' decision to stand and fight

What contribution did the Navy make to Union operations?

The Navy's contribution was the transportation of troops and supplies to the different fighting fronts. The naval assets in inland waters kept supply and communication lines open and restricted the South's ability to move men and supplies across inland waters.

How did civilian morale impact the last year of the war?

The North and South were war weary. The fall of Atlanta rejuvenated the North's resolve to win the war. If further demoralized the South and caused the population to realize that their armies and government could not protect them.

Which of the following was established to regulate prices and wages, and oversee the proper use of resources?

The Office of War Mobilization

How did the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley reaffirm Westmoreland's plan for a war of attrition during the Vietnam War?

The PAVN greatly outnumbered the U.S. forces; the North Vietnamese suffered as many as 3,000 killed, compared to 234 Americans.

How did the military response to the Pullman Strike in 1894 differ from that of the Great Railway Strike of 1877?

The President ordered troops without requests from the governors of the involved states. . Troops fired into the mob.

In what ways has the so-called Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) invited asymmetric counters from the enemy?

The RMA gave the United States unprecedented military and technological capabilities that many rivals are unable to match. D. Instead of trying to compete on a conventional level, enemies of the United States resort to warfare methods that mitigate U.S. technological advantages.

What were weaknesses of the 1947 National Security Act?

The Secretary of Defense had only been empowered to provide general supervision. B. It created the National Military Establishment, but it was not an executive department. The three service secretaries retained direct access to the President, confusing the lines of authority.

Which of the following represent critical contributions to eventual Allied victory?

The Soviet attrition of German combat power on the Eastern Front The unprecedented mobilization of American industry in support of the war D. The application of British and American air power in the Combined Bomber Offensive

How were the Soviets involved in air operations during the Korean War?

The Soviets provided MiG-15 fighters and training to the North Koreans and Chinese. B. The Soviets provided air defense for MiG bases in Manchuria. C. Soviet pilots engaged in the air war over North Korea.

Why did the Union win the Civil War?

The Union won the Civil War through the overmatch of combat power that the North was able to amass against the South. This included the incorporation of "Hard War" tactics to destroy the South's means to continue the resistance.

Why did the end of the Persian Gulf War not result in an exit of the U.S. military from the Persian Gulf region?

The United States and Great Britain immediately commenced a 10-year air effort to keep Iraq's forces contained. The United States maintained bases and substantial forces throughout the region so it could maintain the balance of power in the region.

Following World War II, why did the United States and Soviet Union have military forces on the Korean peninsula?

The United States and Soviet Union took on occupation duties after the colonial Japanese government was defeated and removed from the Korean peninsula at the close of WWII.

Which of the following characterized the United States' nation-building theories and actions as they pertained to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines?

The United States had a duty to help these territories adopt the principles of Western civilization. B. The War Department in the field should formulate occupation policies as it saw fit based on the culture and environment being occupied. Minimal changes should be made to the local laws and customs.

There were several reasons for the race for overseas expansion in the late 1890s. The United States initially was not interested in establishing colonies but eventually began to acquire territories to protect its national interests. Which of the following explanations describe why the United States began to acquire territories?

The United States needed to establish naval bases in the Pacific Ocean to protect its access to fueling stations. B. The United States wanted to ensure a secure trade route to Asia.

Despite continued resistance and minimal international support, America remained committed to its efforts to rebuild postwar Iraq. Which of the following statements characterizes the United States' primary focus during its reconstruction efforts in Iraq following the invasion in 2003?

The United States strove to create a new Iraqi government and army, which would be responsible for eliminating terrorists after American forces departed. The United States sought to develop rapport with and support from Iraqi citizens while also working to eradicate diehard Ba'athists and terrorists.

Why did operations in Iraq last much longer than anticipated?

The United States underestimated the requirements for and difficulty of reconstructing Iraq after Phase III operations. C. An unexpected insurgency developed, and the United States was ill-prepared to confront it. The Army lacked adequate occupation forces due to the Department of Defense's commitment to transformation tactics and a lighter footprint.

Which of the following is the primary reason the United States focused on modernizing the Navy during the interwar period?

The United States viewed Japan first and Great Britain second as its most likely enemies.

How did the United States respond to Japan's July 1941 invasion of southern French Indochina?

The War Department brought General MacArthur out of retirement and appointed him commander of the United States and Philippine Army forces in the Far East. C. It froze Japanese assets and cut off oil shipments to Japan. D. It sent Army reinforcements to the Philippines.

Which of the following led to the most modernization of the U.S. Army in the early 1930s?

The advent of motor transportation in the United States, together with abundant fuel, made mobilizing the Army with trucks a natural development despite the public and government being otherwise opposed to modernizing the Army.

Which naval weapon was most effective in making all ships vulnerable?

The airplane

Although Washington's forces were entrenched in a naturally fortified area, they were unable to prevent the British forces from maneuvering around their flank and launching a simultaneous attack from both the front and the rear. In this battle, Howe could have easily crushed the Continental Army; however, he chose to allow them to retreat in hopes of brokering an agreement to end the war peacefully.

The battle described was the battle of "Heights of Guana"

Which of the following statements about the attack at Landing Zone Albany are correct?

The battle lines were so disorganized and confused that the U.S. battalion had difficulty effectively using air and artillery support. B. The attack demonstrated the North Vietnamese skill at ambush. Reinforcements came in by helicopter.

The Panama Canal was built to provide the Navy with a faster route to the Pacific territories and to eliminate the cost of maintaining a fleet on both sides of the ocean. However, the canal also affected the Army. What effect did the Panama Canal have on the Army?

The canal added an additional strategic location that must be defended

Why was the landing at Inch'on a remarkable success for MacArthur?

The conditions surrounding the landing made it very risky. The landing enabled the UN forces to recapture Seoul and force the withdrawal of the North Korean troops from South Korean territory.

What struggles and challenges plagued the British effort to wage war against the patriotic colonists?

The efforts required to transport and sustain forces across the ocean in a timely manner and maintain the size of the force once it arrived in North America The inability of British forces to locate and establish a strategic center for operations in North America The failure of British authority to formulate a specific plan and act decisively to carry it out

Which of the following describe components or accomplishments of the pacification campaign during the Vietnam War?

The employment of a combination of conventional forces, militia, police, and psychological operations B. The destruction of NLF infrastructure C. Civil development projects designed to win the "hearts and minds" of the Vietnamese people

How did the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley validate the Army's airmobile concept during the Vietnam War?

The enhanced air mobility capability allowed troops to move rapidly over otherwise impenetrable terrain. B. Helicopters enabled the 1st Cavalry Division to rapidly reinforce and resupply elements in contact.

What characteristics of the Continental Army and militia most frustrated George Washington in his efforts to create a professional military force?

The inability to accomplish larger military tasks without relying on support from the colonial militias The lack of discipline and commitment from the men recruited to serve The inability of Congress and the states to raise a large fully-staffed national army

Which of the following actions did Congress authorize during 1940?

The induction of the National Guard into Federal service B. The Selective Service and Training Act The activation of the Organized Reserves into the Army

Why couldn't George Washington perfectly replicate the British regiment model in the colonial military?

The large pool of permanently impoverished men that existed in Europe did not exist in the colonies. Most men did not desire to serve in the military long term.

The Weinberger Doctrine required a clear and obtainable objective prior to the use of American forces. What was the objective for the Persian Gulf War?

The liberation of Kuwait

What was the "Lost Battalion" from the Meuse-Argonne Offensive during World War I?

The name given to a group of 554 men isolated by German forces during World War I after an American attack in the Argonne Forest in October 1918

What impact did the nuclear age have on U.S. military policy in the early years of the Cold War immediately following World War II?

The nuclear age ushered in a period of internal conflict within the United States on whether nuclear weapons should be pursued as a deterrent to aggression or used as an offensive measure.

Take a moment to check your understanding of the American First Army and the battle at St. Mihiel. Why did Pershing insist on conducting the St. Mihiel Offensive in spite of changes in the operational situation?

The operation provided an achievable objective for an independent American Army that would provide invaluable experience and further the nation's interests in the war effort.

Which of the following did the VC and the North Vietnamese forces use to their greatest advantage during the Vietnam War?

The porous borders between South Vietnam and Cambodia

What were the key strengths of the dual military employed by the colonies in 1776?

The presence of militia forces that, when threatened, acted as a consistent opponent to British forces across the colonies The ability of the colonies to raise local armies in threatened regions to balance the mobility of the superior British fleet The continuation of part-time military service which allowed the colonies to maintain a sufficient labor force to sustain the economy

The U.S. military recognizes nine principles of war. In the era of limited war, the principle of Economy of Force is perhaps one of the most important principles in today's military environment. Which of the following are appropriate recommendations pertaining to the use of military forces in combat according to the principle of Economy of Force?

The prudent use of combat power to accomplish a mission with a minimum expenditure of resources The allocation of assets in the right place at the right time to prevent a lack of resources in a critical operational area

Which of the following statements about Operation CEDAR FALLS during the Vietnam War is correct?

The purpose of the mission was to drive the Viet Cong forces from the Iron Triangle. American deaths were caused mostly by snipers and booby traps. D. American forces encountered no major resistance.

What were the primary underlying problems that the United States faced in trying to provide security force assistance to the South Vietnamese government from 1954 through 1961?

The questionable legitimacy of the South Vietnamese government The coherence and tenacity of the Communist opposition

What was one of the unexpected outcomes of the Surge operation in Iraq in 2007?

The renewed sense of optimism it fostered in the various factions and countries in the region.

American military planners initially supported the tactical doctrine of open warfare prior to entering World War I. The situation in Europe made this approach difficult to use successfully. What is one reason commanders were forced to modify open order tactics?

The structure and size of the German defenses were such that only mass concentrations of soldiers would be able to break through.

Which of the following negatively impacted Britain's efforts during the American Revolution?

The substantial efforts required to mobilize and sustain a military force across a vast distance The inability of the British to comprehend the colonists' disaffection with British rule and their moral commitment to the war

What were the drawbacks of using tanks during the Vietnam War?

Their noise gave advance warning to the VC and the PAVN. B. The rough terrain impeded their mobility. C. The dust created major maintenance issues.

Which of the following describes Mao's protracted war doctrine?

There are three stages of protracted warfare, starting with guerilla tactics, followed by combining guerrilla tactics with conventional warfare, and, finally, launching the conventional warfare counteroffensive. The three-stage revolution focuses equally on the political and military struggle. D. Gaining political control over the civilian population and winning their support is as important as defeating the enemy in the early stages.

Which of the following are components of the Weinberger Doctrine?

There must be clearly defined objectives. C. There must be a clear impact on the national interests of the United States. D. Both Congress and the American public must strongly support the military action.

During 1980 to 1985, President Reagan's budget saw substantial increases. Which of these statements are true?

There was a 56 percent increase over President Carter's last budget. C. There were six years of steady budget increases. D. Annual defense spending was close to 300 billion a year.

What about Mao's three stages of military revolution caused discord among the North Vietnamese leadership?

There were disagreements as to which stage they were in.

What tactic did the VC and the PAVN develop to attempt to mitigate the U.S. overwhelming advantage in airpower over South Vietnam?

They employed ambushes and fighting at such close quarters that the United States could not use its air power without injuring or killing U.S. troops.

What were Tuchachevsky and his followers' contributions to the modernization of the Red Army prior to 1937?

They propounded an elite, mechanized force. B. They advocated "deep battles." C. They established armored divisions in 1932.

How did the Allies feel about Wilson's proposed treaty at the end of World War I?

They wanted a treaty that would punish Germany. They did not support the treaty.

During the Persian Gulf War, why were U.S. Navy exercises with the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade purposefully broadcast on television?

To create the impression of an impending amphibious assault C. To draw the Iraqis along their seaward flank along the Persian Gulf and distract them from the Saudi Arabia-Kuwait border

How was the manpower necessary for the AEF raised?

Through a draft administered by local boards

How did Chief of Staff March transform the General Staff?

Through a drastic reorganization that included the creation of four main divisions and an increase in staffing

The American Army is said to have evolved over the course of history and today operates in a period characterized by global operations. Which of the following accurately describes military actions during this period?

Through military operations, the Army has served across the globe and has promoted American policies and interests overseas in an effort to protect the nation against the threats of tyrannical powers.

After Vietnam, movement toward greater centralization of the military regained momentum following many military issues in the 1970s and early 1980s. Because of this the Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act was passed to reform the military. What was the primary goal of the Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act of 1986?

To better integrate the various military services with the Defense Department and increase the focus on joint warfare

What was the purpose for bombing the Suiho Dam complex on the Yalu River during the Korean War?

To destroy the primary source of electrical power to North Korea B. To pressure the Communists to negotiate an armistice agreement on favorable terms

Why did the Army want to confine Native Americans to reservations?

To encourage the government's "civilization" program C. To save them from attacks and massacres D. To segregate them from white society

Why did the Continental Congress nationalize the colonial forces to create the Continental Army?

To enlist the support of all the colonies to present a unified, national response and oppose the British attempt to force the colonies to submit to their rule.

Why did General Grant exert simultaneous pressure on the Confederacy on multiple fronts?

To maintain contact with the separate Confederate armies on all fronts to prevent them from shifting troops and resources and to defeat them in detail while other Union operations destroyed the war resources needed to support these armies.

The U.S. Army and Navy had each produced demobilization plans. What was the purpose of these plans?

To produce a fair and systematic transition to a peacetime military structure C. To produce an orderly demobilization based on determined reasonable postwar strengths

Why did the U.S. Army fight in the Hürtgen Forest during World War II?

To protect the right flank of American forces attacking through the Aachen Gap

In October 2003, Major General David W. Barno assumed command of the Combined Forces Command-Afghanistan. Barno's new strategy involved increasing security and reconstruction actions. Barno also initiated a public communications campaign emphasizing the accomplishments of the Afghan government. What was the intent of these actions?

To shift the focus of the operation to the Afghan people in hopes of gaining their allegiance

What was the main purpose of the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War?

To topple the South Vietnamese government

What were the consequences of the Army targeting Indian women and supplies?

Undermined Native society B. Achieved decisive results

It was nearly impossible for Confederate forces to move large armies and equipment across inland waters. However, it significantly helped Union troops maintain supply lines great distances from their commands

Union gunboats

At what site did the siege occur that ended the struggle for control of the Mississippi River?

Vicksburg

When the United States declared war on Spain, the Army was not prepared for large-scale mobilization in multiple overseas locations. Which of the following situations resulted from this lack of preparedness?

Volunteer camps were overcrowded, unsanitary, and lacked basic supplies for the Soldiers. B. Supply trains were unable to offload freight at the Tampa docks. There were not enough professional officers to provide necessary training to new volunteers.

Take a minute to check your understanding of Wilson's Fourteen Points. Which of the following are true of Wilson's Fourteen Points?

Wilson's top priority was the creation of the League of Nations. B. Its lenient and liberal tone appealed to German leaders. C. It was not favored by the Allies. D. It was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe and reflected Wilson's hopes for the postwar international order.

Which of the following individuals could a U.S. commander execute on his own authority?

disown soldiers guilty of violating generals order 100

according to General Orders 100, a U.S. officer commanding a siege was not authorized to do which of the following?

impress enemy civilians into service of the occuppying goverment

The United States needed to depend extensively on the French.

weapons