clinical laboratory techniques for veterinary technicians: hemostasis and hematology- EXAM 2 REVIEW
What can cause torocyte?
Hypochromic anemia (iron deficiency) Artifact of smear preparation
What can cause target cell formation?
Hypochromic anemia, Cholestasis liver disease Bone marrow suppression Splenectomy Artifact in hypertonic solution
What suggest lead poisoning?
Large numbers of basophilic-stipples RBC's along with nucleated RBCs out of proportion to the anemia
How does the body manage spherocytosis?
Macrophages in the spleen and liver remove portions of the damaged RBC
What can cause knizocyte formation?
Chronic liver disease Hepatitis Cirrhosis
What is schmauch's bodies?
Consist of hemoglobin precipitated by oxidant dregs, plant toxins, or chemicals
What are echinocytes?
Cremated cells that are cause by changes in Ph, temperature and drying time that commonly occur in feline cells and not so often in Caine cells.
What is basophilic stippling and how can it occur?
Degenerative changes in cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid Regenerative anemia
What are the mechanisms in the integument(skin) system?
Desquamation Desiccation Low ph Resident bacteria flora
What can cause schistocyte formation?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation Hemolytic anemia Congestive heart failure Glomerulonephritis Splenic hemagiosarcoma
What dog breeds have stomatocyte hereditary problems?
Dwarf Alaskan malamutes Miniature and standard schnauzers Drentse Patrijshonds
What are acanthocytes?
Spur cells, are erythrocytes with several unevenly spaced, irregular projections. They are associated with diseases that alter lipids and cholesterol, such as liver diseases, endocrine disease, malabsorptive diseases, and hemanngiosarcoma, especially involving the liver
What is agglutination
clumping of red blood cells
What is hemolysis?
destruction of red blood cells
Ovalocytes?
oval shaped, hereditary in dogs, myelofibrosis, MDS, cats with bone marrow disease, hepatic lipidosis
anisocytosis
presence of red blood cells of unequal size
Spherocyte
red blood cell that assumes a spherical shape with a reduced ration of cell surface area to cytoplasmic volume
Why is hyperchromasia impossible?
Because hemoglobin precipitates at a concentration of 37% or more
What is G6PD deficiency?
A genetic disorder that most often affect males. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Howell-jolly body in cats and dogs
1% or less in normal in cats Normal in Canine blood
What is a ghost cell?
A degenerating or fragmented erythrocyte with no hemoglobin Very acute intravascular hemolysis This can be very diagnostic so don't think "oh the stain didn't take too good" if you see a significant amount of there there is a problem.
What is a portacaval shunt?
A surgical procedure that's used to create a new connection between the blood vessel in the liver.
Dacryocyte
A teardrop-shaped red blood cell that may be seen in animals with myelofibrosis. Severe iron deficiency.
What is hypochromasia and what causes it?
Abnormal decrease in the hemoglobin content of RBC's Iron deficiency
what can cause Heinz bodies?
Acetaminophen (cats) Methylene blue (cats) Gastrointestinal disease (cats) Onions (cats, and dogs) Long-tern prednisolone use (dogs) Splenectomy Other oxidant drugs
What can cause plychromasia?
Active erythropoiesis Regenerative response to anemia
Splenic Hemangioma
Are non-encapsulated non-neoplasticism vascular channels of varying sizes ranging from capillary to cavernous that contain slow flowing blood.
How does vascular component reduce blood flow?
By local vasoconstriction By compression of injured vessels by blood extravasated into surrounding tissues
Stomatocyte
Caintains a mouth like or slit like pattern in the center of the cell.
What is a hemangiosarcoma?
Cancer of the vascular endothelium that most commonly affects the Spleen and the heart
What are blister cells?
Erythrocytes that paper to have a "bite" on them due to a peripherally located vacuole. Often seen with G6PD deficiency
What species is prone to Heinz body?
Feline RBC's
Coagulation
Forms fibrin mesh to stabilize platelet plug Cascade of enzymatic reactions
Platelet component
Forms hemostasis plugs Release factors to augment vasoconstriction and initiate vessel wall repair
Refractive artifact
Improper staining
Stain precipitate
Improper staining
What is cytauxzoon Felis?
Intracellular parasite of cats
What are the bodies defense mechanisms ?
Invading microorganisms Physical barriers Innate immunity Specific immunity
what is Pappenheimer body and how does it happen ?
Is a iron accumulation in the erythrocytes that indicate abnormal erythropoiesis
What is anaplasma marginale?
Is an intracellular erythroparasite of cattle that produces severe hemolytic anemia
What is primary hemostasis and how does it function?
It is Platelet formation for minor breaks in vessel endothelium
What is secondary hemostasis and how does it function?
It is coagulation for larger breeches in vessel integrity
What are the mechanism is the mammary gland
Keratin plug Milk flow Lactenins
What is bar cell?
Knizocyte that are out folding of the red blood cell membrane
What are keratocytes?
Oxidant or fragmentation injury. That result in blisters on the cell.
What are eccentrocytes?
Oxidation of red blood cell membrane that resolute in an uneven concentration of hemoglobin.
What can cause dacryocyte formation?
Pitting of the spleen Dogs with myeloproliferative disorders
What are some types of leukocyte abnormalities?
Pseudoinclusion Rouleaux Pelegrín hurt anomaly Hypersegmented neutrophil Toxic neutrophils
What are target cells?
Red blood cells that have the appearance of a shooting target that result of excessive cell membrane in proportion to decreased hemoglobin concentration.
What are the mechanisms in the digestive tract?
Saliva Low Ph Normal bacterial flora Lysozyme
What are RBC's containing hemosiderin called?
Siderocytes
What are the physical barries?
Skin Coughing Mucus flow Saliva Tears Vomiting Diarrhea Urine flow
What is hemostasis?
The ability to maintain blood within blood vessels
What is Howell-jolly body and what causes it?
They are erythrocyte with with nuclear remains Regenerative anemia and splenectomized patients
Torocytes
They appear to look like the iron deficient hypochromic red blood cell, but they don't have no diagnostic relevance.
What is the cause for schistocytosis?
They are damaged erythrocytes that get damaged during circulation
what are the mechanisms in the Respiratory tract ?
Turbulence
Particle size
Upper respiratory tract - 15um Bronchi- 10um Bronchioles- 5um Alveoli- 1um
What are the mechanisms in the urinary tract?
Urine flow Low pH Glycogen
What are the three functional components hemostasis?
Vascular Platelets Coagulation
What is polychromasia?
variation in cell color of immature RBC's that have less hemoglobin than mature RBC
What is hemolytic anemia?
when the rate of RBC destructions exceeds the rate of RBC hemopoiesis
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
widespread clotting and obstruction of blood flow to the tissues