Clinical Chemistry Quiz #5

The intracellular fluid compartment is made of all the water:

within the cells

Which of the following is not a defense biochemical barrier against foreign pathogens?

Fingernails

What kind of radiation causes the most damage to human cells?

Gamma

Which of the following is true concerning lithium? -Lithium is a major endogenous monovalent cation. -It is used to treat manic depression. -Use of lithium heparin as an anticoagulant is acceptable. -It exchanges for potassium during acidosis.

It is used to treat manic depression.

As C-reactive protein is increased during acute inflammation, what is the clinical value for high-sensitivity CRP?

Levels correlate with the size of a myocardial infarction.

Cyanide blocks mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase. Which of the following biochemical mechanisms is most likely to be affected?

Loss of energy production

Which human cells provide protection against foreign invaders while themselves causing damage?

Macrophages and neutrophils

In reference to clinical laboratory tests, which of the following is not true regarding the change in terms from "normal range" to "reference range"? -An individual can have a normal result and not be ill. -The objective of the test is to compare results against a reference population, not necessarily a healthy population. -Patients with related diseases can be included in the reference range. -Patients with unrelated diseases can be included in the reference range.

Patients with related diseases can be included in the reference range.

Water metabolism is under the influence of the

hypothalamus

The osmolal gap is the difference between the measured and calculated osmolality. What is the gap given the following data: measured osmolality: 300 mOsm/kg, sodium 140, BUN 28, glucose 180?

mOsm/kg

The purpose of the sodium-potassium ATP pump is

to pump sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

What is the effect of angiotensin II?

vasoconstriction

How much of our body water is found in extracellular fluid, including plasma?

1/3

How much of our body water is found in intracellular fluid?

2/3

Which of the following is an alternate definition of disease?

A condition that can be caused by a genetic defect

Angiotensin II stimulates

ADH secretion and thirst

Which hormone stimulates water reabsorption?

ADH/vasopressin

_______________ is characterized by a low sodium level and a high potassium level.

Addison's disease

A patient with a toxic level of blood alcohol would cause what?

An increased osmolal gap

What section of the clinical chemistry laboratory is most likely to adopt a new chemistry test?

Blood gas analysis

Which of the following chemical mediators of vasodilation is not involved in acute inflammation?

Bradykinins

Which creatine kinase isoenzyme is found in cerebral tissue?

CK-BB

A disruption of which of the following, but not to the extent of cell death, can result in the release and abnormal accumulation of metabolites and other small molecules?

Cell membrane

The anion with the highest extracellular concentration is:

Chloride.

Freezing point depression is one of the:

Colligative properties of a solution.

Which defense system is best able to lyse foreign bacteria?

Complement

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with hyponatremia?

Cushing's disease

Elevated sweat chloride is associated with which disease?

Cystic fibrosis

Following cell death, proteins from which subcellular location appear in blood first?

Cytoplasm

A patient with syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) would present with which of the following laboratory results?

Decreased serum sodium, osmolality, chloride, and increased urine sodium

What is the role of therapeutic drug monitoring for diseases?

Determination of drug compliance

What is meant by the term pseudohyperkalemia?

Falsely increased due to hemolysis

What is meant by the term pseudohyponatremia?

Falsely low result using an indirect assay due to the presence of solids such as lipids

Serum lacks which of the following constituents?

Fibrinogen

What cellular adaptation is indicative of an increase in cell number?

Hyperplasia

Which of the following cellular adaptations is indicative of an increase in cell number?

Hyperplasia

What is the difference between ischemia and hypoxia?

Hypoxia is an oxygen deficiency while ischemia is caused by a reduced flow of blood.

Lupus erythematosus and osteoarthritis cause damage to human tissues through which mechanism?

Immune reaction

Measurement of sodium, potassium, and chloride are commonly performed in laboratories using which of the following?

Ion selective electrodes

Why was the protein antitrypsin labeled as α 1?

It designates electrophoretic migration using serum protein electrophoresis.

Which is true regarding tumors?

Malignant tumors are not subject to normal regulatory growth controls.

_____________ is useful for measuring the family of cytokine concentrations in serum with a high degree of precision and rapid turnaround time.

Microtiter plate array

Which of the following cellular mediators of inflammation is not involved in an acute process?

Monocytes

Aldosterone stimulates

Na reabsorption by the kidneys

Apoptosis is described as programmed cell death and is a normal process. How does this process compare to necrosis?

Necrosis is usually considered premature cell death.

An individual undergoes an ultrasound procedure. Which of the following is an expected cause of cell injury?

None of these are correct

Rickets and scurvy are examples of which form of cell injury?

Nutritional

The presence of only slightly visible hemolysis can significantly increase the serum level of which of the following ions?

Potassium

The cation with the highest intracellular concentration is:

Potassium.

What is the hallmark of irreversible cell death?

Release of macromolecules such as proteins and enzymes

______________ is the hallmark of irreversible cell death.

Release of macromolecules such as proteins and enzymes

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in response to hyponatremia?

Renin is released from the kidney; renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I; angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II.

The cation with the highest extracellular concentration is:

Sodium

A family of peptides called natriuretic peptides serves to regulate:

Sodium and water metabolism.

Two tests are available to diagnose a specific disease. One (test A) has high sensitivity while the other (test B) has high specificity. If both cannot be ordered at the same time, which is the best order?

Test A and if positive, Test B

Amylase and lipase are about the same molecular weight. What is the expectation regarding release from damaged pancreas?

They appear at the same time.

Which of the following characterizes free radicals?

They are highly reactive and cause cellular injury.

Which of the following characterizes free radicals? -They are so named because they are unbound to proteins. -They are highly reactive and cause cellular injury. -They are highly protective of healthy tissue. -They are responsible for most causes of cancer.

They are highly reactive and cause cellular injury.

Which is true concerning serum total carbon dioxide measurements? -They largely reflect dissolved CO2 gas. -They are largely equivalent to bicarbonate levels. -They are a measure of carbonic acid concentrations. -They are equivalent to carboxyhemoglobin levels.

They are largely equivalent to bicarbonate level

How do physicians decide what tests to order?

They rely on medical history, physical exam, and other objective tests.

What is characterized by low total protein levels.

Transudate

___________ is characterized by low total protein levels.

Transudate

Which of the following is a result of chemical mediators for inflammation?

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Which gland secretes aldosterone?

adrenals

What is inflammation ? -It is the body's response to injury -It is designed to rid the body of the offending agent -It is designed to repair injury from the offending agent -all 3 statements are correct

all 3 statements are correct

Cellular injury in an organ causes

alterations of body functions and chemistry

The classical complement system is activated by

antibody-antigen complexes

Interstitial fluid is the fluid

around the cells

Which of these molecules dilates blood vessels and induces pain?

bradykinins

Which of the following is not an objective of the clotting system following invasion of an infectious agent? -Providing a "trellis" as the basis for repair -Preventing migration of infectious organisms systemically -Causing thrombosis -Causing vasodilation

causing vasodilation

Grave's disease is an example of what kind of cell injury?

endocrine

DNA is contained in the cell's

nucleus

An elevation in chloride in the presence of normal sodium and potassium is seen in

primary hyperparathyroidism.