clinical laboratory techniques for veterinary technicians: hemostasis and hematology- EXAM 2 REVIEW

What can cause torocyte?

Hypochromic anemia (iron deficiency) Artifact of smear preparation

What can cause target cell formation?

Hypochromic anemia, Cholestasis liver disease Bone marrow suppression Splenectomy Artifact in hypertonic solution

What suggest lead poisoning?

Large numbers of basophilic-stipples RBC's along with nucleated RBCs out of proportion to the anemia

How does the body manage spherocytosis?

Macrophages in the spleen and liver remove portions of the damaged RBC

What can cause knizocyte formation?

Chronic liver disease Hepatitis Cirrhosis

What is schmauch's bodies?

Consist of hemoglobin precipitated by oxidant dregs, plant toxins, or chemicals

What are echinocytes?

Cremated cells that are cause by changes in Ph, temperature and drying time that commonly occur in feline cells and not so often in Caine cells.

What is basophilic stippling and how can it occur?

Degenerative changes in cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid Regenerative anemia

What are the mechanisms in the integument(skin) system?

Desquamation Desiccation Low ph Resident bacteria flora

What can cause schistocyte formation?

Disseminated intravascular coagulation Hemolytic anemia Congestive heart failure Glomerulonephritis Splenic hemagiosarcoma

What dog breeds have stomatocyte hereditary problems?

Dwarf Alaskan malamutes Miniature and standard schnauzers Drentse Patrijshonds

What are acanthocytes?

Spur cells, are erythrocytes with several unevenly spaced, irregular projections. They are associated with diseases that alter lipids and cholesterol, such as liver diseases, endocrine disease, malabsorptive diseases, and hemanngiosarcoma, especially involving the liver

What is agglutination

clumping of red blood cells

What is hemolysis?

destruction of red blood cells

Ovalocytes?

oval shaped, hereditary in dogs, myelofibrosis, MDS, cats with bone marrow disease, hepatic lipidosis

anisocytosis

presence of red blood cells of unequal size

Spherocyte

red blood cell that assumes a spherical shape with a reduced ration of cell surface area to cytoplasmic volume

Why is hyperchromasia impossible?

Because hemoglobin precipitates at a concentration of 37% or more

What is G6PD deficiency?

A genetic disorder that most often affect males. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Howell-jolly body in cats and dogs

1% or less in normal in cats Normal in Canine blood

What is a ghost cell?

A degenerating or fragmented erythrocyte with no hemoglobin Very acute intravascular hemolysis This can be very diagnostic so don't think "oh the stain didn't take too good" if you see a significant amount of there there is a problem.

What is a portacaval shunt?

A surgical procedure that's used to create a new connection between the blood vessel in the liver.

Dacryocyte

A teardrop-shaped red blood cell that may be seen in animals with myelofibrosis. Severe iron deficiency.

What is hypochromasia and what causes it?

Abnormal decrease in the hemoglobin content of RBC's Iron deficiency

what can cause Heinz bodies?

Acetaminophen (cats) Methylene blue (cats) Gastrointestinal disease (cats) Onions (cats, and dogs) Long-tern prednisolone use (dogs) Splenectomy Other oxidant drugs

What can cause plychromasia?

Active erythropoiesis Regenerative response to anemia

Splenic Hemangioma

Are non-encapsulated non-neoplasticism vascular channels of varying sizes ranging from capillary to cavernous that contain slow flowing blood.

How does vascular component reduce blood flow?

By local vasoconstriction By compression of injured vessels by blood extravasated into surrounding tissues

Stomatocyte

Caintains a mouth like or slit like pattern in the center of the cell.

What is a hemangiosarcoma?

Cancer of the vascular endothelium that most commonly affects the Spleen and the heart

What are blister cells?

Erythrocytes that paper to have a "bite" on them due to a peripherally located vacuole. Often seen with G6PD deficiency

What species is prone to Heinz body?

Feline RBC's

Coagulation

Forms fibrin mesh to stabilize platelet plug Cascade of enzymatic reactions

Platelet component

Forms hemostasis plugs Release factors to augment vasoconstriction and initiate vessel wall repair

Refractive artifact

Improper staining

Stain precipitate

Improper staining

What is cytauxzoon Felis?

Intracellular parasite of cats

What are the bodies defense mechanisms ?

Invading microorganisms Physical barriers Innate immunity Specific immunity

what is Pappenheimer body and how does it happen ?

Is a iron accumulation in the erythrocytes that indicate abnormal erythropoiesis

What is anaplasma marginale?

Is an intracellular erythroparasite of cattle that produces severe hemolytic anemia

What is primary hemostasis and how does it function?

It is Platelet formation for minor breaks in vessel endothelium

What is secondary hemostasis and how does it function?

It is coagulation for larger breeches in vessel integrity

What are the mechanism is the mammary gland

Keratin plug Milk flow Lactenins

What is bar cell?

Knizocyte that are out folding of the red blood cell membrane

What are keratocytes?

Oxidant or fragmentation injury. That result in blisters on the cell.

What are eccentrocytes?

Oxidation of red blood cell membrane that resolute in an uneven concentration of hemoglobin.

What can cause dacryocyte formation?

Pitting of the spleen Dogs with myeloproliferative disorders

What are some types of leukocyte abnormalities?

Pseudoinclusion Rouleaux Pelegrín hurt anomaly Hypersegmented neutrophil Toxic neutrophils

What are target cells?

Red blood cells that have the appearance of a shooting target that result of excessive cell membrane in proportion to decreased hemoglobin concentration.

What are the mechanisms in the digestive tract?

Saliva Low Ph Normal bacterial flora Lysozyme

What are RBC's containing hemosiderin called?

Siderocytes

What are the physical barries?

Skin Coughing Mucus flow Saliva Tears Vomiting Diarrhea Urine flow

What is hemostasis?

The ability to maintain blood within blood vessels

What is Howell-jolly body and what causes it?

They are erythrocyte with with nuclear remains Regenerative anemia and splenectomized patients

Torocytes

They appear to look like the iron deficient hypochromic red blood cell, but they don't have no diagnostic relevance.

What is the cause for schistocytosis?

They are damaged erythrocytes that get damaged during circulation

what are the mechanisms in the Respiratory tract ?

Turbulence

Particle size

Upper respiratory tract - 15um Bronchi- 10um Bronchioles- 5um Alveoli- 1um

What are the mechanisms in the urinary tract?

Urine flow Low pH Glycogen

What are the three functional components hemostasis?

Vascular Platelets Coagulation

What is polychromasia?

variation in cell color of immature RBC's that have less hemoglobin than mature RBC

What is hemolytic anemia?

when the rate of RBC destructions exceeds the rate of RBC hemopoiesis

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

widespread clotting and obstruction of blood flow to the tissues