Clin Research 2

___________ is a qualitative research method that allows you to see the behavior of interest as it happens.

Participant observation is a qualitative research method that allows you to see the behavior of interest as it happens.

Qualitative analysis often focuses on identification of ____________ in the data.

Qualitative analysis often focuses on identification of themes in the data.

Which of the following is not a main approach to qualitative sampling? a. Cluster sampling b. Nominated expert sampling c. Targeted sampling d. Referral sampling e. Intensive case finding

a. Cluster sampling

Logistic regression is appropriate for modeling (choose all that apply): a. Odds ratios b. Relative risks c. Mean differences

a. Odds ratios

Qualitative research involves any research that uses data that do not indicate ordinal values. a. True b. False

a. True @ True: this is the Nkwi et al. definition

"Chain referral" is a form of what type of recruitment? a. socially-based b. investigator initiated c. media-based d. none of the above

a. socially-based

Which of the following is a good reason for using stratified sampling? a. to ensure representation of a small subpopulation b. to minimize geographic dispersion of your sample c. if you can't obtain a sampling frame d. if resources are limited

a. to ensure representation of a small subpopulation

Suppose you were reading a public health research paper investigating the association of smoking and skin cancer, and the authors presented an estimated odds ratio of 2.0 with a 95% confidence interval of (0.9, 4.1). Which of the following are true statements (choose all that apply; hint: an odds ratio of 1 indicates no association). a. Based on these results, we should conclude that smoking is likely associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. b. Based on these results, we would not reject the null hypothesis that smoking is not associated with skin cancer. c. These results are consistent with both a slight protective association and a larger harmful association between smoking and skin cancer.

b. Based on these results, we would not reject the null hypothesis that smoking is not associated with skin cancer. c. These results are consistent with both a slight protective association and a larger harmful association between smoking and skin cancer.

Survival analysis is only useful in the study of mortality rates. a. True b. False

b. False

Qualitative research usually poses fewer ethical risks than a standard quantitative survey. a. True b. False

b. False @ Many qualitative research projects entail collection of identifying information and highly personal narratives that must be protected by strict confidentiality; quantitative surveys, by contrast, can often be de-identified or anonymous.

Qualitative research cannot be analyzed using forms of quantification. a. True b. False

b. False @ qualitative data collection and analysis activities often also include ranking, grouping, and quantification processes, supported by a variety of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses.

Data management is what you do with qualitative data after it is collected. a. True b. False

b. False @ Data management is a consideration for qualitative research from the beginning stages of the research.

Qualitative and quantitative data can never be combined in a single study. a. True b. False

b. False @ Qual and quan data are often combined in the same study, usually called mixed methods.

Qualitative research usually requires a larger sample than quantitative research. a. True b. False

b. False @ Qualitative research is typically looking for thematic saturation rather than statistical significance as its cut-off point.

Focus groups are preferred over individual interviews for eliciting highly personal or sensitive topics. a. True b. False

b. False @ The literature recommends individual interviews for personal or sensitive topics.

All of the following influence data saturation EXCEPT: a. Instrument structure b. Gender of participants c. Data analyst coding style d. Homogeneity of the sample

b. Gender of participants

Which of the following is the term for the process that allows a qualitative researcher to return to any previous step of the research process based on emergent findings? a. Theoretical process b. Iterative process c. Dissemination process d. Validation process e. Engagement process

b. Iterative process

The number of distinct samples of size two from a bag containing 6 numbered marbles is: a. 6 b. 12 c. 15 d. impossible to determine

c. 15

Linear regression is appropriate for modeling (choose all that apply): a. Odds ratios b. Relative risks c. Mean differences

c. Mean differences

In the context of non-probability sampling, "saturation" refers to: a. The end of data collection activities b. The point at which participants are no longer willing to talk c. The point at which no, or little, new information is emerging d. The completion of sampling activities

c. The point at which no, or little, new information is emerging

Systematic sampling a. requires enumeration of all elements in a population b. requires a sampling frame c. involves counting every nth element d. is a type of non-probability sampling

c. involves counting every nth element

A "sampling element" is: a. always an individual person b. the same as the sampling unit c. the item/person about or from which information is collected d. none of the above

c. the item/person about or from which information is collected

Which of the following are strengths of observational methods? a. Avoidance of suspect self-report data b. Identification of behaviors that may go unreported c. Collection of data on individual opinions d. Both a and b e. None of the above

d. Both a and b

Which of the following is typical of qualitative research but not quantitative research? a. It may be used for hypothesis generation. b. It uses probabilistic sampling. c. You have to invest time and money in collecting the data. d. It uses open-ended questioning with inductive probing. e. It includes researcher bias.

d. It uses open-ended questioning with inductive probing.

Which of the following factors should be considered when deciding on a sampling strategy? a. available resources b. study objectives c. nature of the study population d. all of the above

d. all of the above

In the context of research, how are "sampling" and "recruiting" related? a. they are the same thing b. recruiting is how you contact individuals to include in your sample c. your sampling strategy partially determines your recruitment strategy d. both b and c

d. both b and c

Which of the following is NOT a type of probability sampling? a. simple random b. systematic c. cluster d. purposive

d. purposive

Which of the following is not a reason that sampling in qualitative research is usually non-probabilistic? a. The goals of the research typically don't include wide generalizability. b. There is little evidence of the normal distribution of topics studied by qualitative research. c. Probability samples leave the potential for missing "key" informants in qualitative research. d. Qualitative research is designed to find and engaged cultural experts on a specific topic. e. None of the above

e. None of the above